LTE

Description and Specification LTE (an initial for Long Term Evolution), marketed as 4G LTE, is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals. It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies, increasing the capacity and speed using new modulation techniques. The standard is developed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) and is specified in its Release 8 document series, with minor enhancements described in Release 9. The world's first publicly available LTE service was launched by TeliaSonera in Oslo and Stockholm on 14 December 2009. LTE is the natural upgrade path for carriers with GSM/UMTS networks, but even CDMA holdouts such as Verizon Wireless, who launched the first large-scale LTE network in North America in 2010, and au by KDDI in Japan have announced they will migrate to LTE. LTE is, therefore, anticipated to become the first truly global mobile phone standard, although the use of different frequency bands in different countries will mean that only multi-band phones will be able to utilize LTE in all countries where it is supported. The motivation for LTE Need to ensure the continuity of competitiveness of the 3G system for the future User demand for higher data rates and quality of service Packet Switch optimized system Continued demand for cost reduction (CAPEX and OPEX) Low complexity Avoid unnecessary fragmentation of technologies for paired and unpaired band operation

Network Diagram

How LTE (Long Term Evolution) Works As communication is a natural urge of human beings so he is constantly struggling to improve the ways of fastest communication, LTE technology is the result of such struggle. Introduction of

LTE technology is not less than a miracle as it is supposed to work at a 150 mbps speed while a data can be downloaded at 70 mbps speed. LTEs Providers Aspect Another plus point of LTE technology is that it will lend a hand to 3G network service providers CDMA and GSM via current spectrum and increase their workability by speed up to 20 mbps as using the radio wave mechanism. It will not clash with the 3G services and will be able to use the same infrastructure for its functions.

LTE travels like radio waves with extra ordinary speed through the same bandwidth transfers large amount of data. With the addition of LTE technology with previous network more information could be send hence not only lower the cost but also no need to set up a new network. There could be an adjustment on part of service provider by placing the LTE on priority and the other services in time. It is under consideration that LTEs independent set up will enhance the proficiency of data transferring with additional features such as TV and multimedia applications. Business will also take new dimensions, you can think about having a mobile office. LTE technology will provide a platform for the different departments of a worldwide business at one point through mobile internet. LTEs Consumers Aspect This feasibility of using any service any time will not only facilitate all the 3G features but also newest features, it will seem to you like a complete notebook consider yourself in a mobile office. LTE technology will provide you with a type of switching method with the help of which you can move from one service to another using different function without any interruption. Gaming would be possible with 3D effects to augment the thrill and excitement. With the ease of using any service as per need, it will facilitate the use of different application at a time. Features and Applications Much of the standard addresses upgrading 3G UMTS to what will eventually be 4G mobile communications technology. A large amount of the work is aimed at simplifying the architecture of the system, as it transits from the existing UMTS circuit + switching combined network, to an all-IP flat architecture system. E-UTRA is the air interface of LTE. Its main features are:
Peak download rates up to 299.6 Mbit/s and upload rates up to 75.4 Mbit/s depending on

the user equipment category (with 4x4 antennas using 20 MHz of spectrum). Five different terminal classes have been defined from a voice centric class up to a high end terminal that supports the peak data rates. All terminals will be able to process 20 MHz bandwidth. Low data transfer latencies (sub-5 ms latency for small IP packets in optimal conditions), lower latencies for handover and connection setup time than with previous radio access technologies. Improved support for mobility, exemplified by support for terminals moving at up to 350 km/h or 500 km/h depending on the frequency band. OFDMA for the downlink, SC-FDMA for the uplink to conserve power Support for both FDD and TDD communication systems as well as half-duplex FDD with the same radio access technology

 Support for all frequency bands currently used by IMT systems by ITU-R. Increased spectrum flexibility: 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz wide

cells are standardized. (W-CDMA requires 5 MHz slices, leading to some problems with rollouts of the technology in countries where 5 MHz is a commonly allocated amount of spectrum, and is frequently already in use with legacy standards such as 2G GSM and cdmaOne.) Support for cell sizes from tens of meters radius (femto and picocells) up to 100 km radius macro cells. In the lower frequency bands to be used in rural areas, 5 km is the optimal cell size, 30 km having reasonable performance, and up to 100 km cell sizes supported with acceptable performance. In city and urban areas, higher frequency bands (such as 2.6 GHz in EU) are used to support high speed mobile broadband. In this case, cell sizes may be 1 km or even less. Supports at least 200 active data clients in every 5 MHz cell. Simplified architecture: The network side of E-UTRAN is composed only of eNode Bs Support for inter-operation and co-existence with legacy standards (e.g. GSM/EDGE, UMTS and CDMA2000). Users can start a call or transfer of data in an area using an LTE standard, and, should coverage be unavailable, continue the operation without any action on their part using GSM/GPRS or W-CDMA-based UMTS or even 3GPP2 networks such as cdmaOne or CDMA2000) Packet switched radio interface. Support for MBSFN (Multicast-Broadcast Single Frequency Network). This feature can deliver services such as Mobile TV using the LTE infrastructure, and is a competitor forDVBH-based TV broadcast.

