The periodic table is a tabular display of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their properties.

Elements are presented in increasing atomic number. The main body of the table is a 18 7 grid, with gaps included in to keep elements with similar properties together, such as the halogens and the noble gases. The current table is generally credited to Dmitri Mendeleev, who developed it in 1869 to illustrate periodic trends in the properties of the then-known elements The elements are placed in specific places because of the way they look and act. If you have ever looked at a grid, you know that there are rows (left to right) and columns (up and down). The periodic table has rows and columns, too, and they each mean something different.

Even though they skip some squares in between, all of the rows go left to right. When you look at a periodic table, each of the rows is considered to be a different period. In the periodic table, elements have something in common if they are in the same row. All of the elements in a period have the same number of atomic orbitals. Every element in the top row (the first period) has one orbital for its electrons. All of the elements in the second row (the second period) have two orbitals for their electrons. It goes down the periodic table like that. At this time, the maximum number of electron orbitals or electron shells for any element is seven.

The periodic table has a special name for its columns, too. When a column goes from top to bottom, it's called a group. The elements in a group have the same number of electrons in their outer orbital. Every element in the first column (group one) has one electron in its outer shell. Every element on the second column (group two) has two electrons in the outer shell. As you keep counting the columns, you'll know how many electrons are in the outer shell. There are some exceptions to the order when you look at the transition elements, but you get the general idea.

Hydrogen (H) and helium (He) are special elements. Hydrogen can have the talents and electrons of two groups, one and seven. To scientists, hydrogen is sometimes missing an electron, and sometimes it has an extra. Helium is different from all of the other elements. It can only have two electrons in its outer shell. Even though it only has two, it is still grouped with elements that have eight (inert gases).

1 IA 1A 1 2 H IIA 1.00 2A 8 3 Li 6.94 1 11 Na 22.9 9 4 Be 9.01 2 12 3 4 5 Mg IIIB IVB VB 24.3 3B 4B 5B 1 6 7 8 VIB VIIB 6B 7B 9 10 VIII 8 11 IB 1B 12 IIB 2B 13 14 15 IIIA IVA VA 3A 4A 5A 5 B 10.8 1 13 Al 26.9 8 6 C 12.0 1 14 Si 28.0 9 7 N 14.0 1 15 P 30.9 7

18 VIIIA 8A

2 16 17 He VIA VIIA 4.00 6A 7A 3 8 O 16.0 0 16 S 32.0 7 9 F 19.0 0 17 Cl 35.4 5 10 Ne 20.1 8 18 Ar 39.9 5

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.1 40.0 44.9 47.8 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.4 58.6 63.5 65.3 69.7 72.5 74.9 78.9 79.9 83.8

0 37 Rb 85.4 7 55 Cs 132. 9 87 Fr (223 )

8 38 Sr 87.6 2

6 39 Y 88.9 1

8 40 Zr 91.2 2 72 Hf 178. 5 104 Rf (257 )

4 41 Nb 92.9 1 73 Ta 180. 9 105 Db (260 )

5 44 Ru 101. 1 76 Os 190. 2 108 Hs (265 )

7 45 Rh 102. 9 77 Ir 190. 2 109 Mt (266 )

9 46 Pd 106. 4 78 Pt 195. 1 110 Ds (271 )

5 47 Ag 107. 9 79 Au 197. 0 111 Rg (272 )

9 48 Cd 112. 4 80 Hg 200. 5

2 49 In 114. 8 81 Tl 204. 4

9 50 Sn 118. 7 82 Pb 207. 2

2 51 Sb 121. 8 83 Bi 209. 0

6 52 Te 127. 6 84 Po (210 )

0 53 I 126. 9 85 At (210 )

0 54 Xe 131. 3 86 Rn (222 )

42 43 Mo Tc 95.9 (98) 4 74 W 183. 9 106 Sg (263 ) 75 Re 186. 2 107 Bh (265 )

56 Ba * 137. 3 88 Ra ** (226 )

112 114 116 113 115 117 118 Cn Uuq Uuh Uut Uup Uus Uuo (277 (296 (298 ----) ) )

* Lanthanid e Series ** Actinide Series

57 La 138. 9

58 Ce 140. 1

59 Pr 140. 9

60 Nd 144. 2

61 Pm (147 )

62 Sm 150. 4

63 Eu 152. 0

64 Gd 157. 3

65 Tb 158. 9

66 Dy 162. 5

67 Ho 164. 9

68 Er 167. 3

69 Tm 168. 9

70 Yb 173. 0

71 Lu 175. 0

90 89 91 92 Th Ac Pa U 232. (227) (231) (238) 0

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr (237 (242) (243) (247) (247) (249) (254) (253) (256) (254) (257) )

Alkali Metal

Alkaline Earth

Semi-Metal Halogen Transition Metal

Noble Gas

Non Metal Basic Metal

Lanthanide Actinide

The periodic table arranges the chemical elements into a pattern so that you can predict the properties of elements based on where they are located on the table. Elements are arranged from left to right and from top to bottom in order of increasing atomic number or number of protons in the element. Rows of elements are called periods. The period number of an element signifies the highest unexcited energy level for an electron in that element. The number of elements in a period increases as you move down the periodic table because there are more sublevels per level as the energy level of the atom increases. Columns of elements help define element groups. Elements within a group share several common properties.

Contents
For a larger version, see Periodic table (large version). Group Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 H 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr

4 Be 12 Mg 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru 56 72 73 74 75 76 * Ba Hf Ta W Re Os 88 Ra ** 57 La 89 Ac

27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir

28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt

29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au

30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg

5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 In 81 Tl

6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb

7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi

8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po

9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At

104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv Uus 58 Ce 90 Th 59 Pr 91 Pa 60 Nd 92 U 61 Pm 93 Np 62 Sm 94 Pu 63 Eu 95 Am 64 Gd 96 Cm 65 Tb 97 Bk 66 Dy 98 Cf 67 Ho 99 Es 68 Er 100 Fm 69 Tm 101 Md 70 Yb 102 No 71 Lu 103 Lr

2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn 118 Uu o

* Lanthanides ** Actinides

Shown above is an 18-column periodic table layout, which has come to be referred to as the common or standard form, on account of its popularity. It is also sometimes referred to as the long form, in comparison to the short Mendeleev-style periodic table. The wide periodic table incorporates the lanthanides and the actinides, rather than separating them from the main body of the table. The extended periodic table adds the 8th and 9th periods, and the theoretical superactinides. The lanthanides and actinides are sometimes instead called the lanthanoids and actinoids. Element categories in the periodic table

Metals

Unkno wn Alka Alkali Inner transition Post- Metalloi Nob chemic Transiti Other metals li ne transiti ds Haloge le al on nonmet meta earth Lanthani Actinid on ns gase properti metals als ls metals des metals s es es Atomic number colors show state of matter (at standard conditions: 0 C and 1 atm): Solids Liquids Gases Unknown

Nonmetals