Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse

effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Body mass index (BMI), a measurement which compares weight and height, defines people as overweight (pre-obese) if their BMI is between 25 and 30 kg/m2, and obese when it is greater than 30 kg/m2. Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.[2] Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food energy intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility, although a few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications or psychiatric illness. Evidence to support the view that some obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is limited; on average obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their thin counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass.[4][5] Dieting and physical exercise are the mainstays of treatment for obesity. Moreover, it is important to improve diet quality by reducing the consumption of energy-dense foods such as those high in fat and sugars, and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber. To supplement this, or in case of failure, anti-obesity drugs may be taken to reduce appetite or inhibit fat absorption. In severe cases, surgery is performed or an intragastric balloon is placed to reduce stomach volume and/or bowel length, leading to earlier satiation and reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food.[6][7] Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing prevalence in adults and children, and authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century.[8] Obesity is stigmatized in much of the modern world (particularly in the Western world), though it was widely perceived as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history, and still is in some parts of the world.[2][9] Classification Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health.[1] It is defined by body mass index (BMI) and further evaluated in terms of fat distribution via the waisthip ratio and total cardiovascular risk factors.[10][11] BMI is closely related to both percentage body fat and total body fat.[12]

A "super obese" male with a BMI of 47 kg/m2: weight 146 kg (322 lb), height 177 cm (5 ft 10 in)

In children, a healthy weight varies with age and sex. Obesity in children and adolescents is defined not as an absolute number, but in relation to a historical normal group, such that obesity is a BMI greater than the 95th percentile.[13] The reference data on which these percentiles were based date from 1963 to 1994, and thus have not been affected by the recent increases in weight.[14] BMI < 18.5 18.524.9 25.029.9 30.034.9 35.039.9 40.0 Classification underweight normal weight overweight class I obesity class II obesity class III obesity

BMI is calculated by dividing the subject's mass by the square of his or her height, typically expressed either in metric or US "customary" units: Metric: US customary and imperial: where is the subject's weight in pounds and is the subject's height in inches.

The most commonly used definitions, established by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1997 and published in 2000. Some modifications to the WHO definitions have been made by particular bodies. The surgical literature breaks down "class III" obesity into further categories whose exact values are still disputed.[15]

Any BMI 35 or 40 is severe obesity A BMI of 35 or 4044.9 or 49.9 is morbid obesity A BMI of 45 or 50 is super obesity

As Asian populations develop negative health consequences at a lower BMI than Caucasians, some nations have redefined obesity; the Japanese have defined obesity as any BMI greater than 25[16] while China uses a BMI of greater than 28.[17]

Effects on health
Excessive body weight is associated with various diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus type 2, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.[2] As a result, obesity has been found to reduce life expectancy.[2]

