List of PEKA experiments: 1. Diffusion of particles in a gas, liquid and solid 2. Rate of diffusion depends on the temperature 3.

Rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles 4. Melting and freezing points of naphthalene, C10H8 Number Activity 2.1 Pg. 7 Title Diffusion of particles in a gas, liquid and solid Aim To investigate the diffusion of particles in a gas, liquid and solid Problem How diffusion does occur through solid, a liquid Statement and gas? Hypothesis Particles can diffuse through the spaces between the particles of a solid, a liquid and the gas. Apparatus A. Diffusion in a gas Gas jars Gas jar covers B. Diffusion in a liquid Droppers / Teat pipette Thistle funnel Spatula C. Diffusion in a solid Stoppers Test tubes Test tube rack Retort stand and clamp A. Diffusion in a gas Liquid bromine, Br2 B. Diffusion in a liquid 1 mol dm-3 potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4solution Water C. Diffusion in a solid

Material

Variables

Potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 crystal / Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 crystal Hot liquid gel Manipulated variable: Type of medium Responding variable: Motion of the particles Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature and

pressure ================================================ Number Pg. Title Aim Activity 2.2 8 Rate of diffusion depends on the temperature To show that the rate of diffusion depends on the temperature Problem How does rate of diffusion depends on the Statement temperature? Hypothesis Higher temperature can increase the rate of diffusion Apparatus Beakers Droppers Material Food colouring Water Ice water Hot water Variables Manipulated variable: Temperature of water Responding variable: Rate of diffusion Controlled / Fixed variable: Concentration and volume of food colouring and pressure Operational Higher temperature in water increases the particles Definition to move faster and increases the rate of diffusion. / Higher temperature in water increases the kinetics energy than lower temperature in water. ================================================ Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus Activity 2.3 9 Rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles To show that the rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles How does rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles? Low molecular masses diffuse faster than those with high molecular masses Glass tube Stoppers Retort stand and clamp Beakers Droppers

Material

Glass wool Concentrated ammonia, NH3 solution Concentrated hydrochloric acid, HCl Variables Manipulated variable: Mass of the gas particles Responding variable: Rate of diffusion Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature and pressure Operational Gas with low molecular masses diffuse faster than Definition those with high molecular masses. ================================================ Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Activity 2.4 9 Melting and freezing points of naphthalene, C10H8 To determine the melting and freezing points of naphthalene, C10H8 How does rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles? The temperature of naphthalene, C10H8 increase during heating except at its melting and solidification points Boiling tube 3 250 cm beaker Thermometer (0 100C) Tripod stand Retort stand and clamp Bunsen burner Stopwatch Conical flask Wire gauze Naphthalene, C10H8 Water Manipulated variable: Heat supplied Responding variable: Temperature Controlled / Fixed variable: Naphthalene, C10H8

Apparatus

Material Variables