LABORATORY 2

STRUCTURE AND IDENTIFICATION OF CELLULOSIC MATERIALS

( BCT 441 ) -AS2322A TITLE : Structure and Identification of Cellulosic Materials

NAME Nurul Hidayah Binti Yaacob Nabihah Binti Abdullah Amalina Binti Abdul Kudus Siti Sakila Binti Rosmi

ID NUMBER 2011427498 2011839002 2011681848 2011429118

Laboratory 1 : Classification, Naming and Commercial Importance of Malaysian Hardwood.

Purpose : To introduce the basic concepts of classification, naming and commercial importance of wood and to teach students to understand clearly the true surfaces of wood namely the transverse (cross section), radial and tangential. Cellulosic Materials : Select Chengal, Petaling, Malaysian Oak (Rubberwood) and Damar Minyak species. Task : 1.Define the following terms. a) Taxonomy : The science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into classification. b) Softwood : Wood from trees that are known as gymnosperms. Trees which tend to be evergreen. It is derived from a small number of cone-bearing species.

c) Hardwood : Wood from angiosperm trees. It is derived from broad-leaves trees which bear seeds in the seed covers. d) Angiosperm : A group of seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphies e) Gymnosperm : A group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads. f) Species : One of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. g) Scientific names : A formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. h) Common names : A name in general use within a community. It is often contrasted with the scientific name for the same organism. i) Trade names : A closely allied species are grouped and marketed under a single trade name.

2. Desribe the difference between physical and anatomical characteristics of wood.

Anatomical
Type of cells Size of cells Shape of cells Arrangement of cells Types of wood

Physical

Texture of timbers Figure of the wood Arrangement of the pores

3. What characteristics of wood are physical characteristics? I. Colour : Each wood has a characteristic colour of its own, and this helps identification to some extent. Weight or density : Density of wood is defined as the mass per unit volume. Hardness : Degree of resistance of wood to cutting, shaping, nailing and abrasion. Texture : The quality of wood which is determined by the relative sizes of the basic structural elements and their arrangement. Grain : The alignment of the longitudinal elements, particularly fibres, relative to the axis of the log. Odour : A smell characteristic of a few wood like Keruing, Kapur and Kulim. Figure : The attractive designs in wood produced by the arrangement of the elements or by uneven colouring.

II. III. IV.

V.

VI. VII.

4. Record the physical characteristics of Chengal, Petaling, Malaysian Oak (Rubberwood) and Damar Minyak. Chengal: -sapwood well defined; -colour of heartwood yellow-green when freshly cut; -weathering to dark tan-brown; -planed surface lustrous; -often with vague stripe figure; -texture moderately fine and even; -grain interlocked; -hard to cut across grain; -air dry density ranging from over 915 to 980 kg/ -very durable even under adverse conditions. ;

Rubberwood: -sapwood not differentiated from heartwood by colour; -wood is white or pale cream in colour, sometimes having a pinkish tinge, weathering -to a light straw or light brown colour; -planed surface not particularly lustrous; -tangential surfaces may have zig-zag markings produced by the presence of wood parenchyma; -texture ranges from moderately coarse and even; -grain ranges from straight to shallowly interlocked; -air dry density ranges from 560 to 640 kg/ ;

-not durable in contact with the ground or in exposed conditions.

Damar minyak: -sapwood not differentiated from heartwood by colour; -wood light-yellow or straw-coloured, often with a pink tinge, weathering to a gold-brown or light pink-brown; -occasionally with a darker-coloured core which is distinct from the outer layers; -planed surface fairly lustrous; -tangential faces generally with growth ring figure; -without odour; -not resinous; -texture fine and even; -grain generally straight; -soft to cut across grain; -air dry density about 464 kg/ -not durable.

Petaling: -colour : brownish red -density : 800-1105 kg/ -figure : vague stripe -texture : moderately fine

5. Construct the charts for Chengal, Petaling, Malaysian Oak (Rubberwood) and Damar Minyak. Chengal : Kingdom: Plantae Division (or phylum): Tracheophyta Subdivision (or class): Magnoliopsida Order: Theales Family: Dipterocarpaceae Genus: Monotypic Species: Neobalanocarpus heimii

Rubberwood : Kingdom: Plantae Division (or phylum): Spermatophyta Subdivision (or class): Angiospermae Order: Broadly Family: Euphorbiaceae Genus: Hevea Species: Hevea brasiliensis

Damar minyak: Kingdom: Plantae Division (or phylum): Spermatophyta Subdivision (or class): Gymnospermae Order: Coniferales Family: Coniferae Genus: Agathis Species: Agathis borneensis

Petaling : Kingdom: Plantae Division (or phylum) : Spermatophyta Subdivision (or class) : Angiospermae Order : Broadly Family : Olacaceae Genus : Ochanostachys Species : Ochanostachys Amentacea

6. The difference between gross and microscopic anatomy: Gross anatomy: study of the parts and structures of a wood visible to the naked eyes.

Microscopic anatomy : fundamental importance in the understanding of woods, and has advanced with the introduction of electron microscopy, which enables the finest details of the cells to be studied at an ultramicroscopic magnification of several thousands.

7. Cross-section of the tree disk.

8. Define each term in question. a) Pholem A tissue in a vascular palant that function primarily in transporting organic food material (e.g. sucrose) from the photosynthetic organ (leaf) to all the part of the plant. b) Cambium A meristematic plant tissue, commonly present as a thin layer which form new cells on both sides. Located either in vascular tissue (vascular cambium), forming xylem on one side and phloem on the other or in cor.

c) Xylem A type of vascular tissue in terrestrial plants composed of tracheary element, tracheids and wood vessels and of additional xylem fibers, and is primarily involved in transporting water and nutrient (from the roots to the shoot and leaves) and providing structural support. Xylem located in the primary component of wood in plant. d) Barks The tough outer covering of the woody stems and roots of trees, shrubs, and other woody plants. It includes all tissue all tissues outside the vascular cambium. e) Growth rings A growth layer in sencondary xylem seen in a cross section.The cambium cell continues to multiply and expand producing a layer of new wood between the previously formed wood and the bark, when the cross section of a woody cylinder is viewed, for each layers formed in each growing ring show one year growth. f)Heartwood The central wood in a branch or stem characterized by being composed of dead cells, more resistant to decay, generally darker and harder than the outer wood. h) Sapwood The newly formed outer wood located just inside vascular cambium of a tree trunk and active in the production of water. Sapwood is usually lighter in colour than heartwood. I ) Root A part of the body of a plant that develops, typically, from the radical and grows downward into the soil, anchoring the plant and absorbing nutriment and water.

j) Stem The main stem or a branch of the main axial system of a plant, developed from the plumule of the embryo and typically bearing leaves. A slender or elongated structure that supports a plant or fungus or a plant organ

k) Crown The crown of a plant is the area where the stems meet the roots. Most plant do best with their crowns planted at soil level so that they dont rot.

9. According to the Wood Handbook, what is the principal use of hardwood lumber? The principal use of hardwood lumber is for remanufacture into furniture, cabinetwork, and pallets or direct use as flooring, paneling, moulding, and millwork.

10. According to the Wood Handbook, what is principal use of softwood lumber? The principal use of softwood lumber is for decorative plywood and paneling. 11. Write down one or two question that you may have concerning the material covered in this lab. i. ii. and From the physical characteristics of the Chengal, it is Chengal has growth rings? What is the differences between the physical characteristics of the Rubberwood Damar Minyak in term of the grain?