Revision Booklet

Grade 10 2011 Revision Booklet Summary of Grade 10 Syllabus By: Dr.
Uugulu
1
GRADE 10 REVISION BOOKLET
NAME: _________________________________________________GRADE 10 __

NUMBER

Rational Number
- Can be written as a fraction e.g.
3
2
1 , 0.25, 6 =
1
6
, 0.343434, 9 =3
Irrational Number
- Cannot be written as a fraction e.g. 2
=1,4142
, , 3.35697

Integer
- All positive and negative whole numbers and zero e.g. -4, 0, 2

Prime Numbers
- A number with exactly 2 factors, 1 and itself e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11,13 (NOT 1)

Square Numbers
- The result of a number multiplied by itself e.g. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49

Cubed numbers
- The result of a number multiplied by itself 2 times e.g. 1, 8, 27, 64, 125

Composite Numbers
- Has more than 2 factors e.g. 6 = 1, 2, 3, 6 9 = 1, 3, 9

Even Numbers
- A numbers which is divisible by 2 e.g. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

Factor
- A number that divides exactly into a given number
e.g. the factors of 20 are (1,2,4, 5,10)

Prime factors
- Factors of a number which are also prime numbers
- e.g. prime factors of 20 are 2, 5

Multiples
- The different times tables
e.g. The multiples of 4 are (4, 8, 12, 16, 20

Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)
- The lowest number which two or more numbers divide into exactly
e.g. LCM of 6 and 8 is 24

Highest Common Factor (HCF)
- The highest number that can divide into the given numbers
e.g. The highest common factor of 16 and 24 is 8

Grade 10 2011 Revision Booklet Summary of Grade 10 Syllabus By: Dr. Uugulu
2

Rules for divisibility
A number is divisible by 2 if its last digit is an even number
e.g. 4678 is divisible by 2 as 8 is an even number

A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3
e.g. 279 is divisible by 3 because 2 + 7 + 9 = 18 1 + 8 = 9 which is divisible by 3

A number is divisible by 5 if its last digit is 0 or 5
e.g. 1675 and 3490 are divisible by 5

A number is divisible by 10 if its last digit is 0
e.g. 1675 and 3490 are divisible by 5

Square roots
- e.g. 2
2
= 4 2 4 =

- e.g. 5
2
= 25 6
2
= 36 so 29 lies between 5 and 6

Cube Roots
- e.g. 3
3
= 27 3 27
3
=

- e.g. 2
3
= 8 3
3
= 27 so
3
20 lies between 2 and 3

Square roots and cube roots by factors
e.g. 12 3 4 3 2 3 2 144
2 2 4
= = = =

14 7 2 7 2 2744
3 3 3 3
= = =
Squares and Cube Numbers

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x
2
1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
x
3
1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000

x 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
x
2
121 144 169 196 225 256 289 324 361 400

POWERS OF 2
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
2
10

2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024

POWERS OF 3 & 5
3
1
3
2
3
3
3
4
3
5
5
1
5
2
5
3
5
4
5
5

3 9 27 81 243 5 25 125 625 3125

3

Directed Numbers
- Addition & Subtraction
e.g. 2 + 3 =5, -4 2 = -6, 1 4 = -3, -2 + 3 = 1

- Multiplication and Division
positive positive = positive e.g. 2 4 = 8, 20 4 = 5
positive negative = negative e.g. 3 -6 = -18, -20 4 = -5
negative negative = positive e.g. - 7 - 4 =28, -30 -6 = 5
Standard Form

-
e.g. 0.000037 = 3,7 10
-5
29000000 = 2,9 10
7
Converting powers to numbers and vice versa

e.g. 32 = 2
5
126
0
= 1 3
-1
=
3
1
2
-3
=
3
2
1
=
8
1

BODMAS
- e.g. 17 9 + 3 = 8 + 3 = 11 12 3 2 = 6
12 + 4 (8 + 2) = 12 + 4 10 = 12 + 40 = 52

