Literature as Discourse: One thing is very important regarding linguistics deviation are not only in isolation with reference

only to the linguistic system or code but also with reference to the context in which they appear. Code and context:

It is denotative meaning it is annotative meaning. It refers to language it refers to situation Its significance is the meaning according to code. Its value is the meaning according to context. It develops a link between words. link b/w context These are dictionary meanings these are contextual meaning Example. needle code meaning is A small instrument of steel, sharply pointed at one end, with an eye to receive a thread, used in sewing. But its contextual meaning is pain, pricking.

Ted Hughes poem wind violate certain grammatical rules. Using different words, animate things are given a quality of inanimate. Floundering black astride and blinding wet, wind wielded blade- light, the brunt wind that dented the balls of my eyes, the wind flung a magpie away. The fields, quivering, brunt, wielded, bang, tremble, horizon, luminous
By relating these different references we get a compromise impression of animate force an

violence embodied in the wind terrorizing the panic-stricken fields trembling in animate fear. Selection restriction rules violation can be find here.
Poet did so in order to highlight the additional feature of violence and savagery associated

with the wind. Example e e cummings poem Did , did not, isnt used here to refer the past incidents. Writer wants to share past voices of his life. Personification:

 Given animate qualities to the inanimate object is called personification. In poem wind personification is used by the poet. Sullen, awake, spite, vex all those are human attitude which were given to wind. Significance vs values: Significance refers to the code meaning and value refers to the context meaning. e.g pen is something to write with (value) = education purpose. (significance) = something to write In order to understand a piece of ordinary- that is to say non literary discourse there are few things involve. E.g in text, there is a word bond used. Now if we try to find out the significance and value of this word, we will come across different things Significance of word bond The word bond in a dictionary will include a wide range of meaning, a flat strip of material, a hoop of metal or rubber, strip forming part of a hat or shirt. A stripe of different colour or features a company of armed forced as musical band. Value of word band In text, band is a number of persons; that it has a headman that its member are mostly relative of the headman, that is a group of something. Hence value assigning is not just restricted to literary but also non-literary discourse. Value is bit specific while significance is general. There is a possibility that if the value of given word become popular/common then it becomes significance.

Patterning: Patterning characterizes the literary work as separate and self-contained wholes. There are two types of patterning 1. Phonological patterning 2. Syntactic patterning 3. Semantic patterning

Phonological patterning: brings different sounds together. The main objective of poet fo using phonological patterning is to highlight the theme, though if he does not use it theme remains same. We can find example in few verses from Tennyson in Memoriam He is not here, but far away The noise of life begins again, And ghastly thro the drizzling rain On the bald streets breaks the blank day. Here we have a piece of discourse which has the syntactic form of a compound sentence but which is organized phonologically in a way which is not required by the language code. It is divided into metrical lines and arranged into a rhyme scheme. The last line contains only monosyllabic words and these words are arranged as to create a pattern of alliteration and a metrical line whose rhythm contrasts with those which precede. These words have grasped the attention of reader. Bald means without, breaks means disintegration and blank means emptiness. Hence only theme but structure also highlights destruction and integration. Juxtaposition: putting two things together, they may be contrast or similar is called juxtaposition e.g The apparition of these faces in the crowd; petal on a wet black bough. Here faces and petals. Syntactic patterning:
Syntactic patterning is a specific sequence of structures.

Of using a different syntactic pattern word are given different values Syntactic patterning: when you bring different elements close together in order to contribute the central idea or theme of literary work, it is called syntactic patterning. [The moungain rose; the high places of Dravardia] [The gods, took their seats; (they) contrived the river] Supernatural and natural are two different phenomenon These phenomenon are brought together and interlinked

 This connection contributes to the central ideas of novel.

It is called syntactic patterning. [Muslims religion + Hindu religion + geographical facts] = Theme of the novel that is India is a muddle, confusion.
The amalgamation of different things create. synonyms[flight, guard ,life] [hate, love, death]antonyms

the poet has created a balance by using antonyms of different synonyms the end result of the mixture of synonyms and antonyms is zero The poet has given the same theme of the poem that the life of an army man ends up with nothing. Semantic patterning: When you give meaning in pieces of words and all of them individually contributes the theme.
Each word has its own significance in the theme of the literary work

There way a crow Shook down on me The dust of snow From a hemlock tree
All the words in the stanza have their own value and signification.

Crow, snow, hemlock tree are associated to death Crow can be recognized as a black frocked priest. That priest is spreading snow on coffin Hemlock tree can b recognized as a burial ceremony Bye interlinking meaning of each word, one can say that the poet is presenting the picture of a burial ceremony and a black forested priest is spreading snow on the coffin.