GSM Alctel

GSM SYSTEM
Network Switching Subsystem
EVOLIUMTM GSM NSS
CIRCUIT SWITCHED CORE NETWORK
BRBRAITT
Page 1 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................4 2 GSM CORE NETWORK OVERVIEW..............................................................5 3 GSM ENVIRONMENT..............................................................................6 4 MAIN NSS COMPONENTS OVERVIEW.....................................................7 18 COMMUNICATION INTERFACES.........................................................17 19 MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER (MSC)......................................................19 20 MSC OVERVIEW................................................................................20 22 RCP DESCRIPTION.............................................................................22 26 SSP DESCRIPTION.............................................................................33 32 HOME LOCATION REGISTER (HLR).........................................................44 33 HLR FUNCTIONS................................................................................45 36 HLR HARDWARE DESCRIPTION.........................................................49 37 HLR SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION..........................................................52 38 CSCN SERVICES AND FUNCTIONS.........................................................56 39 BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES.........................................57 45 SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES..............................................................61 49 NON-GSM SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES.............................................66 56 SECURITY FUNCTIONS......................................................................67 60 MOBILE NUMBER PORTABILITY FUNCTION (MNP).............................69 61 CHARGING FUNCTION.......................................................................69 64 ROAMING..........................................................................................70 68 ANNOUNCEMENTS............................................................................70 69 CSCN OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE..................................................72 70 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE IN NSS...........................................73 72 GENERIC OMC FEATURES.................................................................74 73 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TASKS............................................80 76 NSS O&M DOCUMENTATION.............................................................82 77 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ARCHITECTURES............................84 79 CSCN DEFENSE.....................................................................................85 80 CSCN DEFENSE OVERVIEW...............................................................86 81 NETWORK ELEMENT LEVEL DEFENSE...............................................86
BRBRAITT
Page 2 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
84 NETWORK LEVEL DEFENSE...............................................................88 90 CSCN PERFORMANCES AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS.................91 91 STATIC CAPACITIES..........................................................................92 95 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS............................................................95 99 POWER.............................................................................................99 103 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS.....................................................103 106 INSTALLATION..............................................................................104
BRBRAITT
Page 3 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
This document presents the Alcatel EVOLIUMTM Circuit-Switched Core Network solution for GSM. It provides an overview of: environment, application of GSM standards, functionalities, interfaces, technical characteristics and performances.
This product description will enable you to understand the environment, architectures and functions of the NSS, and how the Alcatel offer complies with GSM standards. The Alcatel Network Subsystem presented in this document provides to the network operators solutions to all levels of their booming business: A Mobile Switching Center (MSC) offering: A full range of mobile services; A Fixed-mobile convergence, this means that a single equipment connects mobile as well as fixed subscribers; Access to IN services through standard interfaces such as CAMEL and ETSI core INAP; A Home Location Register (HLR) offering: Features beyond GSM phase 2+; GPRS support. A centralized Operation & Maintenance Center (OMC) offering: Full management of the network from a central point. The above products are under continuous development to match the evolutions of the standards and the migration towards wideband mobility. This document does not present the Alcatel GPRS NSS solution. For more information on this solution please refer to the "Alcatel GPRS Product Description".
BRBRAITT
Page 4 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
GSM CORE NETWORK OVERVIEW
This chapter provides:
A description of the GSM global environment, An overview of the main NSS components, A description of the communications interfaces.
BRBRAITT
Page 5 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
GSM ENVIRONMENT A GSM public mobile network consists of two subsystems: The radio subsystem (BSS) which comprises: mobile stations, base transceiver stations (BTS), base station controllers (BSC).
The Network SubSystem (NSS), based on the Alcatel 1000 EVOLIUMTM service switching point, is part of the Alcatel 900/1800/1900 offering. This system incorporates a complete infrastructure and the services of a public land mobile network (PLMN) operating in the 900/1800/1900 MHz band. It complies with ETSI GSM/DCS (global system for mobile communications/digital communication system) standards. The NSS is the interface between the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or integrated services digital network (ISDN) and base station systems (BSS) . It provides speech and data transmission in circuit mode (GSM services). It can also provide the general packet radio service (GPRS) over the GPRS NSS network. As described in the following figures, the NSS comprises the following subsystems: Mobile Switching Centre (MSC), Home Location Register (HLR), Authentication Centre (AUC), Operation & Management Centre (OMC), Equipment Identity Register (EIR),
Added value services: voice mail, GSM messaging centre and commercial administration centre.
BRBRAITT
Page 6 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
CDR Collector
OMC
SMIM BTS BSC BTS
PSTN/ ISDN
MSC SSP
SMSC
EIR
RCP
VMS
SGSN
SCP
HLR PDN
Interception Node
General organization of the GSM network
4 5
MAIN NSS COMPONENTS OVERVIEW MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER (MSC) The MSC is the main component of the NSS. It provides switching functions for calls between mobile subscribers, and between mobile and fixed network subscribers. It is interconnected to and provides interfaces with the PSTN, ISDN and public packet or circuit switched data networks. Each MSC in the network plays a part in updating the HLR and VLR databases with the latest information. Since the signalling traffic in a GSM PLMN is due mainly to the subscribers mobility and not to the pure call processing, the Alcatel solution for the MSC/VLR has been split into two parts: the SSP and one (or several) Evolium Mobile Server (so-called RCP), such an architecture relying on an IN one. The SSP main task is to perform the switching functions, whereas the RCP handles all functions linked to the mobility.
BRBRAITT
Page 7 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Alcatel 1000 EVOLIUMTM SSP The SSP product is based on the Alcatel 1000 EVOLIUMTM digital switching centre. This switching platform, already used in many Alcatel telecommunication networks, is highly standardized, powerful, multiprocessing, multi-tasking, secured (thanks to hardware and software redundancies), reliable, and may easily evolve. Alcatel 1000 EVOLIUMTM is a multi-service exchange allowing telecom networks to be developed to meet requirements for future telecommunication networks related to : PSTN functions - Local (subscriber) exchange; - Transit exchange - International gateway exchange IN functions PLMN functions Service Switching Point for intelligent networks Service Switching Point for mobile networks Alcatel has designed its Multiservice exchange architecture to satisfy ever increasing demands for high-power processing and connectivity capabilities. To that respect, two technologies for the switching matrix can be used indifferently: RCX (Narrow Band) switching matrix. The maximum configuration of that technology in terms of PCMs is 2048 PCMs.It corresponds to Alcatel OCB283 SSP RCH (ATM Broad Band) switching matrix. The maximum configuration of that technology in terms of PCMs is 16384 PCMs. It corresponds to Alcatel E10 MM SSP
The Alcatel 1000 EVOLIUMTM can incorporate a Signalling Transfer Point (STP) function.
BRBRAITT
Page 8 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Alcatel 1421 RCP The RCP/VLR, Alcatel 1421, integrates the Radio Control Function (RCF) and the Visitor Location Register (VLR) in the same A8360 rack. The RCF handles: Interworking with the BSS All operations relating to mobility management, Interworking with the SSP to manage physical resources associated with: Originating and terminating calls Telephony events such as off-hook, on-hook, etc
The VLR is a database operating in conjunction with the HLR. It stores dynamic information relating to mobile subscribers roaming in the MSCs coverage area. In the VLR, a subscriber is defined by an identifier and a location. Each time the subscribers location area code (LAC) changes, the network must update the VLR in the visited network. This RCP system, already used in several Alcatel telecommunication applications, is highly standardized, powerful, multiprocessing, multi-tasking, secured (thanks to hardware and software redundancies), reliable, and may easily evolve. The RCP can also incorporate the SCCP (signalling connection control part) gateway. It provides the SCCP gateway and relay functions if they are not handled in the network by a standalone SCCP gateway.
HOME LOCATION REGISTER (HLR) / AUTHENTICATION CENTER (AUC) The HLR is a database storing information relating to mobile network subscribers. The NSS can incorporate more than one database according to capability, availability and the operating criteria selected. A static record in the HLR describes each subscription, giving details of options and supplementary services accessible to the subscriber. This static information is combined with dynamic information concerning the sub-scribers latest known location or the operational status of the MS. The HLR stores all the data characterising the subscriber (MSISDN, access rights, etc.). The HLR is a protected database. It must be located on premises with access restricted to authorized personnel. Authentication center (AuC):
BRBRAITT
Page 9 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
The AuC is a database storing confidential information, such as the Ki (the sub-scribers individual authentication key) used by the network to certify the sub-scribers identity. The Ki is stored in coded form which can be deciphered only by the AuC. The AuC is located in a room with controlled access. Data access is password-protected. The AuC supplies the VLR with data required for subscriber authentication and ciphering interchanges between the MS and BSS. Checks are run each time the subscriber requests a service. The AuC provides protection to the network operator, service provider and subscribers. The Alcatel solution for GSM has implemented HLR and AuC on a common platform, based on Alcatel 8360 and within the same equipment. Hence the wording HLR/AuC, because both functions are co-located in the same hardware machine.
COMBINED STATION HLR/RCP Allows the coexistence in a single physical machine of the HLR, RCP and SCCP Gateway functions, which is specially adapted for optimisation of small configurations. The main advantage of this Combined Station is it reduced footprint. The combined HLR-RCP-SCCP gateway is based on Alcatel 8360 machine.
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CENTER-SWITCHING (OMC-S) The OMC-S is the NSS operation and maintenance component. It combines sub-scriber administrative management functions and equipment technical management functions. It provides interfaces based on the Q3 protocol stack with network elements. Network administrative and customer care management entails: creating subscriptions deleting subscriptions changing subscriptions collecting charging tickets.
The network equipment management function provides overall monitoring to guarantee equipment availability and correct hardware configuration. The equipment management function handles: supervision of alarms sent by equipment, elimination of malfunctions, software version management, performance management, security management.
BRBRAITT
Page 10 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
CDR COLLECTOR /FILE COLLECTOR The Alcatel Call Detail Record (CDR) collector manages billing information from various mobile network elements. The Alcatel CDR collector is the Alcatel 1338. According to its logical configuration, CDR functions can include: real-time CDR collection, validation of collected CDRs, storage, backup and restoration of CDRs,
re-direction of CDRs to an Operation Support System (OSS) such as a Customer Care and Billing System (CCBS), CDR reformatting.
Alcatel furnishes Alcatel 1338 CDR collectors in two different versions depending on operator requirements: CDR collector, File collector, The CDR collector offers a full set of functions including new features. The File collector offers a smaller range of functions resulting in faster processing and easier integration into existing billing chains.
10 EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER (EIR) The EIR is an optional database accessible to the MSC. It contains lists of permitted MSs and barred MSs (stolen or disturbance-generating). Each MS is assigned an IMEI (international mobile equipment identity) providing information not relating to the subscriber identity, such as the factory serial number or software version. The MSC interrogates the EIR to check the mobile stations IMEI status. The EIR responds with the following information: white-listed: equipment permitted to use the network, grey-listed: equipment being tracked, black-listed: equipment barred from using the network.
Calls are allowed on the first two lists and barred on the last.
11 SCP The Service Control Point (SCP) is a network server necessary for the provision of Intelligent Network (IN) services to the CSCN. The Alcatel solution for the SCP is the Alcatel 1425. Intelligent Networks
BRBRAITT
Page 11 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Network operators using Intelligent Networks can create special categories of supplementary services known as Operator Specific Supplementary Services (OSSS). Unlike standard GSM supplementary services, international standards agreements do not specifically define OSSSs. Instead, standards define Intelligent Network architectures and functions, that operators use to produce unique value-added services to attract clients. The SCP acts as a command point for Intelligent Network services. Calls to and from a subscriber who has IN services, are analyzed in the MSC. If the call requires the allowed IN service (the OSSS), the MSC initiates a dialog with the SCP that contains the related service information. The SCP then initiates the necessary procedures to complete service for the call. CAMEL Customized Application for Mobile network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL) is an enhancement of IN service access that enables subscribers to use the services to which they have rights, even when roaming outside their home network. CAMEL definitions now exist in three phases, each phase adding functions to the previous one. The most recent CAMEL release, phase 3, mainly extends CAMEL features to include GPRS subscribers. A well known example of an IN service is the prepaid service. IN and CAMEL also enable operators to offer various versions of call screening, call dialling abbreviation and location services.
BRBRAITT
Page 12 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
12 STANDALONE INTERWORKING MODULE (SMIM) / IWF The SMIM is necessary for the transmission of circuit-switched data between GSM mobile stations and fixed networks. The SMIM is the physical platform that supports the InterWorking Function (IWF). The IWF converts the protocols used on the GSM radio interface to those used in the targeted fixed network, and vice versa. Common applications that require the SMIM/IWF in GSM networks are: fax transmissions, Web access, e-mail.
SMIM functions vary according to the requirements of different bearer services. These functions can include: rate adaptation, frame adaptation, insertion of a modem.
The Radio Control Point (RCP) supervises the SMIM for GSM call control, and operation and maintenance.
13 HLR/AUC SECURISATION SERVER (SSH) This is a cost-effective solution against the total destruction of the site (e.g. a fire). Indeed, using mated pairs of HLRs or a distributed architecture makes it is possible to restore an HLR database to another site. The functions provided by the Security Server aim to: Save the active HLR/AuC data base on a front end PC, Transfer the database files from the active HLR/AuC PC to the mated HLR/AuC PC, Restore the database on the mated HLR/AuC, Provide a backup of the database files in Security Server,
Audit the mated HLR/AuC by the active HLR/AuCs to check the working state of the mated HLR. These functions are triggered from the Security Server Workstation, which may be localized in a centralized site. The Security Server is implemented on top of an OMC as a dedicated application.
BRBRAITT
Page 13 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
A ctive site H LR 1 H LR 2 H LR/ n PC PC PC Centralized Exploitation Site LA N router W AN
Standby site LA N router PC PC PC H LR 1 H LR 2 H LR m
router LA N PC X.25
X.25
OMC + D isktower
Security Server Architecture (example) Three different levels of security can be offered : Centralised database backup N to 1 configuration. In this case, N active machines are secured by a standby HLR/AuC. Mated pair configuration, where as many standby HLR as active HLR are implemented.
14 SMSC (SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE CENTER) The SMS-C is an entity to which mobile subscribers can send short messages using signalling channels; SMS-C entity can also be used to send short messages to a mobile subscriber using signalling channels. It may allow for notification that messages are in the subscriber's voice mailbox.
15 VMS (GLOBAL VOICE MAIL FOR MOBILE NETWORKS) With a voice mail system, the subscriber may pay or not the operator a subscription for call forwarding ; the call forwarding to the voice mail service can be conditional or unconditional depending on the subscriber status.
16 INTERCEPTION EQUIPMENT
BRBRAITT
Page 14 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
The circuit-switched interception network enables operators to comply to the requirements of authorized agencies for the monitoring of the telecommunications activities of mobile subscribers. This network enables operators to monitor local subscribers as well as subscribers roaming from other mobile networks. The Alcatel circuit-switched interception network consists of: Interception Management Center (IMC) - handles configuration of the interception network, - manages interception requests from authorized law enforcement agencies. Interception Equipment (IE) - intercepted related information, such as subscriber location, via the IMC, - content of intercepted communications. The main functions of the circuit-switched interception network are: real-time traffic supervision of the communications of selected subscribers, real-time delivery of collected information to a selected law enforcement monitoring facility. The IE collects and delivers to the law enforcement monitoring facility: The IMC:
17 SIGNALLING TRANSFER POINT (STP) A Signalling Transfer Point (STP) handles the routing and management of SS N 7 signalling on the CSCN. The STP hosts two basic subfunctions: transfer function, The transfer function involves the detection and routing of signaling messages. The STP analyses the content of incoming signaling packets to determine their destination and specify routing. management function. - control the prohibition and permission of signaling transfers, - test signaling routes, - control signaling transfers over international routes. Alcatel offers two hardware solutions for STPs in the CSCN: SSP integrated solution: In this solution, processing boards known as auxiliary and equipment control stations (SMA stations) in the SSP handle STP functions.
BRBRAITT
From STPs, operators apply procedures to:
Page 15 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Operators must analyze system traffic to be sure that it does not exceed specific limits provided by the constructor. Standalone solution: The Alcatel solution for the standalone STP is the IN-fusion Signal Transfer Point C (STPC). The STP-C is a high-speed switch that receives, routes and transmits signalling messages for call setup and Intelligent Network/CAMEL applications. In addition, the STP-C supports number translations for Local Number Portability (LNP) and Mobile Number Portability (MNP). Alcatel offers the STP-C in two configurations: STP C6, supporting from 12 to 432 links. A fully configured STP C6 sup-ports one Admin/Trunk cluster and five C7 signalling clusters. STP C32, supporting from 20 to 512 links. A fully configured STP C32 supports one Administration cluster, one Trunk cluster and 30 SS N 7 signaling clusters.
BRBRAITT
Page 16 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
18 COMMUNICATION INTERFACES The figure here under shows the protocols used between the main networks elements.
MSC VLR
D E C G
Gn
GGSN
HLR
Gr
PSCN
SGSN
Gs
BSS
A
MSC VLR
MSC/PSTN
PSTN/ ISDN
X.25 F E SMSC CAP or INAP CS1 SCP X.25
EIR
OMC
CDR Collector
CSCN interfaces and protocols The following table lists the protocols used in the NSS and indicates the interfaces to which they apply.
BRBRAITT
Page 17 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Interface A: MSC - BSS B: MSC - VLR
Interface Protocol & Version BSSAP(MTP/SCCP/BSSMAP-DTAP) - GSM TS 04.08 and 08.08. The B interface is the interface between an MSC and its associated Visitor Location Register (VLR). This interface is internal to the MSC/VLR. The B interface is not specifically defined by GSM/UMTS standards. In the Alcatel solution, the MSC and VLR exchange signals using a standard SS N 7 protocol stack. The user level protocol for the B interface is the Mobile Application Part B (MAP B) protocol. MAP-C (MTP/SCCP/TCAP/MAP) - GSM TS 09.02 for MAP specification. MAP-D (MTP/SCCP/TCAP/MAP) - GSM TS 09.02 for MAP specification. MAP-E (MTP/SCCP/TCAP/MAP) - GSM TS 09.02 for MAP specification. MAP-F (MTP/SCCP/TCAP/MAP) - GSM TS 09.02 for MAP specification. MAP-G (MTP/SCCP/TCAP/MAP) - GSM TS 09.02 for MAP specification. This interface provides Intelligent Network (IN) and Customized Application for Mobile network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL) functions to mobile networks. The MSC and SCP exchange information using the IN CS1 Core INAP protocol based on ETS 300374-1, or CAMEL (GSM TS 09.78).
C: MSC - HLR D: VLR - HLR E: MSC - MSC F: MSC - EIR G: VLR - VLR MSC - SCP
MSC - SMSC MSC/VLR OMC-S MSC/VLR Collector HLR - SCP HLR/AuC OMC-S Gc: GGSN - HLR Gr: SGSN - HLR Gs: SGSN - MSC
MAP GSM TS 09.02 or SMS-AP. Q3 over X.25 CDR Q3 over X.25 MAP GSM TS 09.02 Q3ic over X.25 GTP: SM TS 09.60 TSG#7 MAP GSM TS 09.02 SMG#31 BSSAP+: GSM TS 09.16 and TS 09.18. The Gs interface is the interface between an MSC/VLR of the CSCN and a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) of the Packet-Switched Core Network (PSCN). The SGSN uses this interface to send location information to the MSC/VLR. The MSC/VLR uses this interface to send paging requests via the SGSN and to indicate to a SGSN that a mobile terminal associated to the SGSN is using a service handled by the MSC.
BRBRAITT
Page 18 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
19 MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER (MSC)
This chapter describes the functions and architecture of the MSC in the Circuit Switched Core Network. It includes information about MSC:
General architecture, Individual components, Functions, hardware and software.
BRBRAITT
Page 19 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
20 MSC OVERVIEW The Mobile services Switching Center (MSC) provides control and switching functions for calls between mobile subscribers, and between mobile and fixed network subscribers. From a functional point of view, it is possible to describe two different roles for the MSC in the CSCN: Visited MSC (VMSC)
The VMSC is an MSC that interfaces with the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) over the A interface. The VMSC includes a Visitor Location Register (VLR) which registers subscribers present in the associated Base Station Subsystem. The VMSC is responsible for subscriber: mobility management, security management, network access. Gateway MSC (GMSC)
The GMSC is an MSC that interfaces with fixed networks and/or with other mobile networks. When the GMSC receives an incoming call from an external network, it: retrieves routing information from the HLR, uses the routing information to direct the call to the VMSC of the terminating subscriber. According to the network configuration, an MSC may perform visiting functions, gateway functions or both. In the CSCN, the network operator must determine the role of each MSC.
BRBRAITT
Page 20 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
21 GENERAL ARCHITECTURE The MSC (mobile services switching center), in the GSM sense, functionally incorporates the: SSP (service switching point), RCF (radio control function).
Within the NSS, the VLR (visitor location register) is associated with the MSC to form the MSC/VLR, which in physical terms incorporates the: SSP, RCP (radio control point).
The SSP, controlled by the RCP, handles the set-up of all calls to or from an MS (mobile station), the execution of handovers, and the transmission of ISUP/SSURT telephone events from the PSTN or PLMN to the RCP and the other network switches. Together with an SSP, the RCP handles all mobile radio functions connected with: RCF, VLR (visitor location register), interfaces :
MSC/VLR-BSS, MSC/VLR-HLR, MSC/VLR-OMC. The RCP incorporates the RCF and integrates the VLR function. The RCF handles: interworking with the BSS, all operations relating to mobility management, interworking with the SSP to manage physical resources associated with:
originating and terminating calls, telephone events such as off-hook, on-hook, etc. The VLR is a database operating in conjunction with the HLR (home location register).
BRBRAITT
Page 21 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
MSC PSTN/ ISDN
BSS
SSP
RCP RCF VLR