Units

- 1 cm = 10mm 1m = 100cm 1m = 1000mm 1km = 1000m
- 1 kg = 1000g
- 1 litre = 1000 millilitres

- 1 min = 60 secs 1 hour = 60 mins

- 24 hour clock e.g. 6pm = 18:00

- 1m
2
= 10000cm
2
= 1000000cm
3

- 1km
2
= 1000000m
2

- 1 hectare = 10000m
2

- 1m
3
= 1000000cm
3
= 1000000000mm
3

- 1 = 1000m = 1000cm
3

4

Estimation
Rounding
2,456 correct to 2 decimal places is 2,46 as 6 5
0,0575 correct to 3 decimal places is 0,058 as 5 = 5
12,63 correct to 1 decimal place is 12,6 as 3 < 5

28,9 correct to the nearest integer is 29 as 9 5
3542 correct to the nearest hundred is 3500 as 4 < 5
2498 correct to the nearest ten is 2500 as 8 5

Significant Figures
2782 correct to 3 significant figures is 2780 as 2 < 5
0,7865 correct to 2 significant figures is 0,79 as 6 5
0,02318 correct to 3 significant figures is 0,0232 as 8 5

Estimate 39,8 (5,73+ 6,42) approximately equals 40 (6 + 6) = 40 12 = 480
Actual answer = 483,57

Ordering
- e.g. arrange in descending order 0,62 1,236 0,41 0,38 0,536
Ans 1,632 0,62 0,536 0,41 0,38

- Arrange in ascending order -2 -8 1 0 5 -10
Ans -10 -8 -2 0 1 5

- When dealing with fractions change them to decimals
e.g.
3
2
= 0,67,
4
3
= 0,75 so
4
3
3
2
<
Sequences

- e.g. 3, 7, 11, 15, 19 add 4
1, 4, 9, 16, 25 squares
1, 8, 27, 64, 125 cubes
1, 2, 4,8,16 multiply by 2
1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21 triangular numbers

Finding a term or n
th
term: T
n
= dn (a d) where d is the difference between the terms, a
is the first term and n is the position of the term. depends on the answer in ( ). If it is
positive, add and if it is negative, subtract.

5

Percentages
Examples
- What percentage is 2 of 50? % 4 100
50
2
=

- 45% of 80 = 80
100
45
= 36

- Increase N$70 by 20% = 70 +
100
20
70 = 70 + 14 = N$84

- Decrease N$65 by 45% = 65 - 65
100
45
= 65 29,25 = N$37,75

- Percentage discount = 100
price selling
discount

- Percentage mark up = 100
cos

price t
up mark

Fractions, decimals & percentages

- Relationship between decimals, fractions & percentages
e.g.
5
1
= 1 5 on calculator = 0,2 = 0,2 100 = 20%
- Equivalent fractions
21
15
14
10
7
5
= = and
5
2
55
22
=

- Improper fractions & mixed numbers
3
2
2
3
8
=

- Addition
12
5
4
12
53
12
32
12
21
3
8
4
7
3
2
2
4
3
1 = = + = + = +

- Subtraction
20
13
1
20
33
20
35
20
68
4
7
5
17
4
3
1
5
2
3 = = = =

- Multiplication
2
1
3
10
35
5
7
2
5
5
2
1
2
1
2 = = =

- Division
9
5
1
18
28
9
4
2
7
4
9
2
7
4
1
2
2
1
3 = = = =
You can use a calculator for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of decimals and
fractions and to change from improper fractions to mixed number and vice versa.
Also you can use calculators to express fractions in their simplest form

6

Ratio
- Simplify e.g. 32:96 = 1 : 3 1.08:4.8 = 108:480 = 9:40
2cm:1km = 2:100 000 = 1:50 000

- Division in a give ratio
e.g. Divide N$84 in the ratio 3: 4 Ans 36 84
7
3
= 48 84
7
4
=
- Given ratio and one outcome

e.g. Apples and oranges in fruit bowl are in ratio 3:7. There are 30 apples.
How many oranges?
Ans 3: 7 is same as 30:7 10 = 30:70 70 oranges