References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution#Features http://www.3gpp.org/lte

WiMAX
Description and Specification

It is a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates, with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. It is a part of a fourth generation, or 4G, of wireless-communication technology. WiMax far surpasses the 30-metre (100-foot) wireless range of a conventional Wi-Fi local area network (LAN), offering a metropolitan area network with a signal radius of about 50 km (30 miles). The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL". WiMax offers datatransfer rates that can be superior to conventional cable-modem and DSL connections, however, the bandwidth must be shared among multiple users and thus yields lower speeds in practice. WiMAX is based upon IEEE Std 802.16e-2005, approved in December 2005. It is a supplement to the IEEE Std 802.16-2004, and so the actual standard is 802.16-2004 as amended by 802.16e-2005. Thus, these specifications need to be considered together. The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications: Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through a variety of devices. Providing a wireless alternative to cable and digital subscriber line (DSL) for "last mile" broadband access. Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) and IPTV services (triple play). Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan. Smart grids and metering

Network Diagram

The main problems with broadband access are that it is pretty expensive and it doesn't reach all areas. The main problem with WiFi access is that hot spots are very small, so coverage is sparse. What if there was a new technology that solved all of these problems? This new technology would provide: The high speed of broadband service Wireless rather than wired access, so it would be a lot less expensive than cable or DSL and much easier to extend to suburban and rural areas

Broad coverage like the cell phone network instead of small WiFi hotspots This system is actually coming into being right now, and it is called WiMAX. WiMAX is short forWorldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, and it also goes by the IEEE name 802.16. WiMAX has the potential to do to broadband Internet access what cell phones have done to phone access. In the same way that many people have given up their "land lines" in favor of cell phones, WiMAX could replace cable and DSL services, providing universal Internet access just about anywhere you go. WiMAX will also be as painless as WiFi -turning your computer on will automatically connect you to the closest available WiMAX antenna.

Features and Applications Two Types of Services: WiMAX can provide two forms of wireless service: Non-line-of-sight: service is a WiFi sort of service. Here a small antenna on your computer connects to the WiMAX tower. In this mode, WiMAX uses a lower frequency range -- 2 GHz to 11 GHz (similar to WiFi). Line-of-sight: service, where a fixed dish antenna points straight at the WiMAX tower from a rooftop or pole. The line-of-sight connection is stronger and more stable, so it's able to send a lot of data with fewer errors. Line-of-sight transmissions use higher frequencies, with ranges reaching a possible 66 GHz. OFDM-based physical layer: The WiMAX physical layer (PHY) is based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, a scheme that offers good resistance to multipath, and allows WiMAX to operate in NLOS conditions. Very high peak data rates: WiMAX is capable of supporting very high peak data rates. In fact, the peak PHY data rate can be as high as 74Mbps when operating using a 20MHz wide spectrum. More typically, using a 10MHz spectrum operating using TDD scheme with a 3:1 downlink-to-uplink ratio, the peak PHY data rate is about 25Mbps and 6.7Mbps for the downlink and the uplink, respectively. Scalable bandwidth and data rate support: WiMAX has a scalable physical-layer architecture that allows for the data rate to scale easily with available channel bandwidth. For example, a WiMAX system may use 128, 512, or 1,048-bit FFTs (fast fourier transforms) based on whether the channel bandwidth is 1.25MHz, 5MHz, or 10MHz, respectively. This scaling may be done dynamically to support user roaming across different networks that may have different bandwidth allocations. Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC): WiMAX supports a number of modulation and forward error correction (FEC) coding schemes and allows the scheme to be changed on a per user and per frame basis, based on channel conditions. AMC is an effective mechanism to maximize throughput in a time-varying channel. Link-layer retransmissions: WiMAX supports automatic retransmission requests (ARQ) at the link layer for connections that require enhanced reliability. ARQ-enabled connections require each transmitted packet to be acknowledged by the receiver; unacknowledged packets are assumed to be lost and are retransmitted. Support for TDD and FDD:

IEEE 802.16-2004 and IEEE 802.16e-2005 supports both time division duplexing and frequency division duplexing, as well as a half-duplex FDD, which allows for a low-cost system implementation. WiMAX uses OFDM: Mobile WiMAX uses Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDM) as a multiple-access technique, whereby different users can be allocated different subsets of the OFDM tones. Flexible and dynamic per user resource allocation: Both uplink and downlink resource allocation are controlled by a scheduler in the base station. Capacity is shared among multiple users on a demand basis, using a burst TDM scheme. Support for advanced antenna techniques: The WiMAX solution has a number of hooks built into the physical-layer design, which allows for the use of multiple-antenna techniques, such as beamforming, space-time coding, and spatial multiplexing. Quality-of-service support: The WiMAX MAC layer has a connection-oriented architecture that is designed to support a variety of applications, including voice and multimedia services. WiMAX system offers support for constant bit rate, variable bit rate, real-time, and non-real-time traffic flows, in addition to best-effort data traffic. WiMAX MAC is designed to support a large number of users, with multiple connections per terminal, each with its own QoS requirement. Robust security: WiMAX supports strong encryption, using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and has a robust privacy and key-management protocol. The system also offers a very flexible authentication architecture based on Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), which allows for a variety of user credentials, including username/password, digital certificates, and smart cards. Support for mobility: The mobile WiMAX variant of the system has mechanisms to support secure seamless handovers for delay-tolerant full-mobility applications, such as VoIP. IP-based architecture: The WiMAX Forum has defined a reference network architecture that is based on an all-IP platform. All end-to-end services are delivered over an IP architecture relying on IP-based protocols for end-to-end transport, QoS, session management, security, and mobility. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimax http://www.tutorialspoint.com/wimax/wimax_salient_features.htm http://www.thesmartpda.com/50226711/sprint_nextels_future_wimax_network_now_has_a_n ame.php

DWDM
Description and Specification

Short for Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing, increase bandwidth over existing fiber optic backbones.

an

optical

technology

used

to

DWDM works by combining and transmitting multiple signals simultaneously at different wavelengths on the same fiber. In effect, one fiber is transformed into multiple virtual fibers. So, if you were to multiplex eight OC -48 signal into one fiber, you would increase the carrying capacity of that fiber from 2.5 Gb/s to 20 Gb/s. Currently, because of DWDM, single fibers have been able to transmit data at speeds up to 400Gb/s. A key advantage to DWDM is that it's protocol- and bit-rate-independent. DWDM-based networks can transmit data in IP, ATM, SONET /SDH, and Ethernet, and handle bit rates between 100 Mb/s and 2.5 Gb/s. Therefore, DWDM-based networks can carry different types of traffic at different speeds over an optical channel. From a QoS standpoint, DWDM-based networks create a lower cost way to quickly respond to customers' bandwidth demands and protocol changes.

Network Diagram DWDM systems At this stage, a basic DWDM system contains several main components: 1. A DWDM terminal multiplexer. The terminal multiplexer actually contains one wavelength converting transponder for each wavelength signal it will carry. The wavelength converting transponders receive the input optical signal (i.e., from a client-layer SONET/SDH or other signal), convert that signal into the electrical domain, and retransmit the signal using a 1550 nm band laser. (Early DWDM systems contained 4 or 8 wavelength converting transponders in the mid 1990s. By 2000 or so, commercial systems capable of carrying 128 signals were available.) The terminal mux also contains an optical multiplexer, which takes the various 1550 nm band signals and places them onto a single fiber (e.g. SMF-28 fiber). The terminal multiplexer may or may not also support a local EDFA for power amplification of the multi-wavelength optical signal. 2. An intermediate line repeater is placed approx. every 80 100 km for compensating the loss in optical power, while the signal travels along the fiber. The signal is amplified by an EDFA, which usually consists of several amplifier stages. 3. An intermediate optical terminal, or optical add-drop multiplexer. This is a remote amplification site that amplifies the multi-wavelength signal that may have traversed up to 140 km or more before reaching the remote site. Optical diagnostics and telemetry are often extracted or inserted at such a site, to allow for localization of any fiber breaks or signal impairments. In more sophisticated systems (which are no longer point-to-point), several signals out of the multiwavelength signal may be removed and dropped locally. 4. A DWDM terminal demultiplexer. The terminal demultiplexer breaks the multi-wavelength signal back into individual signals and outputs them on separate fibers for client-layer systems (such as SONET/SDH) to detect. Originally, this demultiplexing was performed entirely passively, except for some telemetry, as most SONET systems can receive 1550-nm signals. However, in order to allow for transmission to remote client-layer systems (and to allow for digital domain signal integrity determination) such demultiplexed signals are usually sent to O/E/O output transponders prior to being relayed to their client-layer systems. Often, the functionality of