Alcatels MSC solution
22 RCP DESCRIPTION 23 RCP FUNCTIONS RCP functions include: call security, location update, call handling, charging, numbering and routing, supplementary services, IN and CAMEL service access, observation, translation, radio environment management.
The following sections describe these functions.
BRBRAITT
Page 22 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Call security The RCP applies security procedures to protect GSM mobile radio services from unauthorized call attempts or third party intrusion into transmissions. The RCP uses these procedures to authenticate the mobile calling and/or called party and to cipher all information (speech, data and signalling) from the radio interface using ciphering keys. The Radio Control Function (RCF) of the RCP adapts the security information interchanged between BSS and the VLR. The VLR manages various security procedures relating to: authentication, ciphering, subscriber identity confidentiality.
Location update The location update function tells the network where the mobile subscriber is at all times. It provides the subscriber with continuity of service throughout the authorized coverage area, regardless of the location of the Mobile Station (MS) of that subscriber. It enables the subscriber to: receive calls at a permanent directory number, gain access to the network from any authorized location.
The RCF and VLR functions of the RCP work together with the HLR to provide location updates. When the RCF receives update information from the BSS, it relays this information to the VLR. The VLR then updates mobile subscriber location data. If the subscriber is attached to another VLR, the home VLR transmits this data to the HLR. The HLR returns mobile subscriber subscription data to the VLR. Call handling For call handling, the RCF part of the RCP manages: all operations relating to originating or terminating call setup, dialog with the SSP and with the RAN to manage the physical resources involved in a call, operations required for handover.
Charging For each originating, terminating or rerouted call relating to a mobile subscriber, the MSC generates and transmits Call Detail Records (CDRs) to the Alcatel 1338 CDR collector or File collector. Calls rerouted after call forwarding also result in CDR transmission. One or more CDRs can be generated, depending on the type of call. For example: originating call to the PSTN/ISDN: the origin MSC generates a CDR.
BRBRAITT
Page 23 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
terminating call from the PSTN: the GMSC (gateway MSC) and the destination MSC each generate a CDR. For supplementary services (example: call forwarding), the GMSC and the MSC generate other CDRs. originating call from one mobile subscriber to another in the same PLMN: the GMSC and the MSC generate other CDRs. CDRs mainly contain the information below: IMSI (international mobile subscriber identity), MSISDN (mobile station ISDN number) and ticket type (MSC or GMSC), calling mobile subscribers location area identity, called subscriber identity, type of call (originating, terminating, forwarded), call status, teleservices and bearer services, date and time of beginning and end of call, call duration, supplementary services used.
Numbering and routing The RCP works with the SSP for phone number processing and routing. Mobile subscribers can dial a standard telephone number or a short number (access to Value Added Services) from their GSM Mobile Station. Depending on the type of subscription, a mobile subscriber may wish to reach: a national PSTN subscriber, a subscriber of one or more national PLMNs, a subscriber of any foreign PSTN, a subscriber of any foreign PLMN, an IN or CAMEL server.
When a mobile subscriber dials a number, the RCP analyses the number. The RCP then does one of the following: transmits the number to the SSP for translation and routing (for example, the received number is national or international), asks the HLR for a Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) and transmits it to the SSP (for example, the number received is an HPLMN number), transmits the number of the SSP with the originating geographical area (for example, the number received is an emergency service number).
BRBRAITT
Page 24 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
The SSP processes numbers received from the RCP in three stages: preanalysis: selection of a translator (national, international, supplementary services...), translation: determination of a routing on the basis of the initial digits of the number, routing: determination of an outgoing circuit group.
Supplementary services When a mobile subscriber connects to the network, the VLR checks subscriber service rights. The VLR then provides the RCF with the data necessary for service use. IN and CAMEL service access During call setup, the RCF analyses dialled numbers and subscriber data for IN and CAMEL service invocation information. When the RCP detects the need for IN or CAMEL service invocation for a call, it initiates a dialog with the appropriate IN or CAMEL server. This server then provides instructions for the continuation of the call. Observation The RCF and VLR increment event counters, call attempt counters and procedure failure counters to provide operators with information about network operations. The RCP periodically transmits the observation results to the OMC-CS. Translation The RCP contains translation tables which it scans for the rerouting of certain calls according to the signalling information assigned to that call. Radio environment management From the RCP, the operator can configure the radio environment. Operators can create, delete and interrogate from the RCP entities such the BSC, LA, Cells, etc.
24 RCP HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE The RCP is integrated into Alcatel A83xx racks (xx = 30 or 60). The A83xx control station is a multiple application, multibus and multiprocessor secured (worker/standby) duplex system. As shown in the following figure ,the A83xx incorporates: Two processing subsystems:
BRBRAITT
Page 25 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
The Alcatel 83xx provides system security through a redundant system architecture. In redundant system architecture, parallel processing subsystems assure system functions. When one subsystem is operating in active mode, the other is on standby. The standby subsystem does not run any traffic, but is ready to move into the active mode if the active subsystem fails. Each Alcatel 83xx subsystem contains a communication bus, processor boards, memory boards and front end line drivers/adapters. The processor boards support Real Time Operating System (RTOS) management software. One or more external access front ends: External access front ends are common to both processing subsystems and are assigned to the active subsystem. They are: signalling network connections: the HLR and RCP are connected to the signalling network over signalling links support by two to four PCM links. These links must be physically connected to the SSP. Within the SSP, signalling links are distributed to appropriate destinations by creating SS7 data links. TMN connections: the HLR and RCP are connected to the OMC-S over a duplicated synchronous X.25 link. The OSNM is also connected to a workstation over an X.25 link. terminal connections (PCFS Terminal, printers): the HLR, RCP and OSNM are connected to operation/maintenance terminals over asynchronous links.
BRBRAITT
Page 26 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Ethernet accesses Ethernet Processing Chain A Processing Chain B
M ass memory (mirrored disks)
Telecom Bus (X.25 connexions External accesses Sync/ Async
PCM Bus (SS7 connexions External accesses PCM
Simplified description of the A83xx Hardware platform. The A83xx hardware architecture can be dimensioned to suit the application by adjusting the number of: processor boards, memory boards, front-end adapters, disk drives, streamers or PCFS, magnetic tape drives.
BRBRAITT
Page 27 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
The mapping of the functional architecture over rack implementation is given below.
Power Supply Monitoring
XBUS A Processor boards Peripherals Streamer, Disks XBUS B Processor boards TBUS Synchronous and Asynchronous link Adapter boards XBUS PCM link Adapter boards
Terminal and alarm connections
Subrack arrangement in an RCP A83XX rack In a maximum configuration, an A8360 incorporates: 14 x 2 processor boards, 68060, 66 MHz, 2 x 1 main memory boards (512 Mbytes), six disk drives, 1.2 Gbyte, one PCFS, four PCM links, 120/75 ohms, 8 xa*V.24ports, 4 x b*V.36X21 ports, 4 xc*J.64ports, inter-subsystem links.
Note : Values a, b and c are defined on dimensioning the system according to the number and type of external port required. The maximum and minimum values are given below: 2 a 4, 0 b 7, 0 c 7, a +b +c 9.
BRBRAITT
Page 28 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
The following table lists the A8360 boards and their functions. Element Type CS Function System board which serves for - supervising a processing chain, - controlling system initialization and loading procedures, - executing LOCAVAR operations. CPU MG CXN CBS FTD (and IBT) CT AL Processor board (14 CPUs for the maximum configuration) General memory board (1 board of 512 Mb for a RCP A8360, with 14 CPU) X-bus/N-bus coupler board Coupler board which links an X-bus to two SCSI-buses Front-end data transmission coupler board Each one has a connection capacity of 128 transmission lines with a maximum throughput of 2.5 Mbits/s in full-duplex mode. Any coupler board connected to the two T-buses Alarm coupler board connected to the two T-buses with two functions: - Sending signals to the outside (e.g. to the local-alarm panel), - Receiving incoming signals, connected to environment-infrastructure alarms and subrack-power-supply alarms. DDH CBX PCMC IOP Date and time coupler board connected to the two T-buses Coupler board connecting the processing-chain X-buses to one PCM X-bus PCM line-coupler board FTDs I/O processor
BRBRAITT
Page 29 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
25 RCP SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE The specific radio-mobile-application softwares (RCP/VLR, HLR/AuC, SCCP gateway) are developed as dedicated upper application layers. The RCP basic software allows : to handle real-time and transaction-processing applications in parallel, to support applications with heavy real-time requirements (achievement of the performance objectives of the telecommunications software and the file-management system is critical), to support applications performing on-going service
The basic software is an open Real-Time Operating System (RTOS). RTOS is an operating system designed to make the A83xx hardware configuration transparent with the application software. It performs: Management of the hardware and software entities in an A83xx station, Allocation of the resources in a multiprocessor configuration to applications.
RTOS handles objects that are hardware or software entities, such as RTOS applications, tasks, memory blocks, communication lines and so on. They can be created, modified, displayed, resp. deleted. The various objects managed by RTOS are stored in the system data base. RTOS provides services which support standard data communication protocols: Communication Access Method (CAM) supporting the protocol specified in the ISO model, Extended Communication Access Method (ECAM) supporting the Signalling System number 7 (SS7) protocols, File Transfer Access Method (FTAM) specified by the ISO standard. All of them are provided by the Network Communications Service (NCS). The RCP/VLRs software architecture is described by the following figure.
BRBRAITT
Page 30 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
SOP
PMLX
PYLX (RCP)
RTDMS
EL AK +TMNK
RTDMS
WAM
FTAM
CMISE
SCR
FMS
TCAP
X.225
SCCP
X.224
MTP
X.25
RTOS Executive
Legend: CMISE : Common Management Information Service Element EL : Software Set EL AK : application kernel software set FMS: File management system FTAM : File Transfer Access and Management
RTOS: Real Time Operating System SCCP: Signalling Connection Control Point SCR: Network Switching Service SOP : System Operation Package TCAP: Transaction Capabilities Application Part TMNK: Telecommunication Management Network Kernel
BRBRAITT
Page 31 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
MTP: Message Transfer Part PMLX : RCP function maintenance EL PYLX : RCP function processing EL RTDMS: Real Time Data Management System
WAM: Workstation Access Method X.224: transport layer X.225: session layer X.25: physical layer.
RCP Software architecture The components of the RCP software architecture are described in the following table: NAME SOP PYLX DESCRIPTION A83xx machine system operation package. RCP main EL supporting: All real time call management functions Static and dynamic data Collection of observation results for transmission to the OMC-S PMLX RCP operation and maintenance EL handles mainly: Management of operator commands relating to RCP permanent data, Collection of observation results for transmission to OMC-S. EL AK and The EL AK and slave TMNK are the software sets common to all applications Slave TMNK based on an A83xx. RTDMS The RTDMS is a real time data management system. This comprises the various software modules included in PYLX, SUP and EL AK. WAM FTAM CMISE SCR FMS Manages workstation access. File transfer, access and management. common management information service element, handles file management dialog before transfer Provides access to X.25 (X.25, X.224, X.225) and signaling (MTP, SCCP, TCAP) network services File management system
BRBRAITT
Page 32 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
26 SSP DESCRIPTION Two generations of the SSP can be offered: The non-HC generation SSP (SSP with a RCX switching matrix)- Alcatel OCB283 SSP The HC generation SSP (SSP with a RCH switching matrix)- Alcatel E10 MM SSP HC stands for High Capacity. This new generation high capacity MSC offers numerous benefits: Major capacity increase both in terms of Call Handling (BHCA) and Switching (Erlang) brought by: 3 3 3 A new family of enhanced general purpose control stations (SMB) A new technology Switching Matrix (based on composite ATM) A new family of high density SDH based Termination Units
Better compactness (reduced footprint), Lower electrical consumption, A platform that already provides UMTS support
The Alcatel EVOLIUMTM MSC HC as an evolutionary step of the Alcatel MSC solution guarantees the availability of the legacy services and interoperability as well as the fieldproven platform reliability. The global architecture of the MSC HC is described in the following figure.
BRBRAITT
Page 33 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
MSC
BSS
PCM & SDH Termination Unit
RCH
PSTN
Call Processing Servers (SMB, SMM)
SSP
RCP
27 SSP FUNCTIONS The main role of the SSP is to physically direct signalling messages and user data across the mobile network. To do this, the SSP receives control information from: the Radio Control Point (RCP) in the MSC, the Base Station Controller (BSC) in the GSM BSS.
The CSCN MSC SSP supports the following GSM functions: Switching functions The SSP handles: Conventional switching functions: - call handling, - switching network, - PCM link connection, - section selection for auxiliaries such as the IWF (interworking function), - tones and announcements, - local or national signalling point (SP) Mobile radio application specific functions: Setting up and releasing link sections from/to the PSTN/ISDN: the exchange provides call handling related functions under RCP control. Call transfer on change of radio channel: the exchange can transfer a call set up on one network section to another under RCP control.
BRBRAITT
Page 34 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Transaction between RCP and SSP, under RCP control for a call originating from a mobile station, Selection of circuits to the BSS: specialized circuit groups are created. The SSP selects an incoming or outgoing circuit whose identity is transmitted to the RCP. Echo cancelling: voice frequency channels established with a mobile station are equipped with an echo canceller to eliminate echo on calls between a PSTN subscriber and a PLMN subscriber. Echo cancellers are connected on an individual call basis. They are integrated into the exchange on the PSTN side. Functions specific to intelligent network applications. interface with the OMC-S over asynchronous links, generation of data required for observation, Operation and maintenance functions:
generation of call data records (CDR). CDRs are then sent to the OMC-S or to the A1338 ALMA CDR Collector for transmission to a customer care and billing system (CC&BS) to prepare transit call bills. 28 SSP HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE 29 ALCATEL OCB283 SSP
In hardware terms, it consists of a set of multi-purpose control stations (SM) which are interconnected by one or more transmission bearers called communication multiplexes (MAS or MIS) forming a local area network (LAN). MIS (inter control station multiplexes) and MAS (main control station access multiplexes) provide secure high bit rate communication between EVOLIUMTM functional sub-systems. SM types There are several types of control station: 3 SMC : main control station, 3 SMA : auxiliary equipment control station handling N 7 signalling and auxiliary functions, 3 3 3 SMT : trunk control station handling PCM link connection, SMX : matrix control station handling switching matrix control, SMM : maintenance control station handling operation and maintenance functions.
The STS (synchronization and timebase station) handles synchronization and outputs timing signals. SMT and SMA stations are interconnected, and connected to SMC stations via MAS multiplexes of the LAN. SMC stations are interconnected by MIS multiplexes of the LAN and via the MAS. Control station design is based on a multiprocessor structure.
BRBRAITT
Page 35 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
SM structure In general terms, a control station comprises: 3 3 3 3 3 a main bus to which processors, memories, adapters, etc. are connected, a main processor and associated memory, secondary processors and associated memories, adapters connecting control stations via the LAN (MIS and MAS), function-dedicated adapters.
BRBRAITT
Page 36 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
The following figure shows the OCB283 hardware architecture.
SSP RCX
LAN
Telephone Network STS
Subscriber Access
RCX
SMT . . . SMX . . . SMT . . .
Intelligent Network
Signalling Network
SMA . . .
Data Network
SMM
SMC
SMC
. . . . .
TMN
Alcatel OCB283 SSP Hardware Architecture
30
ALCATEL E10 MM SSP A new high capacity switching matrix (RCH) based on ATM technology replaces the current RCX matrix. The existing multiprocessor stations (SMC, SMA, and SMT) are replaced by new multiprocessor stations (SMB) with higher capacities. These general purpose control stations (SMBs) can support one or more functions of the exchange depending on the types of boards installed. Introduction of high density SDH/STM1 interface (155 Mbit/s) carrying each 63 PCM terminations.
The hardware evolutions, with the introduction of the HC technology, consist in:
BRBRAITT
Page 37 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
The following figure shows the hardware architecture of the SSP with HC technology, and the system interfaces. The designations SMB_ are used by way of indication to designate the different function supported by the SMBs.
SSP HC
LAN
Telephone Network STS SMB_T Intelligent Network
Subscriber Access
RCH
SMT . . . SMB_X . . . SMT . . .
Signalling Network
SMA . . .
SMB_A . . .
Data Network
SMM
SMB_C
TMN
Alcatel E10 MM SSP High Capacity Hardware Architecture SMB Stations The functions performed in the previous releases (MSC OCB283) by SMC, SMA, SMT and SMX stations can be handled by an SMB (general purpose control station) with: SMB_C handling the control function, SMB_A handling N7 signalling auxiliary function,
SMB_T handling the termination function (including the connecting Exchange Termination Units (ETU)), SMB_X handling the matrix function (including the ETUs of the high rate switching network). Depending on the sites configuration, an SMB will handle one or more of the above functions. In small configurations, the designation SMB_CAXT represents an SMB supporting the control, auxiliary, matrix and termination functions.
BRBRAITT
Page 38 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
At hardware level, a new Power PC processor is offered, providing a processing power multiplied by 7. High Capacity Matrix RCH The new Alcatel E10 MM Switching Matrix (RCH) uses composite ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) technology. The ATM scheme used minimizes transit-time in the switching network. The RCH has a maximum connection capacity of 16 384 PCMs. This new high-capacity switching core provides a seven-fold increase in traffic handling capacity to the MSC. The next figure illustrates the switching network (RCH) structure, composed of: A native ATM switching matrix, Matrix interfaces adapting synchronous to/from asynchronous switching modes when the connection of a narrowband physical interface (NB-TU) is required:

TDM to Composite ATM (TCA), Composite ATM to TDM (CAT).

Native ATM Switching Matrix Matrix Interface
Matrix Interface
128 links
TCA
622 Mbit/s ATM Link 128 max 622 Mbit/s ATM Link
CAT
128 links
128 max 128 links
128 links
TCA
622 Mbit/s ATM Link
622 Mbit/s ATM Link
CAT
Synchronous
Asynchronous
Synchronous
Alcatel E10 MM matrix architecture The RCH is duplicated for system availability and defence reasons. The RCH matrix is controlled by the SMB stations, called SMB_X (general purpose control stations matrix function).
BRBRAITT
Page 39 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
PCM over SDH-STM1 Termination Unit First used in the system with Exchange Termination Units (ETUs) for connecting PCM links in the SMT2Gs, the ETUs are now used in all SMB type stations. The term ETU covers: ETUs for connecting SDH links (PCM over SDH-STM1), ETUs for high rate switching network, as described in 4.3, for:

Time division multiplex channel/ composite ATM cell switching element (TCA), ATM switching element (ASE). ATC ETUs, for the transcoding function of the UMTS SSP (see chapter 5),
For the first case, the SDH-STM1 interfaces (155 Mbit/s) can be used when payloads are to be transported over a synchronous transmission network. When carrying TDM payloads, as described with the figure here under, this interface is the means for the MSC to provide a higher 2Mbit/s interfacing capacity.
MSC HC
NB call control
PSTN & PLMN network
RCH
TDM (PCM, SDH) TDM TU TDM TU PSTN & PLMN network TDM (PCM, SDH) TDM/ATM adaptation
w PCM or w PCM or w 63 xx22Mbps (VC.12/STM-1) w 63 Mbps (VC.12/STM-1)
The PCM over SDH-STM1 Termination Unit, has the following characteristics: SDH-STM1 interface (155 Mbit/s) carrying 63 PCMs terminations (VC 12 extraction).