Rate
- Direct Proportion
e.g. A machine fills 1000 bottles in 5 mins. How many will it fill in 2 mins?
In 1 min it fills 200
5
1000
= . In 2 mins it fills 2 200 = 400 bottles
- Recipes
e.g. 200g of sugar used to make 20 cakes. How much is needed for 25 cakes?
1 cake uses g 10
20
200
= 25 cakes uses 25 10 = 250g
- Best Buy
Which perfume is best buy? A 50ml at $35, B 100ml at $42, C 150ml at $84
Per 1000ml A 700 $ 1000
50
35
= B 420 $ 1000
100
42
= C 1000
150
84
= $560
B is best buy as it has lowest price.
speed =
Time
Distace

time =
Speed
Distace

distance = speed time

If time is in mins multiply by 60 to get speed in km/hr
e.g. 50 km in 30mins speed = hr km/ 100 60
30
50
=
Indirect Proportion
- e.g. A farmer has enough hay to feed 5 horses for 6 days. How long would the hay last
for 3 horses?
There is hay for 5 6 = 30 horse days.
For 3 horses, hay would last 10
3
30
= days

s
d
t

7

MONEY & FINANCE

Scale
- Model e.g. a model is made on the scale of 1:10
Model length = 20cm Actual length = 20 10 = 200cm = 2m
Actual length = 150cm Model length =
10
150
= 15cm

- Map e.g. map scale is 1:50 000
4cm on map represents
100000
50000 4
km = 2km on ground

15km on map is represented by cm
50000
100000 15
= 30cm on map
Interest
- Simple Interest
Interest =
100
PTR
P = principal (original amount) T = time in years R = rate
Total Amount = Principal + Interest
e.g. $3000 invested for 2 years at 8% per annum simple interest
Interest =
100
8 2 3000
= $480 Total amount = 3000 + 480 = $3480

- Compound Interest
The interest is added or subtracted from the principal at the end of the year. The interest is
calculated on the new principal and changes each year.
e.g. $3000 invested for 2 years at 8% per annum compound interest
1
st
year Interest =
100
8
3000 = $240 Total Amount = $3240
2
nd
year Interest =
100
8
3240 = $259,20 Total amount = 3240 + 259,20 = 3499,20
Total Interest =3499,20 3000 = 499,20

Or A =
t
r
P
|
.
|
\
|
+
100
1 =
2
100
8
1 3000
|
.
|
\
|
+ = ( )
2
08 . 1 3000 = 3499.20
Total interest = $3499.20 $3000 = $499.2
Exchange Rates
e.g. Given that 1 = N$14 12 = 12 14 = N$168
N$200 =
14
200
= 14,29

8

- Net pay = basic pay deductions

- Commission
e.g. Tom has basic wage of $450 commission 2% for selling second hand cars
He sells cars to value of value $180 000
Gross wage = 450 +
100
2
180000 = $4050

- Electricity, Water, Telephone bills
Total cost = fixed charge + usage costs (units cost per unit)

- Hire Purchase
Total cost = Deposit + instalment (payment per month) months

- VAT
15% VAT is added to an item costing N1$60. The price of the item will be
160 + 160
100
15
= 160 + 24 = N$184

- Income Tax
STATUARY TAX RATES
Taxable amount Rates of tax
N$24 000 or less No tax payable
Between N24 000 and N$40 000 17,5% of (Taxable amount - N$24 000)
Between N40 000 and N$80 000 N$2800 + 29,5% of (Taxable amount N$40 000)
Between N80 000 and N$200 000 N$14 600 + 34,5% of (Taxable amount - N$80 000)
More than N$200 000 N$56 000 + 35% of (Taxable amount - N$200 000)

George earns N$50 000. How much will he pay in tax?
2800 +
100
5 . 29
(50000 40000) = 2800 + 2950 = N$5750

- Municipal Bills

e.g. Period 2008/06/05 2008/07/06
2008/06/27 Balance brought forward 824,91
2008/07/08 Water:- 41 Units 252,56
Water basic 36,00
Rates 134,70
Sewerage 53,50
Refuse 33,00