output transponder has been integrated into that of input transponder, so that most commercial systems have transponders that support bi-directional interfaces on both their 1550-nm (i.e., internal) side, and external (i.e., client-facing) side. Transponders in some systems supporting 40 GHz nominal operation may also perform forward error correction (FEC) via 'digital wrapper' technology, as described in the ITU-T G.709 standard. 5. Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC). This is an additional wavelength usually outside the EDFA amplification band (at 1510 nm, 1620 nm, 1310 nm or another proprietary wavelength). The OSC carries information about the multi-wavelength optical signal as well as remote conditions at the optical terminal or EDFA site. It is also normally used for remote software upgrades and user (i.e., network operator) Network Management information. It is the multi-wavelength analogue to SONET's DCC (or supervisory channel). ITU standards suggest that the OSC should utilize an OC-3 signal structure, though some vendors have opted to use 100 megabit Ethernet or another signal format. Unlike the 1550 nm band client signal-carrying wavelengths, the OSC is always terminated at intermediate amplifier sites, where it receives local information before retransmission.

A typical transmission system based on DWDM technology presents the following stages: SIGNAL GENERATION. The source of light is an electro-optical transducer, a laser in solid shape, which provides coherent light at a certain wavelength with great stability thanks to the laser temperature control. This optical carrier is the one that transports the digital data. AGGREGATION OF OPTICAL CARRIERS. DWDM systems use multiplexers to combine the transmitted signals. There are some inherent losses associated with multiplexing and demultiplexing. SIGNAL TRANSMISSION. The diaphony and degradation (attenuation and dispersion) effects or the loss of the optical signal must be taken into account in fiber optical transmission. These effects are minimized thanks to the spacing between channels, the guard band and the carrier line width and the laser power. There are also devices that amplify the signal to compensate the attenuation (EDFA optical amplifiers); dispersion compensators devices (DCF) that prevent this phenomenon, intrinsic to optical fiber, that gets worse with distance and the transmission speed of the digital transported signal; and, finally, there are also regenerators that reformat the digital pulse and recover the clock of the signal thanks to an electrical conversion (3R systems) and subsequently another optical conversion.

 SEPARATION OF THE SIGNALS RECEIVED. On the side of the receiver, the multiplex signals must be separated by optical filters using similar technologies to the multiplexer filters (thin film, AWG) according to the number of channels to combine or separate. SIGNAL RECEPTION. The demultiplex signal is received by a PIN or APD photodetector depending on the sensibility that the receiver needs, which comes determined by the losses of the link. This optical-electrical transducer, connected to a transimpedance amplifier and a clock recovery, form the block of the receiver. Besides these stages, DWDM systems must also be equipped with interfaces on the customers side (tributary signal) to correctly receive the input signal. This task is carried out by the transponders. Transponders are, usually, device converters of lambda (wavelenght).

Features and Applications The large-scale manufacture of fiber optics has made possible a reduction in costs and improved transmission characteristics of the fiber. Flat gain optical amplifiers to a certain range of wavelengths that line coupled with the fiber act as repeaters eliminating the need for regenerators. Integrated Filters smaller solid state and which can also be integrated into the same substrate along with other optical components. New photo detectors and laser sources producing integration allowing more compact designs. Multiplexers and demultiplexers based optical passive optical diffraction. Filters selected wavelengths, which can be used as optical multiplexers. The optical add-drop multiplexers (OADM) technologies have enabled DWDM networks can be implemented in various types. The optical components of connection (OXC), which can be implemented with different manufacturing technologies, and have made possible purely optical switching.