Connected to ATM switch matrix with High bit rate links Interface: Optical S1.1 (ITU-T G957) or Electrical (ITU-T G703) 1+1 optical line protection (APS) and Laser emission protection (ALS) N+1 Equipment Protection Switch (EPS)
31 SSP SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE
BRBRAITT
Page 40 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
The SSP software is built around independent software modules. Some software modules are combined into software machines (ML) designed to handle a particular function (example: charging, call handling). Depending on the application, the SSP incorporates the MLs below: ML supported by an SMC or SMB_C (main control station) for control functions. It is instantiated by n + 1 SMCs or SMB_Cs, based on n + 1 redundancy. The system operates on a load sharing basis. ML supported by an SMT or SMB-T (trunk control station) handling PCM link connection functions. It is duplicated and operates in active/standby mode. ML supported by an SMM (maintenance control station) handling operation and maintenance functions. It is duplicated and operates in active/standby mode. ML supported by an SMA or SMB_A (auxiliary equipment control station) handling N 7 signalling auxiliary equipment. ML supported by an SMX or SMB_X (matrix control station) handling connection control functions and providing the interface with other SMs. The software is stored on disk where it is organized into archives. It is loaded into the SMs via the local area network when the system is initialised. The software is developed using: CHILL, C.
Some software is generated automatically based on specifications written in SDL (specification and description language). The functional MLs represent the exchange's main functions. These are the functions that are defended by central defence. The functional MLs have the following characteristics: an ML is supported by an SM, several MLs can be present on the same SM, the redundancy principle is applied to the MLs, an ML exists in as many copies as load and dependability require, the various copies of a single ML can operate in load sharing mode, if a station fails, an ML can migrate from one SM to another, the MLs are stored on disk and loaded when the SMs are initialised.
These characteristics provide a high level of configuration flexibility and facilitate system defence. Figures hereunder show, on the basis of configurations of the SSP, the different functional MLs and an example of their location in the system.
BRBRAITT
Page 41 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
LAN
SMA
ML ETA ML PUPE
STS
RCH SMT
ML URM
SMA
ML AN
SMB_X
ML COM
SMM SMM
OM ML OC
SMC
ML TX
SMC
ML TR ML MQ ML GX ML PC
SMC
ML MR ML CC ML GS
Software Architecture of the SSP with ALCATEL OCB283 technology.
BRBRAITT
Page 42 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
LAN
SMA
ML ETA ML AN
STS
RCH SMT2G
ML URM
SMB-A
ML PUPE
SMB_X and/or SCH

ML COM
SMB-T
ML HD ML URM
SMM SMM
OM ML OC
ML : Software Machine ML CC : Call Control ML ML ETA : auxiliary equipment manager ML ML GX : matrix system handler ML ML MR : call handler ML ML PC : SS N7 controller ML
ML TR : subscriber and analysis database ML TX : call charging and traffic measurement manager ML ML ML URM : PCM controller ML
SMB-C
ML TR ML MQ
ML GX
Software Architecture of the SSP with ALCATEL E10MM technology. ML AN : Access Network ML ML COM : Matrix switch control ML ML GS : IN and GSM server management ML ML MQ : message distributor ML ML OC : message router ML ML PUPE : SS N7 protocol handler ML
SMB-C
ML PC ML MR ML CC
SMB-C
ML TX
ML GS
BRBRAITT
Page 43 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
32 HOME LOCATION REGISTER (HLR)
This chapter describes the functions and architecture of the HLR/AuC in the CSCN. It includes information about:
HLR/AuC functions, HLR/AuC hardware, HLR/AuC software,
BRBRAITT
Page 44 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
33 HLR FUNCTIONS Together, the Home Location Register (HLR) and the Authentication Register (AuC) form the main database of the CSCN. Because HLR and AuC functions are complementary, Alcatel combines them in a single network element called the Alcatel 1422 HLR/AuC. The HLR/AuC stores data and performs real-time authentication, mobility and authorization operations during network call procedures. The Alcatel HLR/AuC is fully compliant with GSM and UMTS standards, and thus can be integrated in any multi-vendor environment that complies with the standards. Note: The GSM/UMTS HLR/AuC is a direct evolution of the GSM HLR/AuC. This HLR/AuC provides a new set of security and service definition protocols for UMTS networks. GSM and UMTS functions remain so closely linked that it is impossible to separate them completely. A single HLR can handle: GSM and UMTS subscribers in their home networks, GSM subscribers who roam in UMTS networks, UMTS subscribers who roam in GSM networks,
subscribers of networks where UMTS is deployed in islands. When a mobile subscriber travels away from a UMTS island into a GSM area in the same network, the operator must provide the subscriber with GSM services. The following figures shows the functional environment of the HLR/AuC.
BRBRAITT
Page 45 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
SCP
MAP
HLR
Shaip
AuC
Q3ic Q3ic
OMC-S
SGSN
MAP Gr SSAP SP
X25 HLR/AuC
Q3ic
SSH
HLR
SSAP
PSTN ISDN
SMS-SC SMSIWMSC
MAP
MAP C MAP D
MSC RCP
SP MAP C
SSP
MAP D
RCF
VLR
SP
One or more SPs
SP
A single SP
X.25 signalling
34 HLR SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS HLR functions include: data storage, authentication management, location management, call handling, Short Message Service (SMS), supplementary services, observation, translation, subscriber management,
BRBRAITT
Page 46 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
data protection.
The following paragraphs describe these functions. Data storage The HLR stores the following types of information: subscription data: International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network (MSISDN) number, Mobile subscriber type indicator.
mobility related data (MS registration, Visitor Location Register (VLR) address, MSC identity, roaming restriction subscription, roaming restriction flag, roaming restriction due to unsupported feature), subscribed services and supplementary services and their status, authentication and ciphering vectors, subscriber administration data (for example, blocking of the MS),
Authentication management The HLR stores sets of authentication data that the VLR requires for the verification of subscriber identities. The VLR requires a new set of authentication data for each new authentication procedure. The HLR obtains these sets of data from the AuC, and furnishes them, upon request, to the VLR. Location management When a mobile subscriber travels to an area controlled by an MSC other than the previous MSC, the CSCN updates the subscriber information stored in the HLR. This location updating is necessary to ensure correct routing of calls and data. The activities of the HLR during a location update include: updating of the mobile location in the HLR, cancellation of the mobile subscriber data in the old VLR, provision of all requested data to the new VLR.
The HLR can refuse location update requests to mobile subscribers who enter areas where they have no access agreements. Call handling During call handling, the HLR answers routing data requests from MSCs that interface with external networks and serve as gateway routers (GMSCs). To complete a GMSC routing data request on a mobile terminating call, the following events occur: 1. The GMSC sends a routing data request to the HLR. This request includes identification information about the called party (MSISDN).
BRBRAITT
Page 47 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
2. The HLR uses the IMSI (correlated to the received MSISDN) to identify the called party and to confirm the availability of the correct bearer service. 3. The HLR checks called party entitlements, call barring (terminating call barring) and unconditional call forwarding. 4. The HLR requests routing information from the VLR where the called party is located. 5. The VLR replies with an Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number (MSRN) identifying the MSC where the user equipment (UE) of the called party is currently attached. 6. The HLR returns the MSRN furnished by the destination VLR to the GMSC. In case of inter-PLMN roaming, the HLR checks whether the visiting subscriber is allowed in the visited PLMN. When the subscriber possesses a regional subscription, the HLR may also send a list of authorized zones to the visited VLR, so that roaming permission can be checked by the VLR. Short message service The HLR provides the Short Message Service-Service Center (SMS-SC) with message routing addresses and manages message waiting indications. The SMS-SC uses this information to deliver originating or terminating short messages it has stored. Supplementary services The HLR manages subscriber data relating to supplementary services. It takes into account modifications set either by the operator or by the subscriber. It transmits the information required to the VLR in which the subscriber is registered. It screens incoming data for possible supplementary service actions and checks that the subscriber is entitled to the services activated. The HLR is also responsible for testing the compatibility between the miscellaneous services a subscriber activates. For example, it checks forwarded-to numbers for possible call restrictions such as call barring. Observation HLR observation counters tally HLR related events. The HLR periodically transmits the observation results to the OMCCS. Translation The HLR contains translation tables which it scans for the rerouting of certain calls according to the signalling information assigned to that call. The HLR translation is a common service which is invoked by the system during forwardedto-number registration and interrogation, retrieving information on a remote entity, handling call barring/call forwarding/location registration, Operator determined barring check, Subscriber management
BRBRAITT
Page 48 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
The HLR can manage all subscriber data (creation, modification, deletion, assignment of supplementary services...). When an operator modifies subscriber data in the HLR, the network notifies the VLR in which the subscriber is currently registered. Data protection The HLR: immediately saves to disk permanent data supplied by the operator, periodically saves dynamic data generated by the subscriber, periodically saves location data.
35 AUC SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS AuC functions include: data storage, authentication.
The following paragraphs describe these functions. Data storage The AuC stores the following types of information: an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), versions of applicable algorithms, authentication keys.
Authentication The AuC generates the sets of data necessary for ciphering and for the confirmation of subscriber identity. These sets of authentication data are known as Authentication Vectors (AVs). The AuC generates AVs in the form of triplets for GSM transactions. It generates AVs in the form of quintets for UMTS calls. The parameter of the quintet are RAND, SRES, CK, IK, AUTN. The first three parameters correspond to the GSM triplet information. The two other parameters are an integrity key and a sequence information. If a mobile station is under GSM coverage, the HLR may deduce the triplet needed from the quintet information available. The AuC supplies five replacement AVs to the HLR each time the HLR sends an AV request.
36 HLR HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

