Foreign direct investment (FDI) is direct investment into production in a country by a company located in another country, either by buying

a company in the country or by expanding operations of an existing business in the country. Foreign direct investment is done for many reasons including to take advantage of cheaper wages in the country, special investment privileges such as tax exemptions offered by the country as an incentive to gain tariff-free access to the markets of the country or the region. Foreign direct investment is in contrast to portfolio investment which is a passive investment in the securities of another country such as stocks and bonds. [1] [2] As a part of the national accounts of a country FDI refers to the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. [3] It is the sum of equity capital, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown the balance of payments. It usually involves participation in management, joint-venture, transfer of technology and expertise. There are two types of FDI: inward foreign direct investment and outward foreign direct investment, resulting in a net FDI inflow(positive or negative) and "stock of foreign direct investment", which is the cumulative number for a given period. Direct investment excludes investment through purchase of shares.[4] FDI is one example of international factor movements.

The Impact of the Sectoral Composition of FDI Inflows on Trade Deficits It is plausible that the sectoral composition of FDI matters for the trade deficit. FDI in the tradable sector is likely to increase exports8 over time, while no such effect exists for FDI in the nontradable sector. Relatedly, FDI in the nontradable sector may fuel domestic demand booms and boost imports, while FDI in the tradable sector only boosts imports in the short run. This suggests that countries where FDI predominantly flows to the nontradable sector will have a higher trade deficit than countries where it flows to the tradable sector.
three types of FDI motives. 1. Market-seeking investment is undertaken to uphold existing markets or to exploit new markets. For example, due to tariffs and other forms of barriers, the firm has to relocate production to the host country where it had previously served by exporting 2. When firms invest abroad to obtain resources not available in the home country, the investment is called resource- or asset-seeking. Resources may be natural resources, raw materials, or low-cost inputs such as labor 3. The investment is streamlined or efficiency-seeking when the firm can gain from the general governance of organically dispersed activities in the presence of economies of scale and scope

Trends in FDI in India

December 22, 2011 Indian has been attracting foreign direct investment for a long period. The sectors like telecommunication, construction activities and computer software and hardware have been the major sectors for FDI inflows in India. According to AT Kearney report India sits in 3rd place on the FDI Confidence Index globally. European and North American investors place it 3rd, while Asia-Pacific investors rank it 4th. India is the top location for nonfinancial services investment, and also scores highly in heavy industries, light industries and financial services. Even during economic crisis looming largely on other economies, FDI inflows to India soared from US$25.1billion in 2007 to US$41.6billion in 2008. Multinationals are managing to counter FDI restrictions and supply chain challenges at the most possible way showing path to others who are hesitant to enter into Indian market. For instance, Wal-Mart has taken steps to develop supply chains, procure 30-35 per cent local produce, making changes to its stock policy by reducing inventories etc. Similarly, Auto majors are pumping money in the sector. Ford planned to invest US $500mn in its Chennai plant, Nissan-Renault planning to manufacture ultra-low-cost car with its local partner Bajaj Auto, French tyre maker Michelins to invest US$874mn in its first Indian manufacturing facility. All these developments are helping in getting FDI inflows into the country. The measures introduced by the government to liberalize provisions relating to FDI in 1991 lure investors from every corner of the world. As a result FDI inflows during 1991-92 to March 2010 in India increased manifold as compared to during mid-1948 to March 1990. As per the fact sheet on FDI, there was Rs 6,303.36 billion FDI equity inflows between the period of August 1991 to January 2011. The FDI inflows in India during mid-1948 were Rs 2.56 billion. It is almost double in March 1964 and increases further to Rs. 9.16 billion. India received a cumulative FDI inflow of Rs. 53.84 billion during mid-1948 to march 1990 as compared to Rs.1,418.64 billion during August 1991 to march 2010.

An annual FDI inflow indicates that FDI went up from around negligible amounts in 1991-92 to around US$9 billion in 2006-07. It then hiked to around US$22 billion in 2007-08, rising to around US$37 billion by 2009-10. FDI flow in India (in crores)

Even if we examine quarterly figures, we find that FDI flows that rose from US$6.9 billion in the second quarter of 2009 to a peak of US$8.2 billion in the third quarter of that year, have since stayed in the 5-6 billion range for all but one quarter, namely January-March 2011. In fact, if we consider the 16 quarters ending Jan-March 2011, there have been only two in which FDI inflows stood at between US$6-7 billion and four when it exceeded US$7 billion. It is now clear that FDI was related to the recessionary conditions in the western economies. The recent flattening of monthly FDI flows is a sign more of recovery in the western economies than any loss of long term interest in the Indian economy. The monthly figure only shows that the incremental FDI is going back to the pre-recession years rather than indicating decline of FDI into India. In fact when foreign direct investment into India had tumbled 32 per cent to just US$3.4 billion , as mentioned in financial times during January to March 2011 that it emerged that net FDI flows in the month of April alone amounted to US$3.1 billion. Also, FDI is all about long term investment. Companies have already invested in to India and are unlikely to move elsewhere. Unless any dramatic negative changes in policy, FDI will continue to inch upwards. Recent trends have also shown that FDI inflow changes are mainly due to portfolio investment, which displayed a degree of volatility.

Source of FDI: The list of investing countries to India reached to maximum number of 120 in 2008 as compared to 15 in 1991. Although, India is receiving FDI inflows from a number of sources but large percentage of FDI inflows is vested with few major countries. Mauritius is the major investing country in India during 1991-2008. Nearly 40per cent of FDI inflows came from Mauritius alone. The other major investing countries are USA, Singapore, UK, Netherlands, Japan, Germany, Cypress, France and Switzerland. An analysis of last eighteen years of FDI inflows in the country shows that nearly 66per cent of FDI inflows came from only five countries viz. Mauritius, USA, Singapore, UK, and Netherlands. Mauritius and United states are the two major countries holding first and the second position in the investors list of FDI in India. While comparing the investment made by both countries, one interesting fact comes up which shows that there is huge difference in the volume of FDI received from Mauritius and the US. It is found that FDI inflows from Mauritius are more than double from that of US. Top 10 FDI investing countries in India are Mauritius, Singapore, United States, UK, Netherlands, Japan, Cyprus, Germany, France and UAE.