Obesitas adalah kondisi medis di mana kelebihan lemak tubuh telah mengumpulkan sejauh bahwa hal itu mungkin karena efek buruk pada kesehatan, menyebabkan mengurangi harapan hidup dan / atau masalah kesehatan yang meningkat. [1] [2] Indeks massa tubuh (BMI), pengukuran yang membandingkan berat badan dan tinggi badan, mendefinisikan orang sebagai kelebihan berat badan (pra-obesitas) jika BMI adalah antara 25 dan 30 kg / m 2, dan obesitas bila lebih besar dari 30 kg / m 2. [3] Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases , particularly heart disease , type 2 diabetes , obstructive sleep apnea , certain types of cancer , and osteoarthritis . [ 2 ] Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food energy intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility , although a few cases are caused primarily by genes , endocrine disorders, medications or psychiatric illness . Obesitas meningkatkan kemungkinan berbagai penyakit , terutama penyakit jantung , diabetes tipe 2 , apnea tidur obstruktif , beberapa jenis kanker , dan osteoartritis . [2] Obesitas paling sering disebabkan oleh kombinasi berlebihan energi makanan asupan, kurangnya aktivitas fisik, dan kerentanan genetik , meskipun beberapa kasus terutama disebabkan oleh gen , endokrin gangguan, obat atau penyakit jiwa . Evidence to support the view that some obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is limited; on average obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their thin counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Bukti yang mendukung pandangan bahwa beberapa orang gemuk makan sedikit namun mendapatkan berat badan karena metabolisme yang lambat terbatas; pada orang gemuk rata memiliki pengeluaran energi yang lebih besar daripada rekan-rekan tipis mereka karena energi yang dibutuhkan untuk mempertahankan massa tubuh meningkat. [4] [5] Dieting and physical exercise are the mainstays of treatment for obesity. Diet dan latihan fisik adalah andalan pengobatan untuk obesitas. Moreover, it is important to improve diet quality by reducing the consumption of energy-dense foods such as those high in fat and sugars, and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber . Selain itu, penting untuk meningkatkan kualitas diet dengan mengurangi konsumsi makanan padat energi seperti yang tinggi lemak dan gula, dan dengan meningkatkan asupan serat makanan . To supplement this, or in case of failure, anti-obesity drugs may be taken to reduce appetite or inhibit fat absorption. Untuk melengkapi ini, atau jika terjadi kegagalan, obat anti-obesitas dapat diambil untuk mengurangi nafsu makan atau menghambat penyerapan lemak. In severe cases, surgery is performed or an intragastric balloon is placed to reduce stomach volume and/or bowel length, leading to earlier satiation and reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Pada kasus berat, pembedahan dilakukan atau balon intragastrik ditempatkan untuk mengurangi volume lambung dan / atau panjang usus, yang menyebabkan kejenuhan sebelumnya dan mengurangi kemampuan untuk menyerap nutrisi dari makanan. [6] [7] Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing prevalence in adults and children , and authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. [ 8 ] Obesity is stigmatized in much of the modern world (particularly in the Western world ), though it was widely perceived as a symbol of wealth

and fertility at other times in history, and still is in some parts of the world. [ 2 ] [ 9 ] Obesitas adalah terkemuka penyebab kematian yang dapat dicegah di seluruh dunia, dengan peningkatan prevalensi pada orang dewasa dan anak-anak , dan pemerintah melihatnya sebagai salah satu yang paling serius kesehatan masyarakat masalah di abad 21. [8] Obesitas stigma di sebagian besar dunia modern (terutama di dunia Barat ), meskipun secara luas dianggap sebagai simbol kekayaan dan kesuburan pada waktu lain dalam sejarah, dan masih di beberapa bagian dunia. [2] [9]

Classification Klasifikasi
Main article: Classification of obesity Artikel utama: Klasifikasi obesitas Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health. [ 1 ] It is defined by body mass index (BMI) and further evaluated in terms of fat distribution via the waisthip ratio and total cardiovascular risk factors. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] BMI is closely related to both percentage body fat and total body fat. [ 12
]

Obesitas adalah kondisi medis di mana kelebihan lemak tubuh telah mengumpulkan sejauh bahwa hal itu mungkin karena efek buruk pada kesehatan. [1] Hal ini didefinisikan oleh indeks massa tubuh (BMI) dan dievaluasi lebih lanjut dalam hal distribusi lemak melalui lingkar pinggang- pinggul rasio dan total faktor risiko kardiovaskular. [10] [11] BMI terkait erat dengan kedua persentase lemak tubuh dan lemak tubuh total. [12]