BRBRAITT
Page 49 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
For previous GSM circuit-switched core network releases Alcatel has offered an Alcatel 1422 HLR/AuC built on Alcatel 8330 and 8360 machines. Operators already deploying Alcatel GSM core networks can adapt exiting Alcatel 8330 and Alcatel 8360 platforms to support new release level HLR software. Note : The Alcatel 8330 platform supports GSM-only HLR functions. The Alcatel 8360 platform supports GSM, UMTS and integrated GSM/UMTS HLR functions. The Alcatel 1422 HLR/AuC is capable of handling GSM and UMTS networks both in independent and integrated configurations. Alcatel bases the GSM/UMTS HLR on the Alcatel 8360 platform. The Alcatel 8360 platform provides a high level of field-proven security and reliability. It is a multiple application, multibus, multiprocessor system. The following sections describe some of its most important features. System redundancy The Alcatel 8360 provides system security through a redundant system architecture. In redundant system architecture, parallel processing subsystems assure system functions. When one subsystem is operating in active mode, the other is on standby. The latter does not run any traffic, but is ready to move into the active mode if the active subsystem fails. Each subsystem contains a communication bus, processor boards, memory boards and front end line drivers/adapters. The processor boards support Real Time Operating System (RTOS) management software. Data Storage A functional block known as the secondary memory provides HLR/AuC data storage in the Alcatel 8360. The secondary memory consists of disk drives, magnetic tape drives and a streamer. A SCSI bus provides access to the secondary memory for each processing subsystem. Redundant disk drives work in mirror mode to ensure data security.
External OAM interfaces The Alcatel 8360 communicates with operation and management equipment over one or more external access front ends. The Alcatel 8360 redundant processing subsystems share external access front ends. The front end serves the active sub-system. Front ends serve as ports for communication with signalling networks and the management network. Types of connections include: signalling network connections. Two to four Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) connections support the signalling between the HLR and the SSP. The SSP creates data links to distribute signalling to appropriate destinations. Telecommunications Management Network (TMN) connections. A duplicated synchronous X.25 link connects the HLR to the OMC-CS. terminal connections (PCFS, printers). Asynchronous links connect the HLR to operation/maintenance terminals.
BRBRAITT
Page 50 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Hardware elements The Alcatel 8360 platform for the CSCN HLR/AuC includes, for each redundant subsystem: 14 processor boards, one main memory board with a capacity of 1Gb.
Note: A new hardware configuration is introduced with the NSS Release R6E for the HLR A8360, 14UC : the current MG board (with 512 Mo memory) is replaced by a new MG with 1024 Mo. The aim is to support 800 000 MS UMTS mobiles in the HLR product. More details on boards or racks arrangement are provided in section 3.2.2 (RCP Hardware Architecture) of the present document, as they are ported on the same platform.
BRBRAITT
Page 51 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
37 HLR SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION The specific radio-mobile-application softwares (RCP/VLR, HLR/AuC, SCCP gateway) are developed as dedicated upper application layers. The HLR basic software allows : to handle real-time and transaction-processing applications in parallel, to support applications with heavy real-time requirements (achievement of the performance objectives of the telecommunications software and the file-management system is critical), to support applications performing on-going service
The basic software is an open Real-Time Operating System (RTOS). More details on RTOS are provided in section 3.2.3 (RCP Software architecture) of the present document, as they are ported on the same platform. The HLR/AuCs software architecture is described by the following figure.
BRBRAITT
Page 52 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
AES
HLM (HLR)
ACM (AuC )
HLT (HLR)
RTDMS
ACT (AuC )
RTDMS
EL AK +TMNK
RTDMS
WAM
FTAM
CMISE
SCR
FMS
TCAP
X.225
SCCP
X.224
MTP
X.25
RTOS Executive
Legend: ACM: AuC function maintenance EL ACT: AuC function processing EL AES : system operation package CMISE : Common Management Information
RTDMS: Real Time Data Management System RTOS: Real Time Operating System SCCP: Signalling Connection Control Point SCR: Network Switching Service TCAP: Transaction Capabilities Application Part TMNK: Telecommunication Management Network Kernel WAM: Workstation Access Method X.224: transport layer
BRBRAITT
Page 53 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Service Element X.225: session layer EL : Software Set X.25: physical layer. EL AK : application kernel software set FMS: File management system FTAM : File Transfer Access and Management HLM : HLR function management EL MTP: Message Transfer Part HLR/AuC software architecture. The components of the HLR/AuC software architecture are described in the following table: NAME SOP HLT DESCRIPTION A83xx machine system operation package. HLR processing EL. It supports all real time management functions: functions relating to MAP protocol (terminal call, location registration, subscriber security, retrieval, supplementary services), static and dynamic data (observation, alarms, defense, translation), observation result collection for transmission to the OMC-S. HLM ACT HLR maintenance EL. It supports operation and maintenance tasks relating to: observation, alarms, defense, subscriber administration, security. AuC processing EL. It supports all real time management functions: security (triplet computation), static and dynamic data (alarms, defence). ACM AuC maintenance EL. It supports operation and maintenance tasks relating to: Subscriber security data management, Subscriber IMSI/Ki combination management, alarms. EL AK and The EL AK and slave TMNK are the software sets common to all applications Slave based on an A83xx. TMNK RTDMS WAM FTAM CMISE The RTDMS is a real time data management system. A set of software modules included in HLT, ACT, SUP and EL AK Manages workstation access. File transfer, access and management. common management information service element, handles file dialog before transfer management
BRBRAITT
Page 54 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
SCR FMS
Provides access to X.25 (X.25, X.224, X.225) and signalling (MTP, SCCP, TCAP) network services File management system
BRBRAITT
Page 55 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
38 CSCN SERVICES AND FUNCTIONS
This chapter describes the main functions of the CSCN. It includes information about:
bearer services, teleservices, GSM supplementary services, non GSM supplementary services, security functions, number portability functions, charging functions, roaming, announcements,
BRBRAITT
Page 56 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
39 BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES Basic telecommunications services have the essential role of enabling mobile subscribers to communicate over the network. GSM/UMTS standards divide basic telecommunications services into two categories: Bearer Services (BS), that provide the capacity to transmit binary signals point-topoint, Teleservices (TS), that provide complete connection capacities, including terminal equipment definitions, for communications between two or more users. Operators attribute basic services to a subscriber when creating the subscription for that subscriber.
40 GSM BEARER SERVICES Operators who deploy CSCNs that include interfaces with GSM Base Station Sub-systems (BSS), must provide GSM Bearer Services (BSs). GSM bearer services depend on transcoders located in GSM BSSs. CSCN BSs provide GSM subscribers with the capacity to transmit binary data over the circuit-switched mobile network. When an operator creates a subscription for a user, the operator defines which BSs the subscriber will be able to use. There are two basic categories of BSs: asynchronous transmission services (BS2x), synchronous transmission services (BS3x).
GSM operators can provide asynchronous data-transmission services that operate in transparent or non-transparent mode. The following paragraphs explain the differences between these two modes. transparent mode: the network transmits user data between the terminal and external networks without using a specific data protection protocol over the radio interface. There is no flow control or error checking in the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). This provides for constant bit rates, but introduces the possibility of transmission errors. non-transparent mode: the network uses the Radio Link Protocol (RLP) between the MS and the InterWorking Function (IWF) to assure the transmission. The network places user data in frames which are subjected to flow control and error checking (repetition of frames on transmission failure). 41 ASYNCHRONOUS DATA-TRANSMISSION SERVICES
Asynchronous transmission requires start and stop bits to distinguish individual units of data. ETSI standards group asynchronous data-transmission services under the category BS2x, where the variable x identifies a transmission rate. BS User Rate Information transfer capability Quality of Service
BRBRAITT
Page 57 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
BS21 BS22 BS24 BS25 BS26
0.3 kbit/s 1.2 kbit/s 2.4 kbit/s 4.8 kbit/s 9.6 kbit/s
3.1kHz 3.1kHz 3.1kHz 3.1kHz 3.1kHz
UDI UDI UDI UDI UDI
T T T T T
NT NT NT NT NT
UDI= Unrestricted Digital Information T= Transparent / NT= Non Transparent
42
SYNCHRONOUS DATA-TRANSMISSION SERVICES
Synchronous transmission depends on a master clock to co-ordinate the transfer of bits of information between two network nodes. ETSI standards group synchronous datatransmission services under the category BS3x, where the variable x identifies a transmission rate. Following tables list BS3x services and their corresponding transmission characteristics. Data circuit duplex synchronous services (BS3x) BS BS31 BS32 BS33 BS34 User Rate 1.2 kbit/s 2.4 kbit/s 4.8 kbit/s 9.6 kbit/s Information transfer capability UDI UDI UDI UDI Quality of Service T T T T
Data circuit duplex synchronous services (BS3x) audio BS BS31 BS32 BS33 BS34 BS User Rate 1.2 kbit/s 2.4 kbit/s 4.8 kbit/s 9.6 kbit/s Information transfer capability UDI Information transfer capability 3.1kHz 3.1kHz 3.1kHz 3.1kHz Quality of Service NT Quality of Service T T T T NT NT NT NT
Data circuit duplex synchronous services (BS3x), with X.31 Flag stuffing User Rate Layer 1 protocol user information X.31 Flag
BS32
2.4 kbit/s
BRBRAITT
Page 58 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
stuffing BS33 BS34 4.8 kbit/s 9.6 kbit/s UDI UDI NT NT X.31 Flag stuffing X.31 Flag stuffing
43
FUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CIRCUIT-SWITCHED BEARER SERVICES data compression, automatic modem selection.
Some functions accompany the circuit-switched data transmission services:
V.42bis data compression The data compression function compresses the data on the radio channel when asynchronous circuit-switched data transmission is used. This increases the data signalling rate available to a mobile subscriber depending on the type of data transported (user rates available from 4.8 to 9.6 kbit/s). It is implemented with: data compression on the fixed network, and/or, a higher bit rate between the IWF (interworking function) and the remote subscriber. Data compression on the fixed network side is applicable only in 3.1 kHz audio mode. The V.42 protocol must be implemented and the IWF negotiates V.42bis data compression with the remote modem. The maximum bit rate between the IWF and the remote subscriber is reached: In 3.1 kHz audio mode by a modem with a bit rate higher than 9.6 kbit/s (up to 28.8 kbit/s) with implementation at the remote modem end of: automatic modem type selection (autobauding), data compression. In UDI (unrestricted digital information) mode at a rate of 19.2 kbit/s and an intermediate rate of 32 kbit/s towards the remote end. Automatic selection of modem type (modulation type) and speed This function involves negotiating the modem type. When the modem has been chosen, the two DCEs choose their transmission speed. This function makes it possible to offer high user rate data transmission on the PSTN between the IWF and the remote modem.
44 GSM TELESERVICES
BRBRAITT
Page 59 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Operators who deploy the CSCN in configurations that include interfaces with GSM BSSs, must provide GSM teleservices. GSM teleservices depend on transcoders located in GSM BSSs. These teleservices function independently of the transcoders located in the CSCN MSC. GSM teleservices include: 3 3 3 3 3 3 speech (TS11), emergency calls (TS12), Short Message Service-Mobile Terminated (SMS-MT) point-to-point (TS21), Short Message Service-Mobile Originated (SMS-MO) point-to-point (TS22), alternate speech and facsimile (TS61), automatic facsimile service (TS62).
The following paragraphs describe GSM teleservices functioning through GSM BSS located transcoders: Speech (TS11) The speech teleservice (TS11) enables the transmission of voice over the network for telephone conversations. It enables subscribers to: converse in full duplex (bi-directional) mode, converse in real time.
Operators can optionally activate one of the following two functions to improve GSM speech quality: Enhanced Full Rate (EFR), The EFR function improves speech quality in the conversation phase by using more powerful codecs (coders/decoders). The EFR voice transfer rate over the radio interface is static at 13 kbits/s. Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR) The AMR function provides better speech quality by adapting its operating rate according to radio conditions. AMR offers three different operation modes: - Full Rate (FR) only, offers improved speech quality, - Half Rate (HR) only, offers enhanced network capacity, - combined HR and FR, offers a compromise between speech quality and network capacity. In GSM networks, the AMR codec is located in the transcoder in the BSS. Emergency calls (TS12) Emergency service (TS12) enables all mobile subscribers to contact an emergency service, regardless of the call restriction the operator may have applied to their subscriptions. Subscribers roaming in different countries have access to the emergency services of the countries in which they are located.
BRBRAITT
Page 60 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
SMS-Mobile Terminated (TS21) The TS21 service is a two-way point-to-point mode short message service. It provides for acknowledgements upon receipt of messages. The network provides this service for messages terminating at the mobile subscriber. Messages may originate from: a fixed network subscriber, another mobile network subscriber.
This service can operate in store-and-forward mode by using the Short Message ServiceService Center (SMS-SC) as a temporary storage server between the sender of the short message and the receiving subscriber. SMS-Mobile Originated (TS22) The mobile originated point-to-point short message service (TS22) service is a point-to-point mode short message service for two-way messaging with acknowledgements. It provides for acknowledgements upon receipt of messages. With this service, a mobile subscriber can send short alphanumeric messages to subscribers of mobile or fixed networks.
Alternate speech / facsimile service (TS61) The alternate speech and facsimile service (TS61) service enables subscribers to send group 3 (9.6 kbit/s) faxes. Subscribers use this service to initiate fax transmission manually during an established speech service call, or to change from a fax communication towards a speech call, during fax transmission. Automatic facsimile service (TS62) The automatic facsimile service (TS62) service enables subscribers to send group 3 (9.6 kbit/s) faxes. Fax transmission with this service is automatic, requiring no subscriber intervention. This service enables only the sending and reception of automatic fax calls. It does not allow transition to speech mode.
45 SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES 46 GSM SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES Supplementary services modify or enhance basic telecommunications services. Operators offer supplementary services in association with specific teleservices and bearer services. Supplementary services are not offered as stand-alone services. An operator can associate the same supplementary service to more than one basic service group. The following table lists the supplementary services available for the CSCN.
BRBRAITT
Page 61 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Supplementary Services Call Forwarding Services Call Forwarding Call Forwarding Unconditional Call Forwarding on No Reply from mobile subscriber Call Forwarding on mobile subscriber Not Reachable Call Forwarding on Busy mobile subscriber
GSM acronym CF CFU CFNRy
Service description
redirects incoming calls to a predetermined number redirects all calls to a predetermined number. redirects incoming calls to a predetermined number when the subscriber does not reply. redirects incoming call to a predetermined number when the subscriber is not reachable. redirects incoming call to a predetermined number when the subscriber already occupied with a call. redirects an incoming call before the connection is set up to the predetermined number used for the call busy condition. redirects an incoming call to a predetermined number when the other call forwarding services are not activated. blocks incoming or outgoing calls with operator or subscriber control options. blocks all outgoing calls except calls to emergency numbers blocks all outgoing international calls blocks outgoing international calls when the subscriber is not calling the home PLMN country blocks all incoming calls blocks all incoming calls when the sub scriber is roaming outside the home PLMN country enables the subscriber making an
CFNRc
CFB
Pre-Call Deflection
PCD
Default Call Forwarding
CFD
Call Barring Services Call Barring CB
Barring of All Outgoing Calls (except to emergency numbers) Barring of Outgoing International Calls Barring of Outgoing International calls except those directed to the home PLMN country Barring of All Incoming Calls Barring of all Incoming Calls when roaming outside the home PLMN country Call Identification Services Connected Line Identification
BRBRAITT
BAOC BOIC BOIC-exHC
BAIC BIC-Roam
COLP
Page 62 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Supplementary Services Presentation Connected Line Identification Restriction Calling Line Identification Presentation Calling Line Identification Restriction
GSM acronym
Service description outgoing call to display the line identification of the called device.
COLR
enables the subscriber to withhold the line identification from a calling party provisioned with the COLP service enables a subscriber to display the number of the calling party enables the subscriber to prevent the transmission of their line identification to a subscriber provisioned with the CLIP service enables a subscriber to obtain information from an operator concerning the origin of a call enables a subscriber to take a second call while retaining the first call, and to resume the first call if necessary sends notification of a waiting call to a subscriber with an active call. enables a subscriber to create a double call, after placing the first call on hold, connecting the two parties, then withdrawing from the call. enables call setup between up to six subscribers. restricts communication access to a defined group of users. enables a subscriber to estimate the cost of a call based on information displayed on the MS (no contractual value). displays the cost of a call on the MS at the end of a call. enables operators to provide other supplementary services that are specific to that operator
CLIP CLIR
Malicious Call Identification
MCI
Call Completion Services call HOLD HOLD
Call Waiting Explicit Call Transfer
CW ECT
Multiparty Services MultiParTY call Closed User Group Charging Services Advice Of Charge-Information AOCI MPTY CUG
Advice Of Charge-Charging Operator Services Operator Specific Supplementary Services
AOCC
OSSS
BRBRAITT
Page 63 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
BRBRAITT
Page 64 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
47 IN SERVICES Intelligent Network (IN) is a telecommunications architecture that enables operators to flexibly introduce new functions and services that are specific to their PLMN. IN does not define a specific set of services, but rather a framework for creating and supplying services. IN services can vary from one network operator to another. Examples of common IN services include: Pre-Paid Service (PPS) Virtual Private Network (VPN) charging and filtering for Short Message Service-Mobile Originated (SMS-MO).
Network operators use INs to create special categories of supplementary services known as Operator Specific Supplementary Services (OSSSs). OSSSs are proprietary services that allow operators to offer a wider range of services by creating services that are specific to their network. 48 CAMEL SERVICES Customized Application for Mobile network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL) is an IN access technology developed specifically for mobile networks. CAMEL is an enhancement of IN services. Network operators use CAMEL services to provide subscribers with access to OSSSs outside and inside the operators PLMN. Operators, therefore, can deliver personalized services to a subscriber in a consistent way even when the subscriber is roaming in a foreign network. The table here-under lists the CAMEL functions that provide such services. Service CAMEL Phase 1 Description CAMEL phase 1 provides the mobile subscriber with access to specific services provided by his own network operator even when roaming in a foreign PLMN. This applies to the following call types: CAMEL Phase 2 originating calls (OC), terminating calls (TC), calls forwarded in the GMSC, calls forwarded in the VMSC.
CAMEL phase 2 is an enhancement of CAMEL phase 1. It offers the CAMEL phase 1 functions plus additional functions concerning: which offers call handling, standalone IP in assisting mode announcements and DTMF
BRBRAITT
Page 65 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Service
Description interchanges whether the subscriber is located in his home PLMN or is roaming in a foreign PLMN, charging. CAMEL phase 2 services can be invoked on certain preset criteria (example: number, call type, basic services, etc).redirects all calls to a predetermined number.
USSD extension Information is transmitted between the MS and the SCP using USSD (unstructured supplementary service data) mechanisms even if a call is in progress. The USSD extension allows the interchange of character strings in within message. USSD operations take place: between the MS and the SCP, via the HLR, between the SCP and MS, via the HLR.
49 NON-GSM SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES 50 BARRING OF CALL FORWARDING TO AN INTERNATIONAL NUMBER Barring of call forwarding to a particular international destination allows the operator to prevent some types of mobile subscriber from forwarding their calls to a foreign country. 51 CALL FORWARDING ABBREVIATED NUMBER TRANSLATION The facility for translating call forwarding abbreviated numbers into full numbers allows the subscriber to enter forwarded-to numbers using a list of abbreviated numbers. 52 FILTERING OF FORWARDED-TO NUMBERS TO SPECIAL SERVICES Filtering of forwarded-to numbers is used to bar call forwarding to specific numbers, such as emergency services numbers (emergency call).
BRBRAITT
Page 66 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
53 ADDITIONAL CALL FORWARDING AUTHORIZED TO VOICE MAIL Authorizing additional call forwarding to a voice mail service allows a call to be completed if the first forwarding operation fails. 54 SEPARATE ACCOUNT MANAGEMENT The separate account management service allows a subscribers calls to be billed to different accounts. It is based on the use of a call prefix which is stored in the CDR. 55 AUTOMATIC IMSI CHANGE The automatic IMSI (international mobile subscriber identity) change service allows a new SIM card to be assigned to a subscriber without changing the MSISDN directory number. The assignment is changed when the card is used for the first time.
56 SECURITY FUNCTIONS The Alcatel CSCN fully complies to the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) GSM security standards. The GSM CSCN provides mechanisms that protect the mobile network from unauthorized call attempts or intrusion into a conversation by third parties. These mechanisms are used to authenticate the mobile calling and/or called party and to cipher all information (speech, data, signalling) from the radio interface using a ciphering key which is changed for each call. 57 CONFIDENTIALITY OF SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY Each mobile subscriber owns a unique identity number called the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). With the exception of first time registration and some paging situations, network elements do not send the IMSI over the air interface. Instead, these network elements use a Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI). The VLR creates TMSIs which it transmits to the MS in encrypted form. The MS and the CSCN use TMSIs for authentication and identification purposes, in place of the IMSI.
58 AUTHENTICATION OF SUBSCRIBERS AND NETWORKS Each time a subscriber attempts to access the network, the network performs security procedures to positively identify and authenticate the subscriber. When an operator adds a new subscription to a GSM network, the operator assigns an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) and a permanent secret individual authentication key, Ki, to the subscriber. The AuC and the MS both store a copy of the IMSI and the Ki. During authentication, the subscriber and the network prove that they both have knowledge of this confidential information. Authentication occurs in two phases: Phase 1 The AuC supplies a set of authentication data to the VLR.
BRBRAITT
Page 67 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
An individual set of authentication data is known as an Authentication Vector (AV). The GSM AuC produces and stores AVs in the form of triplets. The GSM AV triplet is 36 bytes long. It contains the following three elements: RAND = RANDom number, SRES = Signed RESponse, KC = ciphering Key.
The AuC generates AVs in sets of five triplets for each subscriber. The triplets are stored in the HLR and sent to the VLR on request. Each triplet is used only once. Its status then changes to invalid, meaning that it can only be reused if there is a shortage of triplets (for example, if the HLR becomes inaccessible). When a VLR has only one remaining AV for a subscriber, the VLR requests up to five new AVs from the HLR. The HLR responds by sending the number of requested AVs, and then requests replacement AVs from the AuC. This way, the HLR always has AVs available for each subscriber, ensuring a rapid response to VLR requests. Phase 2 The network runs an authentication exchange between the VLR and the subscriber: 1. The VLR selects the next available AV from its stored sets, and sends the RAND to the MS of the subscriber. 2. The MS calculates a unique SRES response based on the RAND received and the subscribers Ki key. The MS sends the SRES to the VLR. 3. The VLR authenticates the MS by comparing the stored SRES in the VLR (supplied by the AuC) with the SRES received from the MS. If there is a match, authentication is complete. The VLR then transmits the Kc value to the BSS for ciphering and integrity protection operations. 59 CIPHERING User data and network signalling information that pass over the air interface between the MS and the BSS require protection procedures. Ciphering is a way to make this information unreadable to intruders. The MSC tells the BSS whether or not ciphering is required for the MS connection. If ciphering is required, the MSC sends the ciphering key (Kc) to the BSC and the BTS. The MS and the BSS(that is, each end of the radio link), have the same Kc. The BTS uses this information to activate the encryption process. This procedure takes place during call set-up. The MSC selects an encryption algorithms that is supported by the MS and the BSS.
BRBRAITT
Page 68 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
60 MOBILE NUMBER PORTABILITY FUNCTION (MNP) The MNP function allows a mobile subscriber to subscribe to another PLMN, in the same country while retaining the same telephone number(MSISDN).A new IMSI belonging to the new network is assigned to the mobile subscriber. Operators can use this function to divert calls or messages to the mobile subscribers new network to which the MSISDN number has been ported. The SRF network architecture based on an SCCP relay entity, supports the MNP function. Depending on the countrys numbering plan, the flexible NDC (national destination code) support function may be necessary to store numbers assigned by other operators in the HLR. Flexible NDC support This function extends the number of digits in the MSISDN part registered for each subscriber. The NDC part of the MSISDN which was previously common to all subscribers registered in the HLR becomes subscriber level information.
61 CHARGING FUNCTION The charging function creates CDRs for the storage of RCP call-related information. CDRs can also be sent for: 62 HOT BILLING Hot billing allows the operator to: collect CDRs (call data records) from subscribers who have subscribed to the HB (Hot Billing) category, deliver CDRs to the billing center within five minutes. Operators apply this service is to subscribers renting a mobile station or a SIM card. It is available to up to 20% of an operators subscribers. hot billing, intermediate billing, on-the-fly billing.
63 INTERMEDIATE BILLING For calls exceeding an initial, preset value, CDRs are sent periodically once the initial value has been reached. Intermediate CDRs allow the operator to protect the billing. Intermediate CDRs contain the same information as standard CDRs, plus the following specific information: duration of the call, time at which conversation began,
BRBRAITT
Page 69 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
intermediate CDR indicator, intermediate CDR number.
64 ROAMING 65 LOCATION REGISTRATION (LR) The location registration service provides service continuity for an MS throughout the GSM coverage area. The function enables: a fixed or mobile subscriber to contact an MS using a directory number, whatever the MSs location, an MS to access the GSM network whatever its location, an MS to be informed of a change of location area.
The intra/inter PLMN roaming function allows information interchanges between HPLMN and VPLMN during roaming.
66 ROAMING RESTRICTION Operator use roaming restriction to limit subscribers PLMN access. For example, roaming restriction may limit a subscribers access to: access to the HPLMN only, access to a national PLMN and any foreign PLMN, access to a PLMN on a predefined list.
67 REGIONAL SUBSCRIPTION Operator use the regional subscription function to restrict MS services to one or more location areas.
68 ANNOUNCEMENTS The transmission of announcements applies to calls that are not digital data calls. On making a call attempt, a mobile or fixed subscriber can receive different types of announcement as listed here after.. Greeting announcements Greeting announcements are reserved for some called numbers and are sent to the caller before the call is connected. They are subject to a time-delay during call set-up and before charging.
BRBRAITT Page 70 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Example: emergency call numbers (security services). Information announcements Information announcements are reserved for certain called numbers and are sent to the caller on connecting the call. Example: weather service. Waiting announcements Waiting announcements are used to encourage the caller to wait for the call to be connected. Example: notification of call hold, notification of call waiting, notification of paging procedure, etc.. Failure announcements Failure announcements are connected to the caller if the call cannot be connected. Example: network congestion. Call waiting announcement The call waiting announcement service notifies the caller that the call is queued and waiting to be answered. Call hold announcement The call hold announcement service notifies a mobile or fixed subscriber that his call has been placed on hold. Announcement on call set-up time Announcement of a call set-up time greater than X seconds is connected in the VMSC to notify the caller when the set-up time exceeds a configurable threshold.
BRBRAITT
Page 71 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
69 CSCN OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
This chapter describes:
operation and maintenance architecture, operation and maintenance features, operation and maintenance tasks, operation and maintenance documentation.
BRBRAITT
Page 72 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
70 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE IN NSS The Alcatel PLMN network's Operation and Maintenance is centralized in an entity called OMC-NSS. The OMC-NSS ensures direct supervision of the Alcatel 900 NSS entities : RCP, HLR, SSP, SCCP gateway and the OMC-NSS itself. The OMC-NSS is based on Alcatel 1300 TMN platform. The OMC-NSS also provides an external interface based on ITU-T Q3 protocols stack. Operation and maintenance system within Alcatel 900 provides facilities to allow the PLMN to be operated and maintained efficiently according to the specific needs of the operator of the network. It provides services :
for efficient execution of the daily operational tasks (e.g. collection of charging data, introduction of new subscribers), to achieve a sufficient utilization and an appropriate balance of the load in all network elements while keeping up the required quality of service to the subscriber, to support the network operator in planning the network evolution and in restructuring of the whole network (e.g. by adding network elements), to support efficient maintenance activities.
Access to the O&M system of Alcatel 900 is available at the location of the network elements and at a dedicated central entity, the OMC-NSS. Vital functions are integrated in the network elements in order to allow operation and maintenance activities on site even in the case of absence of OMC-NSS.
Network & Service External OSS
Local or Remote OSWS: applications, graphical MMI, (Enhanced Q3)
NMC
Data Network
OSNM: Communication with NEs , O&M management (Basic Q3)
MSC, HLR
Local Operations: OM-PC Windows NT
71 ON-LINE BACKUP/RESTORE WITH FRONT-END PC THROUGH ETHERNET The backup-restore application is used to:
BRBRAITT
Page 73 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
back up the content of one or more of the NEs physical disks to the PCFS, restore the backup files from the PCFS to the NE.
Backups are always carried out on an NE when on-line while data is restored to an NE when off-line. The PCFS is a site front-end PC. Operators use the PCFS for local operation and maintenance. There is one PCFS for each NE and each OSNM. The PCFS connect to the HLR, RCP and SSP. It reduces the number of local terminals necessary for management. It uses the operator interfaces of the NE applications. This terminal hosts all the applications for a given NE: OMPC for operation, local backup-restore (HLR and RCP only), exception procedure downloading (HLR, RCP and SSP), MSO for remote operation, (option) SSH for the HLR protection function (option)
72 GENERIC OMC FEATURES GRAPHICAL VIEW AND NAVIGATION Common network maps and submaps, organised hierarchically, enable operators to navigate from the maps to the management applications. Symbols on the maps are animated by alarms, propagated to upper views, so that operators can navigate from the map to the current or historical alarm list corresponding to the selected object or to the dedicated Element Manager, thus accessing the management functions. Graphical views available: network maps and submaps with animated symbols alarm animated equipment views contextual navigation to the management applications animated symbols with propagation to upper views
FAULT MANAGEMENT The main functions of fault management are: Alarm management, with a common X733 alarm format Trouble ticketing (option) Event log management
BRBRAITT
Page 74 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
The fault management function enables continuous monitoring and detection of alarms in the network. Operators can take pro-active maintenance action using test actions, and react quickly to network faults. As an option, operators can also use trouble ticketing to follow up alarm handling. The OMC receives fault/alarm events coming from the nodes, sets up the fault events to the standard X.733 format and stores for alarm management (such as acknowledgement, clearing state, reservation state, etc) Operators are shown alarms by alarm lists, stored in two databases: one for the current alarms and one for historical alarms (those alarms that the operator has acknowledged and cleared). Current alarm counters present a synthesis of alarm information to the operator. Alarm counters can be defined according to user-defined criteria.
Current Alarm Counter Summary Some alarm lists are predefined in the OMC, such as a list of all alarms with major severity. The fault management function also enables operators to define their own alarm lists, based on filters. They can also display contextual alarm lists, depending on the object selected.
BRBRAITT
Page 75 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
An example of current alarm list window Alcatel proposes an external open interface based on the X.733 standard for real-time alarm forwarding, with synchronization capability, for network supervision from an external OSS. A similar real-time interface is proposed for maintaining the NE directory, notifying NE creation, deletion and state change.
BRBRAITT
Page 76 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
TROUBLE TICKETING Trouble Ticketing is achieved in the OMC-CS thanks to the ARS (Action Request Service) product . ARS is a software that tracks actions that have been done to solve a problem. Once the problem is over, theses traces become a meaningful knowledge base, possibly of reference of good reactions in case of new problem similar to stored one. The aim is to keep in memory the previous actions that solved a problem.
CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT The main functions of configuration management are: Performance of commands in assisted console mode Scripting capability, with calendar option Graphical HMI
A powerful object-oriented scripting language allows operators to write or customize command scripts as they need. It is possible to program the automatic launching of command scripts in the calendar. For equipment management, a hierarchy of alarm-animated equipment views enable operators to navigate inside the hardware of the Network Element, as well as perform operations on the hardware elements.
PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT The main functions of performance management are: Counter-based supervision and monitoring Performance analysis
The Element Managers provide operators with the ability to supervise and monitor the network performance. This enables them to make an analysis of the performance data, with regard to both data traffic and QoS. The OMC provides: Periodic or on-demand counter collection An open database for the collected counters Real-time graphical display of counters Key summary value synthesis Report generation QoS supervision, by alarm generation on configurable counter threshold crossing
SECURITY MANAGEMENT The main functions of security management are:

BRBRAITT
Authentication management by Unix login and password
Page 77 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Operator and terminal profile management Authorization according to the profiles Command logging Logging of attempted logins and logouts
Operator access security, profiling and network partitioning are provided using the generic Security Management (SEC) component provided by the ALMAP platform of the OMC. The SEC component focuses on the security aspects of the system, covering OMC operator access: access to management functions and access to network resources. The goals of the A1300 NMC security function are to protect the Operation System against the threats of masquerading (in other words, OS penetration using another users identity), and unauthorized access to the OS functions and network resources. Access security functions are implemented at management platform level. They are based on the concept of NAD (Network Access Domain) and FAD (Function Access Domains), which combinations build the access profiles that can be associated to operators. Users can perform various actions and access data or equipment, but at varying degrees, depending on the level of access rights. Login attempts are recorded in a security log. Repetitive attempts to log on with a nonexistent user ID or a wrong password are logged. The security record indicates the user ID, the terminal and the login date.
EVENT AND LOG MANAGEMENT The application provides a convenient user interface for managing event distribution and logging, ensuring that management notifications arrive where needed and are properly archived in logs. As for alarm management, an operator can define filters for visualizing only the events that interests him. It is based on the ITU-T X.734 Event Management Function and X.735 Log Control Function.
MACRO-COMMANDS AND CALENDAR MANAGEMENT With the help of a Macro-language (Java Script), the operator can customise his environment by creating new commands, more powerful than the simple MMCs. These macro-commands are analysed by the NMC that then executes the corresponding sequence of MMC's and controls them. The main possibilities of the Macro-language are: The insertion of man-machine commands specific to the NE's, Conditional loops,
Testing of macro-commands: a macro-command can make a call to another one and pass parameters to it, Variables internal to macro-commands,
BRBRAITT
Page 78 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Access to the report following the execution of the last command; the rest of the macro-command might depend on it, Access to the answer to the last command (to make use of it manually), Debugging tools before operational use,
Time scheduling parameters: time scheduling parameters can be filled to specify when a command should be processed. A library of standard functions is provided. It offers services such as searching of a string of characters, reading of the time, etc... Once written, the macro-commands can be saved for later use. In addition, a text editor facilitates their writing. Each of these macro-commands can address one or several NEs : they cater for pretty complex operations on the network. Amongst other is the sending of massive commands towards the NE. An example is the creation of many similar subscribers on a given NE. This also may help in network-wide actions on the traffic when several and consistent commands have to be sent to several NE's in parallel in as short a time as possible. A calendar facility is supported, allowing commands to be launched at a pre-defined rhythm, starting at a moment in time. Hence commands can be started at a given point in time, or repeated periodically during a specified time span.
ON-LINE HELP AND DOCUMENTATION On-line help is provided for the different applications. For alarms, on-line-help is contextual, showing the description and associated repair processes for the selected alarm. On-line documentation is also available from the OMC.
BRBRAITT
Page 79 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
73 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TASKS 74 OPERATION TASKS Customer care tasks Mobile subscriber data management Subscriber data security management
Technical operation tasks At the level of the managed network: - Signaling management (including SS N 7), - Translation management, - Circuit group and circuit management, - Radio environment management, - Roaming management, - SMIM management. At NE level: - Access management, - Observation management, - Charging management, - Operator system parameters management, - Unsolicited message management, - Log management, - Command management. At management network level: - Topology management, - X.25 link management. 75 MAINTENANCE TASKS Maintenance tasks at NE level Controlled switchover for preventive maintenance of the NE, Running LOCAVAR tests, System state management, Station observation, Alarms interface,
BRBRAITT
Page 80 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Disk backup and restore, PMD (post mortem dump) management, Anomaly management.
Maintenance tasks at management network level Alarms management (NE supervised by the OMC-S), Controlled switchover for preventive maintenance of the NE, Running LOCAVAR tests, System state management, Station observation.
BRBRAITT
Page 81 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
76 NSS O&M DOCUMENTATION The Operation and Maintenance documentation includes three levels of documentation:

the descriptive documentation, the O&M documentation, the reference and troubleshooting documentation.
Descriptive documentation: Documentation guide To explain the structure and content of the customer document collection, giving the principles and tools for browsing through the documentation. System guide To give general technical information on a system, for a given version, and the component subsystems so that the reader can: - learn the technical characteristics and key concepts, - understand how the system is used in an operational context, - understand how the systems main components interrelate. Introduction to operation and maintenance To give information on the organization, functions and tools of operation and maintenance, the tasks performed by the operator. General description To give general technical information on a subcomponent of the system for a given release. Examples: HLR/AuC general description, RCP general description. Catalog Standard utilization sheet To list the documents to be used in a clearly defined context. Briefly to describe the actions the operator can consider in the context of a given function. Examples: Subscriber operation and security, Access administration,... Operator guide To give general information on the various operation/maintenance functions. Examples: Subscriber and user line management, Translation Management, Observation Management. O&M documentation:
BRBRAITT
Page 82 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
User manual
To give technical information on the systems subcomponents. Examples: WAMPC, installation manual, Screen mode terminal, user manual. Operating/maintenance sheet (FEX) To describe one or more processes that are sequences of basic actions. Examples: Traffic distribution laws, Access administration, installing a local WAM terminal. Operator sheet (FOP) To describe the basic actions in a precise parameter usage context, with the syntactical reference of the operator commands. Reference and troubleshooting documentation Symbol dictionary This is a dictionary of all the abbreviations used as parameters in man-machine commands. MMC malfunction report message dictionary This dictionary explains all the error messages that the system can issue when a manmachine command is not accepted. The messages are ordered per message number. Spontaneous message dictionary A spontaneous message is issued by the system when a warning must be given to the operator, in case of any anomaly. Besides a message explanation, the dictionary gives the operator the action to be undertaken. The messages are ordered per message number. Alarm message dictionary Each alarm message has an entry in this dictionary, with an explanation and the action to be undertaken. The alarm messages are ordered per message number.
BRBRAITT
Page 83 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
77 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ARCHITECTURES
To ensure that the operator of a PLMN can operate and maintain his network efficiently, Alcatel provides a centralized Operation and Maintenance Centre (OMC) based on applicable standards specified by the OSI, the ITU-T and the GSM. That OMC is structured in two building blocks:: the OMC-S which controls the network subsystem (NSS), the OMC-R which controls the base station subsystem (BSS).
These OMCs have workstations and X terminals. In small capacity networks, a X terminal can be shared by two OMCs by being connected to a workstation at each of the OMCs (dotted lines in the figure above). From this terminal, both the OMC-S and the OMC-R applications can be accessed via an Ethernet bus.
78 CENTRALIZED OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE Centralized operation and maintenance provides an overview of the network. It is carried out from a single site via the OMC-S. Centralized operation and maintenance is conducted from: an OSNM (network management system) to which are connected WAM terminals, an assistance console or a PCFS (site front end PC), an OSWS (network management workstation) to which are connected X terminals and a printer.
BRBRAITT
Page 84 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
79 CSCN DEFENSE
This chapter describes CSCN features which provide network defense. This chapter includes:
an overview of CSCN defense, descriptions of Network Element (NE) level defense functions, descriptions of network level defense functions.
BRBRAITT
Page 85 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
80 CSCN DEFENSE OVERVIEW The CSCN assures system protection and service availability by applying the following principles: systematic redundancy of hardware and software units forming the: Service Switching Point (SSP), Radio Control Point (RCP), Home Location Register/Authentication Center (HLR/AuC), Signaling Connection Control Point (SCCP) gateway and relay, Signaling Transfer Point (STP), Call Detail Record (CDR) collector, Standalone Mobile Interworking Module (SMIM). organization of an automatic defense system for: detecting hardware and software defects, isolating defective elements, reconfiguring Alcatel 83xx elements to maintain traffic handling. The individual components of the CSCN can assure their own defense by executing dependability mechanisms. A CSCN element can: detect its own failures, withdraw from the system,
warn central defense functions so that they can reconfigure the system or switch over to a standby unit.
81 NETWORK ELEMENT LEVEL DEFENSE 82 ALCATEL 83XX NE DEFENSE The Alcatel 83xx platform offers a set of highly reliable defense features to CSCN elements. The Alcatel 83xx platform provides: redundancy and duplication of hardware and software units, hardware and software reconfiguration, use of mirror disks, protection mechanisms at all system levels.
BRBRAITT
Page 86 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Duplex configuration Alcatel 83xx NEs in the CSCN operate in duplex mode, with an architecture featuring two parallel processing subsystems. When one subsystem is operating in active mode, the other is on standby. In the event of a hardware or software failure on the active subsystem, switchover to the standby system re-establishes NE operation without data loss or traffic interruption. In the event of a hardware or software failure in an active processing subsystem, the system initiates in the following sequence: switchover from the active subsystem to the standby subsystem, restart of the active subsystem, by one of two means: - a fast restart attempt of the active subsystem following an unsuccessful attempt to switch over to the standby subsystem, - a slow restart attempt of after an unsuccessful fast restart attempt. Electrical power supply duplication Two - 48 V redundant sources provide electrical power to the Alcatel 83xx rack. Converters supplying electrical power to subracks are also duplicated. Mirror disks The two Alcatel 83xx station processing subsystems have simultaneous read and write access to two mirror disks. They provide a permanent backup of all files and databases. The mirror disk principle not only protects data but also provides dual accessibility to data.
83 SSP DEFENSE The principles of SSP defense are: redundancy of the system components, automatic fault detection, limitation of failure damage, automatic reconfiguration of resources.
BRBRAITT
Page 87 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
84 NETWORK LEVEL DEFENSE This section describes network level defense and, more particularly: CSCN reconfiguration in the event of a failure, blocking of circuits and circuit groups, CSCN defense against traffic overloads, VLR and HLR restore, RCP supervision of the SSP and HLR.
85 RECONFIGURATION IN THE EVENT OF A FAILURE HLR protection The HLR provides defense mechanisms: at the network element level, at the network level, when connected to an HLR Security Server (SSH).
If an HLR is connected to an SSH, the SSH periodically backs up the active HLR to a standby HLR. In the event of an HLR failure, the operator can use the SSH to switch over to the standby HLR. Secured links The CSCN protects most links connecting network physical entities. Protected links include links between: NEs and the OMC, OMC and external management centers.
Links operate in active/standby mode or on a load sharing basis. In the event of a failure, switchover is automatic. Security profiles The operator assigns security profiles to the various data streams collected in the network. Operators base profiles on the importance and relative obsolescence of the data. To safeguard against momentary communication outages, the network provides a minimum level of protection to all profile levels.
86 BLOCKING OF CIRCUITS AND CIRCUIT GROUPS
BRBRAITT
Page 88 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
The MSC needs to be informed of any terrestrial circuits of the GSMBSS that are out of service. This is performed using a blocking/unblocking procedure from the BSC to control the state of a single circuit between the MSC and the BSC. The following events can require the blocking of a circuit or circuit group: a particular operation and maintenance procedure, equipment failure, radio resource inaccessibility.
The MSC controls all circuits between BSCs and MSC/VLRs. It also controls circuits to the SMIM for handling data transfer. The MSC blocks circuits when it receives a blocking message for a circuit or circuit group from the BSC via the A interface. When the reason for blocking a circuit or a circuit group disappears, the MSC receives an unblocking message.
87 CSCN DEFENSE AGAINST TRAFFIC OVERLOADS Certain CSCN network elements measure and react to varying network traffic conditions. One of the roles of these elements is to protect the network from traffic overloads. Traffic overload detection levels RCP BSC: An RCP can reduce traffic between the MSC and the BSC upon receiving an overload message from the BSC. SSP: The SSP shares the traffic load among different circuit groups. RCP: The RCP manages processor load and compares it to different traffic regulation thresholds. It progressively disables low priority functions according to the threshold reached. HLR: The HLR manages processor load and compares it to traffic regulation thresholds. It progressively disables low priority functions according to the threshold reached. Network: The RCP limits the flow of originating calls to avoid presenting the network with more calls than it can handle.
88 VLR AND HLR RESTORATION On a restart following a failure, the HLR first reloads subscriber data. With the exception of location data and supplementary services data (which is not backed up in real time by the HLR), this data remains valid. When a VLR restarts after a failure, it deletes all International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) records. After a VLR and HLR failure, the network must carry out data restoration procedures. These procedures guarantee that there are no discrepancies between subscriber data in the VLR and in the HLR. In particular, the network must update current subscriber location and supplementary services data in both databases.
BRBRAITT
Page 89 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Restoration procedures are based mainly on radio contact and require indicators. VLR supplied restoration indicators for each IMSI record are: confirmation by radio contact: indicates that the location area and MSC number registered in the VLR have been confirmed by radio contact, subscriber data confirmation by HLR: indicates whether MS-related subscriber data in the VLR is consistent with the data in the HLR. location information confirmation by HLR: indicates that VLR and MSC number records have been confirmed by radio contact, supplementary service verification (optional): indicates that a supplementary services parameter verification request must be sent to the MS. To avoid executing a restoration procedure after an active/standby processing sub-system switchover, the network must keep location data up-to-date in the standby subsystem. The network requires a standby subsystem update before it can ac-knowledge an update.
89 RCP MONITORING OF THE SSP AND HLR RCP monitoring of the SSP The RCP periodically sends messages to the SSP. If the SSP fails to return the expected response, the RCP generates an alarm. When the RCP receives a correct response from the SSP, it generates an end of alarm message. RCP monitoring of the HLR The RCP monitors the HLR without any interchange of messages. The RCP contains one counter for each HLR in the HPLMN. If an HLR fails to respond to a dialog request, the RCP increments the associated counter and generates a start of alarm notice. When the HLR responds again to the dialog request, the RCP decrements the counter and sends an end of alarm notice.
BRBRAITT
Page 90 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
90 CSCN PERFORMANCES AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
This chapter gives the main technical characteristics of the network elements (NEs). This chapter describes:
maximum static capacity, physical characteristics, power, environment, installation.
BRBRAITT
Page 91 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
91 STATIC CAPACITIES 92 RCP CAPACITY (R6E) Static Capacity Configuration RCP 8360 6UT RCP 8360 14UT Combined Configuration RCP/HLR 8360 6UT RCP/HLR 8360 14UT Static Capacity 150 000 MS 500 000 MS Static Capacity RCP : 75 000 MS (4UT) HLR : 200 000 MS (1UT) RCP : 250 000 MS (10 UT) HLR : 500 000 MS (3UT) General Traffic Mix used for the RCP static dimensioning All the values given in the following table impact the dimensioning of the static RCP capacity. They are issued from system specification, software constraints and operator requests. General Data Number of basic service Group (BSG) per subscriber principal for 100 % subscribers Average number of forwarding numbers or sub-addresses per subscriber (every subscriber has 3 forwarding numbers for speech, even if the forwarding is not activated) Average number of TMSI per IMSI % Subscribers with Call Barring % Subscribers with messages (SMS) % Subscribers with Call Waiting % CUG Maximum number of subscribers with trace activated % Subscribers with Regional Subscription Maximum number of RSZC (regional zone subscription code) Maximum number of PLMN allowed for national roaming
BRBRAITT
6 3 + 1.5
1.2 100 % 100 % 100 % 20 % 200 100 % 32 16
Page 92 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
CAMEL Data % Subscribers with CAMEL profile % CAMEL subscribers with a criteria Each of these subscribers can have as criteria: -a maximum number of destination numbers equal to -a maximum number of destination number lengths equal to -a maximum number of basic services equal to -a maximum number of SS-CSI notifications equal to 10 3 5 2 100 % 100 %
93 HLR CAPACITY (R6E) Static Capacity Configuration HLR 8360 6UT HLR 8360 14UT Static Capacity 600 000 MS 1 000 000 MS
This static capacity depends on the percentage of GPRS and CAMEL subscriptions as described in the following table Configuration HLR 8360 14UT, 1MG, 1Go HLR 8360 14UT, 1MG, 1Go Traffic Mix 25% GPRS 100% CAMEL 100% GPRS 100% CAMEL General Traffic Mix used for the HLR static dimensioning All the values given in the following table impact the dimensioning of the static HLR capacity. They are issued from system specification, software constraints and operator requests. Two configuration are defined: Config 1 :Static Configuration Full IN and 25% GPRS Config 2: Static Configuration Full IN and GPRS Config 1 Config 2 800 000 MS Static Capacity 1 000 000 MS
BRBRAITT
Page 93 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
General Data Average number of Basic service per subscriber MSISDN Average number of forwarding numbers per subscriber % Subscribers with SMS % CUG (closed user group) % Subscribers with trace possibility % Subscribers with Regional Subscription % Subscribers with more than 4 restriction lists Maximum number of RZSI Maximum number of CUG interlock code % forwarding numbers with sub-address % Subscribers with a linked IMSI CAMEL phase 2 Data % Subscribers with CAMEL profile % CAMEL subscribers with destination number as criteria Average number of destination number per CAMEL subs. % CAMEL subscribers with U-CSI Data Average number of U-CSI service codes per CAMEL subs % CAMEL subscribers with basic service as criteria % CAMEL subscribers with SS-CSI notification GPRS Data % Subscribers with GPRS profile Average number of PDP context per GPRS subscriber Global number of PDP models 25 % 5 10 000 100 % 5 10 000 100 % 100 % 5 50 % 3 5% 1% 100 % 100 % 5 50 % 3 5% 1% 1.3 5.4 100 % 10 % 0,1 % 100 % 10 % 5000 4000 3% 4% 1.3 5.4 100 % 10 % 0,1 % 100 % 10 % 5000 4000 3% 4%
BRBRAITT
Page 94 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
94 SSP CAPACITY (R24.2)
The SSP with HC (high capacity) technology offers performance levels that are significantly different from those of the SSP with non-HC technology. The HC technology, broadly speaking, multiplies: maximum connection capacity by 8, maximum call handling capacity by 7.
Static Capacity The maximum static capacities of the SSP in a GSM environment are given in BHCA in the following table: Configuration SSP R24.2 OCB283) Static Capacity in BHCA (Alcatel 615 000 BHCA
SSP R24.2 (Alcatel E10 4 307 000 BHCA MM) (*) The static capacity of the SSP is given in Busy Hour Call Attempts (BHCA) for a traffic mix corresponding to a Middle GSM Traffic with 0% of IN. These static capacities will evolved according to your traffic mix and the introduction of IN services. The following table provides static capacities with 100 % of IN-CS1 subscribers or 100% of CAMEL subscribers, for Alcatel OCB283 and Alcatel E10 MM. MIX Middle GSM 100 % IN-CS1 traffic, Max Static Capacity in BHCA OCB283 SSP 350 000 BHCA 555 000 BHCA E10 MM SSP 2 460 000 BHCA 3 880 000 BHCA
Middle GSM traffic, 100 % CAMEL 95 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 96 BOARDS
The boards are of the following standard sizes: w8 U (233.68 mm x 350.52 mm, 1.6 mm thick).
BRBRAITT
Page 95 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
wSix to eight layers with one internal layer reserved for 5 V power feed, another for logical earth. The two corresponding copper layers completely cover the surface of the board to minimize electromagnetic interference, improve transmission of signals and ensure low impedance for power distribution. Printed circuit fabrication is in accordance with UTE class 5 (Union Technique Electrique). All passive components are surface mounted. The buried via technique for boards with high component densities (links between layers being internal through plated-through holes that do not go right through to the external layers) is used. This reduces the space requirement by approximately 30% and makes it possible to raise the component capacity from 1000 to approximately 1500 per board. A hard plastic board header is used to avoid direct electrostatic discharge and to lock the board in its slot and unlock it easily. Alcatel 900/1800 boards contain on average four custom circuits and consume less than 7 W. The 35 types of board used in the Alcatel 900/1800 are sufficient to cover all equipment situations for the whole NSS. 97 SUBRACKS AND BACKPLANES The boards are mounted in standard size subracks: w8 U high w154 pitch widths (1U = 30.48 mm), (1 pitch width = 5.08 mm).
The subrack backplanes consisting of multi-layer printed circuits have the following features: w3.2 mm thick, wsix layers as standard, wflexible insert connectors. Two layers are reserved for the 5 V power supply feed and the electrical earth. The copper layers providing these functions completely cover the corresponding layers to reduce the level of electromagnetic radiation. For the same reason the free parts of the external layers are covered by an earthing grid. No active component is directly soldered to the backplanes. The boards are connected in two ways: wby two HE11 DIN connectors with 3 x 32 pin per connector and one eight-pin power connector, wby an HE17 DIN connector with 320 pins, some of which are reserved for the boards power supply. Inter-rack links are always by removable cables with the same connectors as the boards whereas the point-to-multipoint links (looms) use piggyback connectors (multistage). All inter-subrack links in a rack or all inter-rack links use shielded cables. 98 RACKS: MAIN FEATURES All Alcatel 900/1800 racks have the following dimensions:
BRBRAITT
Page 96 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
height: 2200 mm width: 900 mm depth: 650 mm maximum weight: approximately 400 kg.
Each rack can house up to six subracks separated by air baffles, the cooling being by natural convection.
Power supply level (interface and supervision)
Deflector
101.6 273
2098
Subrack
8U format card lockable Individual card guide 650 896
Rack layout For heat protection, a baffle is installed between each subrack and the doors and upper and lower grilles are perforated.
BRBRAITT
Page 97 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
Upper EMI screen Upper EMI strip Support structure
- Hyperfrequency seals between all dismountable parts - Integral cable tray
Subrack Deflector Air path Door Bottom grid Lower EMI strip EMI rack suite end panel
Rack shielding It has a dual power supply and double protection so that the converters are powered from two entirely separate directions. A cable way incorporated in the rack is created by juxtaposing the racks in the row and is completed by inter-row cable troughs. The cable way is at racktop level. External rack shielding for the row forms a Faraday cage. All the inter-rack and inter-row cabling is inside the unique Faraday cage produced by linking the different rows using fully enclosed interrow cable troughs. All possible sources of radiation at the likely points (doors, grill connectors, cable inlets) are eliminated. Particular care has been taken to filter out interference where the power supply enters and where the charges collected by cable shielding linking with the outside flows to the frame earth (power supply, PCM link).
BRBRAITT
Page 98 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
99 POWER The electrical power supply of an exchange has three levels: wPrimary power derived from the local public electricity network (for example: 50 Hz AC for a voltage of 230/400 V). wSecondary power for telephony: DC for a typical voltage of 48 V. wTertiary power for the switching system itself. Each power level involves a set of equipment to convert the power available at the inlet to electrical power suitable for the next lower level. 100 ORGANIZATION The three electrical power levels are used in an Alcatel 900/1800 NSS network subsystem as follows. wPRIMARY LEVEL This consists of: HV/LV transformer station, generating set, LV distribution board. wSECONDARY LEVEL There are two possible configurations according to whether the power supply is centralized or decentralized. Centralized power This consists of (see Figure 23): For the DC part: x a number of rectifiers, x a number of outlets, x secondary power source tester, x batteries. For the AC part: x at least one inverter, x a power supply unit.
BRBRAITT
Page 99 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
SWITCHING ROOM
OPERATION ROOM
Tertiary power level Primary power level
SDE
SDE
I/O devices
DC PDB
AC PDB
POWER PLANT Rectifiers Batteries
48 V misc. (Transmission, buildings...)
= Inverters
AC PDB Generating set Transformer AC mains
Figure 11 - Centralized power distribution
BRBRAITT
Secondary power level