References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing#DWDM_systems http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/DWDM.html http://forums.techarena.in/technology-internet/1304304.htm http://www.wonesys.com/eng/aplicaciones.php?id=2

3GHSPA
Description and Specification

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also dubbed 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 42 megabit/s. Further speed increases are available with HSPA+, which provides speeds of up to 337 Mbit/s with Release 11 of the 3GPP standards. In technical terms, HSDPA allows speeds of 1.8 Mbps, and future versions promise a maximum of 7.2 Mbps. From personal experience though, I've rarely reached the maximum, since the data's being transmitted with radio waves, after all. Another limitation of HSDPA is that uploading isn't possible; the information goes only one way, from the source to your phone. Though many service operators around the world like globe telecom have made HSDPA commercially available (Globe was the first in South East Asia), the technology's future is uncertain. Especially since the 3GPP is already considering HSOPA, a standard that promises speeds of up to 100 Mbps. And there are competing standards like WiMax. But one thing going for HSDPA is that it's essentially the grandchild of GSM (and the son of UMTS); setting up networks usually involves upgrading existing infrastructure, while competitors like WiMax require a totally new system.

Network Diagram

Features and Applications HS-DSCH For HSDPA, a new transport layer channel, High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HSDSCH), has been added to UMTS release 5 and further specification. It is implemented by introducing three new physical layer channels: HS-SCCH, HS-DPCCH and HS-PDSCH. The High

Speed-Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) informs the user that data will be sent on the HSDSCH, 2 slots ahead. Hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ) Data is transmitted together with error correction bits. Minor errors can thus be corrected without retransmission Fast packet scheduling The HS-DSCH downlink channel is shared between users using channel-dependent scheduling to make the best use of available radio conditions. Each user device continually transmits an indication of the downlink signal quality, as often as 500 times per second. Using this information from all devices, the base station decides which users will be sent data on the next 2 ms frame and how much data should be sent for each user. Adaptive modulation and coding The modulation scheme and coding are changed on a per-user basis, depending on signal quality and cell usage. The initial scheme is Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), but in good radio conditions 16QAM and 64QAM can significantly increase data throughput rates. Dual-Cell Dual Cell (DC-)HSDPA is the natural evolution of HSPA by means of carrier aggregation in the downlink.

References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Downlink_Packet_Access http://www.thesmartpda.com/50226711/what_is_hsdpa.php http://www.amplified.com.au/Application_Ethernet_Device_to_Server_Internet_SMS.aspx

WIFI
Description and Specification

Wi-Fi is a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data wirelessly (using radio waves) over a computer network, including high-speed Internet connections. The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards". However, since most modern WLANs are based on these standards, the term "Wi-Fi" is used in general English as a synonym for "WLAN". A device that can use Wi-Fi (such as a personal computer, video game console, smartphone, tablet, or digital audio player) can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (65 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can comprise an area as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves or as large as many square miles this is achieved by using multiple overlapping access points. WIFI Specifications: Wi-Fi is based on the IEEE 802.11 specifications. There are currently four deployed 802.11 variations: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n. The b standard permits up to 11Megabits/second, while both a and g allow up to 54Mbs. The new n specification will allow even higher speeds (up to 100Mbs and beyond). The 802.11a standard works in the 5GHz frequency band, and the others work in the 2.4GHz band. In fact, n is a superset of g , and g is a superset of b , so there is some interoperability among them. In most of the world, these frequencies do not require user licenses from local regulators (eg, the Federal Communications Commission in the US). The most widespread version of Wi-Fi in the US market today (based in IEEE 802.11b/g) operates in the 2,400 MHz to 2,483.50 MHz. It allows to operate in 11 channels (5 MHz each), as follows: Channel 1 - 2,412 MHz; Channel 2 - 2,417 MHz; Channel 3 - 2,422 MHz; Channel 4 - 2,427 MHz; Channel 5 - 2,432 MHz; Channel 6 - 2,437 MHz; Channel 7 - 2,442 MHz; Channel 8 - 2,447 MHz; Channel 9 - 2,452 MHz; Channel 10 - 2,457 MHz; Channel 11 - 2,462 MHz Network Diagram

A wireless network uses radio waves, just like cell phones, televisions and radios do. In fact, communication across a wireless network is a lot like two-way radio communication. Here's what happens: 1. A computer's wireless adapter translates data into a radio signal and transmits it using an antenna. 2. A wireless router receives the signal and decodes it. The router sends the information to the Internet using a physical, wired Ethernetconnection.