9
INDICES

ALGEBRA

- Rules of Indices
1. x
m
x
n
= x
m+n
e.g. x
3
x
4
= x
7
2
4
2 = 2
5

2. x
m
x
n
= x
m-n
or
n m
n
m
x
x
x

= e.g. x
5
x
2
= x
3

4
3
7
x
x
x
=

3. (x
m
)
n
= x
mn
e.g. (x
3
)
4
= x
12
(2x
3
)
4
= 16x
12
2(x
3
)
4
= 2x
12

- Zero index
x
0
= 1 e.g. 198
0
= 1 (20x
5
)
0
= 1 3x
0
= 3 1 (3x)
0
= 1

- Negative index
x
-n
=
n
1
e.g. 3
-1
=
3
1
4
-2
=
16
1
4
1
2
= 2
-3
=
8
1
2
1
3
=

- Simplification
e.g. x + x = 2x x x = x
2
(2x)
2
= 2
2
x
2
= 4x
2

2x - 3y -5x + 2y = 2x 5x - 3y + 2y = -3x y

4xy
3
3x
2
y = 12x
3
y
4

2 3
2
2
10
20
b
ac
ab
bc a
=

3x(x + 4) 2x(3x - 2) = 3x
2
+ 12x - 6x
2
+ 4x = -3x
2
+ 16x

- Factorise (put into brackets)
e.g. 4a + 8 = 4(a + 2) 12x
3
yz
2
8x
2
y = 4x
2
y(3z
2
2)

Substitution
e.g. x = 3 and y = -2 2x
2
+ y
2
= 2 3
2
+ (-2)
2
= 2 9 + 4 = 18 + 4 = 22

Solving equations
e.g. 7x 4 = 3x + 8 7x 3x = 8 + 4 4x = 12 x = 3
4
12
=

- Formulae
e.g. cost C of n apples at x cent s each is C = nx

Inequalities

e.g. -3 x < 2

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

10
GRAPHS

- Co-ordinates

- Straight Lines
Horizontal & vertical lines

K (-4, 0) L (0,3) M (-1,0) N (0, 2) P ( 1,0)

R (0,-3) S (3,0) T (0, -1) V (-3, 2) W (3, -4)
y = 2 (horizontal line)
x = -1 (vertical line)
Equation of x axis is y = 0

Equation of y axis is x = 0
Graphs in practical situations
- Conversion graphs
Travel graphs

Scale
x axis 2 units per block
eg. 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20

y axis 4 units per block
e.g. 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40

From graph
30m.p.h is equivalent to 48km/h
80km/h is equivalent to 50m.p.h.

11

Tables of co-ordinates for straight lines
e.g.
x -2 -1 0 1
y = 3x + 2 3 -2 + 2 3 -1 + 2 3 0 + 2 3 1 + 2
y -4 -1 2 5

- Equation of straight line y = mx + c
c = y intercept where line crosses y axis

m = gradient (slope of graph)

y is the dependent variable
x is the independent variable
positive gradient negative gradient

Gradient =
change x
change y

Straight line examples

-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
B
A C
D

AB y intercept, c = -1 positive gradient m = 3
1
3
= (see triangle)

CD y intercept c = 4 negative gradient m = -
2
4
= -2 (see triangle)

12

GEOMETRY
Angle properties of triangles
Angles inside a triangle add up to 180

Isosceles triangles have two sides and two angles equal

Equilateral triangle has all sides equal and all angles equal to 60
- Angles
Right angle 90 Straight angle 180

Revolution 360 Acute angle between 0 and 90

Obtuse angle between 90 and 180 Reflex angle between 180 and 360

Vertically opposite angles are equal Complementary angles add up to 90

Supplementary angles add up to 180

x x
y
y
30
60
45
135
x x

13

Angles in a polygon
- A regular polygon has all sides and all angles equal
- Sum of exterior angles of a polygon = 360
- Sum of interior angles of a polygon = (number of sides 2) 180
- Interior angle + exterior angle = 180
- e.g. Regular hexagon Sum of exterior angles = 360
Exterior angle =
6
360
= 60

