WORK, POWER AND ENERGY

WORK (W)
Consider a force acting on a body
F x1 S x2

W = F dx
x1

x2

W = F dx
x1

x2

W = F ( x2 x1 ) but x2 x1 = S W = F S W = product of the force F and displacement S . Suppose:

F S

In this case, only the component of the force in the direction of the displacement S is effective in moving the body. W = F cos S

Sign Convention: 1. If the applied force is in the same direction as the displacement, work done is positive. 2. If the applied force is in opposite direction as that of the displacement, work done is negative Systems of Units:
System MKS CGS Force (F) Newton Dyne Displacement (S) Meter (m) Centimeter (cm) Work (W) N-m or Joule Dyne-cm or erg

POWER (P)

The definition of power makes no reference to the passage of time. But in many situations, the time it takes to do work is just as important as the amount of work that is done. And the amount of work done per unit time is what we called power. The rate of doing work. P= W t

Average Power:

( average power )

P = time rate of doing work Instantaneous Power: The rate at which work is done might not be constant. Therefore instantaneous power can be defined as the limit of the quotient W t as t 0.

Recall:

W P = lim t 0 t

(instantaneous power)

dW = dt
but S =v t

W =F S F S S P= = F t t 1 horsepower ( hp ) = 746 watts = 550 ft-lb/sec P =F v

Conversion:

ENERGY
ability or capacity to do work a manifestation that there was work done.

Forms of Energy 1. 2. 3. Mechanical Electrical Chemical 4. Radiant 5. Nuclear 6. Heat . . .

Forms of Mechanical Energy 1. KINETIC ENERGY ( K ) - Energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion
v1 F x1 v2

x2

If velocity changes, then there is acceleration, a Recall:

x2

W = Fdx
x1

but

F = ma

W = ma dx
x1

x2

W = m a dx
x1

x2

but

a =v

dv dx

W = m v
x1 v2 v1

x2

dv dx dx

W = m v dv

This changes the integration variable from x to v, so we change the limits from x1 and x2 to the corresponding velocities v1 and v2.

v 2 2 v1 2 W = m 2 2 Where the quantity mv2 kinetic energy (K) 1 1 2 2 W = m v 2 m v1 2 2 Wtotal = K 2 K 1 = K Work-energy theorem

- the work done by the net force on a particle equals the change in the particles kinetic energy

2. POTENTIAL ENERGY ( U ) Energy possessed by the body due to its position or configuration of its parts. A. ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY - Energy possessed by a stretched or compressed spring. Hookes Law: Within the elastic limit of the body, the deforming force F is proportional to the deformation x. F

I Introducing a constant
x

k = force constant of the spring Work done in stretching or compressing a spring: W = F dx

x1 x2

but

F = kx

W = kd dx
x1

x2

W = k x dx
x1

x2

x 2 x2 W = k 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 W = kx 2 kx1 Work done on the spring 2 2 2

the quantity kx elastic potential energy

W = U 2 U1

W = area under the curve = = Where: k = force constant of spring x = elongation

Graphical Representation:

B. GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY - Energy possessed by the body due to the earths pull.

Yf

(gravitational PE)

Conservation of Energy:
Energy is a conserved quantity Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but converted from one form to another Thus, the total mechanical energy of a system can be described as follows:
o

Einitial = Efinal

Kinitial + Uinitial + Wother = Kfinal + Ufinal

EXAMPLES:
1. A factory worker pushes a 30.0 kg crate a distance of 4.5 meters along a level floor at constant velocity by pushing horizontally on it. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the crate and the floor is 0.25. A. What magnitude of force must the worker apply? B. How much work is done on the crate by this force? C. How much work is done by the friction on the crate? D. How much work is done by the normal force/ by gravity? E. What is the total work on the crate? 2. How many horsepower will be needed to move a 1200 kg car up an 8o incline with a constant speed of 25 km/h against a frictional force of 50 N. 3. A 1- lb hammer head strikes a nail at a speed of 10 ft/s and drives it exactly inch into a wooden board. What is the force on the nail? 4. A 6kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right along a horizontal smooth surface by constant horizontal force of 12 N.
A. Find the velocity of the block after it moves a distance of 10 meters. B. If the surface is rough and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.15, what would be the speed of the block at the same point?

5. A block of ice with a mass of 6.00 kg is initially at rest on a frictionless, horizontal surface. A worker then applies a horizontal force F on it. As a result, the block moves along the x-axis such that its position as a function of time is given by x(t)= t2 + t3 where = 0.200 m/s2 and = 0.0200 m/s3. Calculate the A. velocity of the object when t = 4.00 s? B. magnitude of F when t = 4.00 s? C. work done by F during the first 4 seconds of the motion. 6. A 5 kg pumpkin is dropped from the roof of a 25-meter tall building. What is the speed of the pumpkin as it hits the ground? 7. A horizontal spring has a force constant of 90 N/m. Attached to the free end of the spring is a 2.0 kg block. If the spring is pulled out 50 cm from its equilibrium position and then released, what will be the block,s speed when it returns to equilibrium? 8. A skier is sliding downhill at a constant speed of 8 m/s. when she reaches an icy patch on which her skis move with negligible friction. If the icy patch is 10 meters high, what is the skiers speed at the bottom?

9. A 25-kg block is pulled up a ramp 20 meters long and 3.0 meters high by a constant force of 120 N. If the box starts from rest and has a speed of 2 m/s at the top, what is the force of friction between the box and the ramp? 10. A soap box derby race car starts from rest at the top of a track that has a vertical drop of 15 meters. The car is to be stopped at the end of the track by colliding with and compressing a spring. To avoid injury to the driver, the spring must be compressed 3 meters while stopping the car. What should be the force constant of the spring. The car and the driver together have a mass of 115 kg. Ignore friction forces.