Page 100 of 104
48 V DC
230 V AC
GSM SYSTEM
Decentralized power This consists of (Figure 24) modular power supply stations (SAM rack) each comprising: rectifiers, batteries (included or not included), an optional inverter, a power distribution panel.
SWITCHING RO OM OPERATION ROOM
I/O devices
SAM
AC PDB
AC PDB
Generating set
Transformer AC mains
Figure 12 - Decentralized power distribution wTERTIARY LEVEL There are two possible configurations according to whether the power supply is centralized or decentralized. Centralized power This consists of: Power distribution stations (SDE rack). Alcatel 900/1800 rack internal converters. Each rack has a two leg 48 V supply derived from two SDE rack modules. Rack input modules. Decentralized power This consists of: Alcatel 900/1800 rack internal converters. Each rack is powered by two 48 V outlets from the SAM rack. Rack input modules.
BRBRAITT
Primary power level
Tertiary power level
Secondary power level
Page 101 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
The tertiary power level is part of the exchange. completes the equipment. 101 POWER CHARACTERISTICS
An earth distribution network
The characteristics described below are the values required for correct operation of an Alcatel 900/1800 NSS. In other words, they are the power characteristics at the inlet to the tertiary level. These values take into account the voltage drop, at maximum throughput, in the distribution cables between the output from the secondary level and the inlet to the tertiary level. Alcatel 900/1800 has a very low power consumption. 48 V supply The quality of the 48 V supply is defined by three values: wSteady-state conditions Under steady-state conditions, the operating range is between a minimum of 42.7 V and a maximum of 57 V. wDegraded conditions A failure condition such as the blowing of a fuse in secondary level equipment will cause the voltage to undulate for a few seconds. The extreme values during this undulation are a minimum of 35 V and a maximum of 60 V. wRipple Under steady-state conditions, there is an AC ripple voltage consisting of harmonics of the public network frequency. By definition, the allowable RMS voltage for this ripple depends on the level of the harmonic observed. 230 V supply The AC power supply is single-phase. It has two characteristic values: wVoltage : 230 Volts +/- 10% wFrequency : 50 Hertz +/- 2% The rating of the 230 V uninterruptible power supply required for an Alcatel 1000 EVOLIUMTM exchange is generally less than 2 kVA. 102 EARTH SYSTEM It is essential to have a single earth point or to interconnect the different earth points for the safety of personnel and to protect the equipment. The metalwork of the building must be connected to this earth system. The section of the conductors linking the earths of the installations to the earth connection plate must be sufficient to support the maximum possible level of fault currents and to enable the protective devices to operate. The earth conductor system must be designed so that no potential difference generated by a fault current in a cable can be transferred to an unimpaired part of the installations.
BRBRAITT
Page 102 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
The route taken by the earth cables must be as short as possible and as straight as possible to present the lowest possible impedance. The earth resistance must be less than 2 ohms. 103 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS The NSS is designed to operate in a normally protected room. The racks of the Alcatel 900/1800 system are cooled by natural convection in the ambient air of the room in which they are installed. This means that, as for any other system, limit environmental conditions must be respected to achieve optimum operational performance and normal reliability. More severe ambient conditions can be endured when the equipment is packed for transport, storage or is being installed with no power connected. 104 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS There are four types of climatic conditions: wNormal operating conditions These are defined by all the "temperature-relative humidity" combinations for which the equipment must operate indefinitely without impaired performance. wExceptional operating conditions These are defined by the set of "temperature-relative humidity" combinations, outside normal conditions, under which the equipment must be able to operate for a consecutive period of 72 hours with certain performance levels impaired. wPackaged equipment transport and storage conditions These conditions essentially concern the transport and handling of equipment on site. These conditions must not exceed 30 days. wUnpackaged equipment storage conditions Alcatel 900/1800 equipment may be warehoused without packaging. These conditions must not exceed 2000 hours.
BRBRAITT
Page 103 of 104
GSM SYSTEM
105 OPERATING CONDITIONS Appropriate climatic conditions are applicable to each of the states described above: wNormal operating conditions Air temperature : 5C - 40C Relative humidity : 5% - 85% wExceptional operating conditions Air temperature : 0C - 45C Relative humidity : 5% - 90% wPackaged equipment transport and storage conditions Air temperature : -35C - 70C Relative humidity : 5% - 100% wUnpackaged equipment transport and storage conditions Air temperature: -5C - 45C Relative humidity: 5% - 92% 106 INSTALLATION Alcatel skills in installation techniques offer the best guarantees of fast, trouble free commissioning. These operations are made still simpler through thorough factory checking of the hardware and software to be installed on site. The complete testing of an exchange with its software prior to shipment to site significantly reduces commissioning time and complexity. With the simplifications achieved in commissioning and extending exchanges, increasing use is made of local labour under Alcatel supervision or under local management. The physical characteristics of Alcatel 900/1800 equipment mean that it can be installed in conventional buildings, with no particular room height or floor loading requirements. The racks are arranged in rows. Alcatel can offer standard installation drawings which can be adapted to most situations. However, specific installation drawings are prepared on request to take into account the actual configurations of buildings. The low heat dissipation of the equipment means that no centralized pulsed air cooling devices are required. However, like any modern electronic system, the switchroom must be air conditioned.
BRBRAITT
Page 104 of 104

GSM Alctel

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

GSM Alctel

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

GSM SYSTEM

Network Switching Subsystem

EVOLIUMTM GSM NSS

CIRCUIT SWITCHED CORE NETWORK

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

GSM CORE NETWORK OVERVIEW

This chapter provides:

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

SMIM BTS BSC BTS

General organization of the GSM network

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

A ctive site H LR 1 H LR 2 H LR/ n PC PC PC Centralized Exploitation Site LA N router W AN

Standby site LA N router PC PC PC H LR 1 H LR 2 H LR m

Network Switching Subsystem

From STPs, operators apply procedures to:

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

X.25 F E SMSC CAP or INAP CS1 SCP X.25

Network Switching Subsystem

Interface A: MSC - BSS B: MSC - VLR

Network Switching Subsystem

19 MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER (MSC)

General architecture, Individual components, Functions, hardware and software.

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

MSC PSTN/ ISDN

RCP RCF VLR

The following sections describe these functions.

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

Ethernet accesses Ethernet Processing Chain A Processing Chain B

M ass memory (mirrored disks)

Telecom Bus (X.25 connexions External accesses Sync/ Async

PCM Bus (SS7 connexions External accesses PCM

Network Switching Subsystem

Power Supply Monitoring

Terminal and alarm connections

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

Call Processing Servers (SMB, SMM)

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

The following figure shows the OCB283 hardware architecture.

Alcatel OCB283 SSP Hardware Architecture

Network Switching Subsystem