Sum of interior angles = (6 2) 180
= 4 180 = 720

Interior angle =
6
720
= 120

exterior angle + interior angle = 60 + 120 = 180

- 5 sided figure is called a pentagon
- 6 sided figure is called a hexagon
- 7 sided figure is called a heptagon
- 8 sided figure is called a octagon
x y
- Angles between parallel lines

a = b & c = d alternate angles (Z angles)
g = d & h = b & c = e & f = a corresponding angles (F angles)
g = c & a = h & f = b & d = e vertically opposite angles (X angles)

Angles between parallel lines add up to 180
a + d = 180 c + b = 180

Angles on a straight line add up to 180
d + b = 180 f + e = 180 a + c = 180 g + h = 180
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
x
x
x
x
y
y
y
y

14

- Angle properties of quadrilaterals
Square all sides equal, all angles = 90
4 lines of symmetry, order of rotational symmetry 4

Rectangle opposite sides equal, all angles = 90
2 lines of symmetry, order of rotational symmetry 2

Rhombus (square pushed over) all sides equal, opposite angles are equal
diagonals bisect each other at right angles
2 lines of symmetry, rotational symmetry of order 2

Parallelogram opposite sides are equal and parallel
opposite angles are equal
no lines of symmetry, rotational symmetry of order 2

Trapezium only one pair of parallel sides
An isosceles trapezium has 1 line of symmetry
no rotational symmetry

Kite two pairs of adjacent sides are equal
1 line of symmetry, no rotational symmetry

b
c
3cm
4cm
x
6cm
12cm
Pythagoras Theorem (for right angles triangles)
Use when 2 sides are known and you want to find the third side

c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
c = hypotenuse
(longest side opposite right angle)
To find the hypotenuse
e.g. x
2
= 3
2
+ 4
2
= 9 + 16 = 25
x = 25 = 5cm

When hypotenuse is known
x
2
= 12
2
6
2
= 108
x = 108 = 10,4cm

a
TRIGONOMETRY

15

The three standard ratios

- Naming the sides of a right angles triangle

- SOH-CAH-TOA use to find a side when one side an angle is known
use to find angle when 2 sides are known

hypotenuse
opposite
= 30 sin
hypotenuse
adjacent
= 30 cos
adjacent
opposite
= 30 tan

e.g. =

6
30 sin
x
H
O
= = x = 6 sin30 = 3cm

x A
O 8
50 tan = =
50 tan
8
= x = 6,7cm

7143 , 0
7
5
cos = = x x = shift cos 0,7143 = 44,4
A
d
j
a
c
e
n
t

30
Adjacent
Hypotenuse
60
Opposite
Hypotenuse
O
p
p
o
s
i
t
e

30
6cm
x
H
A
O
50
O
x
A
H
8cm
x
5cm
7cm
A
O
H

16

TRANSFORMATIONS

Bearings
Used to measure direction from one place to another.
To find the bearing of A from B
Draw line joining A and B
Draw North line through B North line is always drawn at the point following word from
Measure the clockwise angle from the North between the North line and the line connecting A and
B

e.g. Bearing of A form B is

360 - 40 = 320
A
B
N
40
- Reflections in x axis (y = 0) or y axis (x = 0)

- Rotations about a centre through an angle with a direction
e.g. Rotation about the origin through an angle of 90 clockwise
Rotations may be about a centre, a vertex or a midpoint of a line
Angles will be 90 or 180
Direction will be clockwise or anticlockwise

- Enlargements
With a centre of enlargement and a scale factor

Scale factor =
Object
age Im

To find centre of enlargement draw lines joining corresponding points and extend them
until they meet. The meeting point is the centre of the enlargement

Congruency
Two figures are congruent if they are identical same shape and same size

Similarity
Two figures are similar if one is an enlargement of the other. Corresponding angles are equal and
corresponding sides are in the same ratio.

