2.

1 Atomic Overview
Element: Simplest type of matter with unique physical and chemical properties Compound: Type of matter composed of two or more different elements that are chemically bound together Atom: Tiny particles of an element that cannot be created or destroyed. Isotope: Atoms of an element that have a different number of neutrons

2.3 Modern Atomic Theory

Be sure to read the Law of Definite proportions and Multiple proportions

Postulates of Dalton's Atomic Theory 1 All matter consists of tiny indivisible atoms. 2 Atoms of one element cannot be converted to atoms of a different element. 3 Atoms of an element are identical in mass and other properties. 4 Compounds resulting from the chemical combination of a specific ratio of atoms of different elements

Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus J. J. Thomson and R. Milliken both investigated electrons and discovered that they were negatively charged and had extremely small mass But everyday matter is neutral: -What +ve charges balance out the electrons? - If electrons weigh so little, what accounts for an atoms much larger mass? Ernest Rutherford investigated atomic structure using radioactivity Thomson proposed a model of a spherical atom composed of diffuse, positively charged matter, in which electrons were embedded like plum pudding - Rutherfords experiment consisted of the following: a) positively charged alpha () particles were aimed at thin gold foil b) a coated screen which flashed when struck by alpha particles He expected only minor, if any, deflections of the alpha particles via collisions with the with the electrons or the +ve charged matter. Actual Results: 1 in 20000 alpha () particles were being deflected

Ernest Rutherford

From the results obtained Rutherford concluded, based on the mass, charge and velocity of the alpha () particles, the frequency of these deflections (some large angle!), and the properties of electrons, that an atom is mostly empty space occupied by electrons. The center of that space contained the NUCLEUS that contained the positively charged particles (protons) and essentially all the mass of the atom

Summary: - Cathode rays were shown to consist of negative particles (electrons) that exist in all matter. - J.J Thomson concluded that electrons are much lighter than atoms - Milliken determined the charge and mass of the electron - Rutherford proposed that atoms consist of a tiny, massive, positive nucleus surround by electrons.

2.5 The Atomic Theory Today -An atom is an electrically neutral, spherical entity composed of a positively charged central nucleus surrounded by one or more negatively charged electrons -The electrons move rapidly within the available atomic volume, held there by by the attraction of the nucleus -The nucleus is incredibly dense: it contributes 99.7% of the atoms mass but occupies only 1 ten-trillionth of its volume

Atomic Theory Cont -An Atomic nucleus consists of protons and neutrons -Protons (p+) are positively (+ve) charged -Neutrons (n0) have no charge -Electrons (e-) are negatively charged (in equal magnitude to a proton)

2.6 - Atomic number, Mass number, and Atomic Symbol The atomic number (Z) = number of protons in the nucleus All carbon atoms (Z = 6) have 6 protons All oxygen atoms (Z = 8) have 8 protons All uranium atoms (Z = 92) have 92 protons The mass number (A) = total number of neutrons AND protons Atomic Symbol often contains nuclear mass and charge # neutrons = mass number atomic number Ex.
12 6 A Z

6 protons, 6 neutrons

Isotopes and Atomic Masses of the Elements All atoms of an element are identical in atomic number, but not in mass number
12 6 13 6 14 6

C Z = 6, A=12, contains 6 neutrons C Z = 6, A=13, contains 7 neutrons C

Z = 6, A=14, contains 8 neutrons

These represent carbons three naturally occurring isotopes Isotope: Atoms of an element that have a different number of neutrons End of Chapter 2 Problems (p.73-77): Odd: 29-33, 39-41, 47, 51-61