A "super obese" male with a BMI of 47 kg/m 2 : weight 146 kg (322 lb), height 177 cm (5 ft 10 in) Sebuah "obesitas super" laki-laki dengan BMI 47 kg / m 2: berat 146 kg (322 lb), tinggi 177 cm (5 ft 10 in) In children, a healthy weight varies with age and sex. Pada anak-anak, berat badan yang sehat bervariasi dengan usia dan jenis kelamin. Obesity in children and adolescents is defined not as an absolute number, but in relation to a historical normal group, such that obesity is a BMI greater than the 95th percentile . [ 13 ] The reference data on which these percentiles were based date from 1963 to 1994, and thus have not been affected by the recent increases in weight. [ 14 ] Obesitas pada anak dan remaja didefinisikan bukan sebagai angka absolut, tetapi dalam hubungannya dengan kelompok normal sejarah, seperti obesitas yang lebih besar BMI dari 95 persentil . [13] Data referensi yang ini persentil didasarkan tanggal dari tahun 1963 sampai 1994, dan dengan demikian tidak terpengaruh oleh kenaikan ini berat badan. [14]

BMI BMI < 18.5 <18,5 18.524.9 18.5-24.9 25.029.9 25.0-29.9 30.034.9 30.0-34.9 35.039.9 35.0-39.9 40.0 40,0

Classification Klasifikasi underweight kurus normal weight berat badan normal overweight kegemukan class I obesity kelas I obesitas class II obesity kelas II obesitas class III obesity kelas III obesitas

BMI is calculated by dividing the subject's mass by the square of his or her height, typically expressed either in metric or US "customary" units: BMI dihitung dengan membagi massa subjek dengan kuadrat tinggi badan nya, biasanya dinyatakan baik dalam metrik atau AS "adat" unit: Metric: Metric: US customary and imperial : Adat AS dan kekaisaran : where dimana is the subject's weight in pounds and adalah berat badan subyek dalam pound dan is the subject's height in inches. adalah ketinggian subjek dalam inci. The most commonly used definitions, established by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1997 and published in 2000, provide the values listed in the table at right. [ 3 ] Definisi paling umum digunakan, yang ditetapkan oleh Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) pada tahun 1997 dan diterbitkan pada tahun 2000, memberikan nilai-nilai tercantum dalam tabel di sebelah kanan. [3] Some modifications to the WHO definitions have been made by particular bodies. Beberapa modifikasi pada definisi WHO telah dibuat oleh badan-badan tertentu. The surgical literature breaks down "class III" obesity into further categories whose exact values are still disputed. [ 15 ] Literatur bedah rusak "kelas III" obesitas lebih lanjut ke dalam kategori yang tepat nilai-nilai masih diperdebatkan. [15]

Any BMI 35 or 40 is severe obesity Setiap BMI 35 atau 40 adalah obesitas berat A BMI of 35 or 4044.9 or 49.9 is morbid obesity Sebuah BMI 35 atau 40-44,9 atau 49,9 adalah obesitas morbid A BMI of 45 or 50 is super obesity Sebuah BMI 45 atau 50 adalah obesitas Super

As Asian populations develop negative health consequences at a lower BMI than Caucasians, some nations have redefined obesity; the Japanese have defined obesity as any BMI greater than 25 [ 16 ] while China uses a BMI of greater than 28. [ 17 ] Sebagai populasi Asia mengembangkan konsekuensi kesehatan negatif pada BMI lebih rendah dari bule, beberapa negara telah didefinisikan ulang obesitas; Jepang telah mendefinisikan obesitas sebagai setiap BMI lebih besar dari 25 [16] sementara Cina menggunakan BMI lebih besar dari 28. [17]

Effects on health Pengaruh terhadap kesehatan

Excessive body weight is associated with various diseases , particularly cardiovascular diseases , diabetes mellitus type 2 , obstructive sleep apnea , certain types of cancer , and osteoarthritis . [ 2 ] As a result, obesity has been found to reduce life expectancy . [ 2 ] Tubuh yang berlebihan berat badan dikaitkan dengan berbagai penyakit , terutama penyakit kardiovaskular , diabetes mellitus tipe 2 , apnea tidur obstruktif , beberapa jenis kanker , dan osteoartritis . [2] Akibatnya, obesitas telah ditemukan untuk mengurangi harapan hidup .
[2]