17

Square Rectangle Equilateral triangle
Lines of symmetry 4. 2.. ..3

Rotational symmetry 4.. 2.. ..3...........

Parallelogram Isosceles triangle Hexagon

Lines of symmetry 0 1 6..

Rotational symmetry 2... 1 6..

Kite
Lines of symmetry 1 1 2..

Rotational symmetry1 1. 2

Constructions

You should be able to measure lines and angles

You should be able to use a ruler and a pair of compasses only construct triangles given
- 3 sides
- 2 sides and the included angle
- a right angle and 2 sides
- 2 angles and the corresponding side

You should be able to use a ruler and a pair of compasses only to construct
- parallel lines
- the perpendicular from a point to a line
- the perpendicular from a point on a line
- the perpendicular bisector of a line segment
- the bisector of an angle

18

6

Finding height if volume or area is known
- e.g. tank has volume 30m
3
. Base is 2m by 5m.
area of base = 2 5 = 10m
2
Height =
base of area
volume
=
10
30
= 3m

- volume of cube is 125cm
3

5
3
= 125 length of side = 5cm

Combination of Shapes
Addition
Area = area of rectangle + area of semi circle
= b h +
2
2
1
r t (r =
2
4
= 2cm)
= 6 4 +
2
2
2
1
t
= 24 + 6,3 = 27,3cm
2

Perimeter = 6 + 4 + 6 +
2
1
circumference of circle (d = 4cm)
= 16 + 4
2
1
t = 16 + 6,3 = 24,3cm

Subtraction

x = 10 4 - 3 = 3cm

Area = large rectangle small rectangle

= 10 6 3 5 = 60 15 = 45cm
2

Perimeter = 10 + 6 + 3 + 5 + 3 + 5 + 4 + 6 = 42cm

6cm
4cm
10cm
6cm
5cm
4cm
3cm
x

19
STATISTICS

- Diagrams
Pictograms variation on bar chart using symbols/pictures to replace the solid bar

Bar charts height of bar represents frequency, equal spaces between bars, width of each bar is the same,
axes must have a scale, graph must have a title

Histograms used for grouped data, bars touch each other, axis is a continuous number line, each bar
represents an interval
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
5
10
15
20
x
f

- Pie Charts Angle =
360
fequency total
frequency

Frequency = frequency total
angle
360

Fanta
Sprite
Fruit
juice
Coke Cola

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Marks in test

20

Averages
- Mode is most common value, the one that occurs most often, highest bar in bar chart
- Median is middle value when numbers are arranged in order of size
If there are two numbers in the middle then add them together and divide by 2 to find the median
- Mean =
values of number total
values of sum

- Mean of frequency distribution
e.g.
Score on dice 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 7 8 10 8 5 12

Total frequency = 7 + 8 + 10 + 8 + 5 + 12 = 50
Total of all scores = 1 7 + 2 8 + 3

10 + 4 8 + 5 5 + 6 12 = 182
Mean =
50
182
= 3,64

To find a missing value when the mean is known
e.g. The average mark of 5 learners in a test is 55%
The marks of 4 of the learners are 34, 58, 72, 81. What is the mark of the fifth learner.

Total marks for 5 learners = 5 55 = 275
Marks of 4 learners = 34 + 58 + 71 + 81 = 244
Mark of fifth learner = 275 -244 = 31

Probability
Probability is a number between 0 and 1

Probability of an event occurring = 0 means event never occurs
Probability of an event = 1 means the event is certain to occur

Experimental probability

Probability of an event occurring =

e.g. A dice is tossed 50 times and a six occurs 10
Estimated probability of throwing a six =
50
10
= 0,2

Theoretical probability

Probability of an event occurring =

e.g. A dice has six faces and one of these is a six
Probability of throwing a six =
6
1

21

NETS

Good Luck With All Your Exams And Always Remember That
Ms. Uugulu Loves You Very Much & Wish You Good Health!!!!!!

Cube

Cuboid

Triangular prism

Cylinder

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Grade 10 2011 Revision Booklet Summary of Grade 10 Syllabus By: Dr.

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