The process also works in reverse, with the router receiving information from the Internet, translating it into a radio signal and sending it to the computer's wireless adapter. The radios used for WiFi communication are very similar to the radios used for walkie-talkies, cell phones and other devices. They can transmit and receive radio waves, and they can convert 1s and 0s into radio waves and convert the radio waves back into 1s and 0s. But WiFi radios have a few notable differences from other radios: They transmit at frequencies of 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz. This frequency is considerably higher than the frequencies used for cell phones, walkie-talkies and televisions. The higher frequency allows the signal to carry more data. They use 802.11 networking standards, which come in several flavors: 802.11a transmits at 5 GHz and can move up to 54 megabits of data per second. It also uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), a more efficient coding technique that splits that radio signal into several sub-signals before they reach a receiver. This greatly reduces interference. 802.11b is the slowest and least expensive standard. For a while, its cost made it popular, but now it's becoming less common as faster standards become less expensive. 802.11b transmits in the 2.4 GHz frequency band of the radio spectrum. It can handle up to 11 megabits of data per second, and it uses complementary code keying (CCK) modulation to improve speeds. 802.11g transmits at 2.4 GHz like 802.11b, but it's a lot faster -- it can handle up to 54 megabits of data per second. 802.11g is faster because it uses the same OFDM coding as 802.11a. 802.11n is the newest standard that is widely available. This standard significantly improves speed and range. For instance, although 802.11g theoretically moves 54 megabits of data per second, it only achieves real-world speeds of about 24 megabits of data per second because of network congestion. 802.11n, however, reportedly can achieve speeds as high as 140 megabits per second. The standard is currently in draft form -- the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) plans to formally ratify 802.11n by the end of 2009. Other 802.11 standards focus on specific applications of wireless networks, like wide area networks (WANs) inside vehicles or technology that lets you move from one wireless network to another seamlessly. WiFi radios can transmit on any of three frequency bands. Or, they can "frequency hop" rapidly between the different bands. Frequency hopping helps reduce interference and lets multiple devices use the same wireless connection simultaneously. As long as they all have wireless adapters, several devices can use one router to connect to the Internet. This connection is convenient, virtually invisible and fairly reliable; however, if the router fails or if too many people try to use high-bandwidth applications at the same time, users can experience interference or lose their connections. Features and Applications Ease of Use in WiFi Technology WiFi is a new characteristic in networking and has fetched a new feature in the field of networking. The data broadcasting is finished by means of radio waves. Through WiFi Technology a user can easily get access to internet for objective to sharing all around the world. Now establishing a computer network in any type of business is not difficult such as companies, coffee shops, Libraries, campus, Hotels, colleges, universities, , private institutes etc. WiFi Technology enabled you to get more profit from your business and facilitate you to connect your client anywhere or any time.

No need for cabling in WiFi Technology WiFi is creating new strength to connect anything or any task without giving up task. There are lots of utilities initiated by WiFi. Music streamers are a great utility by WiFi Technology that put your music to speakers without any cable. WiFi Technology also enables you to play radio online and enjoy music via remote computer. Downloading of songs, sharing of files, above the ground speed makes WiFi Technology matchless mobility. WiFi has no cable so you can easily move your pc from one location to another because it is very helpful, easy and convenient. WiFi Fortress Technology Features WiFi is offering Fortress Technology to secure wireless resolution hold up the intensification. The advantages of WiFi are more than a few. It supports a group to create a network between same types of networks for transformation of data. WiFi make easy to attach different devices to your pc such as PDAs, games, MP3 player, Radio etc. It is an expedient technology therefore you can use internet during traveling and set up your business at any location and if you are existing near WiFi hotspot then you will automatically connect to internet. WiFi Technology Secure Internet Connection Features Nowadays WiFi continue living all over the place with all its wonder. Through WiFi user can get quick access to internet, build up a network in a small place doesnt matter now because it dont need any professional installation. Just make sure the wireless connection and ready to go of fast speed internet journey depending on the speed of your internet provider. The security system of WiFi Technology make it more reliable and its tool protect your data .The configuration of devices are very easy because it has network security, embedded system and standard devices. WiFi Feature of No Limitation WiFi Technology connects you worldwide and it has no limitation. WiFi Technology has great power for consumption as compared to other network. You can get high speed internet. Its site surveys help you to know about it in short we can say that feature of WiFi such as high speed internet access, Site Surveys is a great deal of WiFi Technology to make sure visual presentation, safety and fulfillment. Business enterprising tools make it a pioneering inventor of technology solutions. WiFi Features of Scalable System and Robust Performance The scalable system of WiFi Technology shows performance in a while rather than days and makes exact result. Flexible authentication methods facilitate the transportation and procedure of keying substance. You never need any experience to install devices because WiFi Technology itself smart enough to provide security to your personal computer but also offer an easy way of network installation. References

http://freewimaxinfo.com/wifi-features.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi http://computer.howstuffworks.com/wireless-network1.htm