ELEC3302 DC LAB 2

AIM: This laboratory was designed to allow us to analyze the behavior and properties of Digital Communication. These properties and behaviors will be investigated through the use of a digital signal generator, modulator and a demodulator. These instruments along with an oscilloscope and a spectrum analyzer can be used to demonstrate vital properties such as Pseudo Random Noise effects upon a digital signal. For a full list of equipment and procedure please refer to pages 18 19 of the ELEC3302 laboratory 2 manual.

[PRN and Spectrum of Baseband Binary Signals] METHADOLOGY: In this part of the lab some properties of Pseudo-Random Noise (PRN) will be investigated with the use of a frequency spectrum analyzer. Different situations such as changing the produced PRN signal from polar to unipolar will be investigated, and compared to that of a rectangular waveform. The following setup was used:

RESULTS: a) The period of a 10 kHz PRN signal is .

For a square wave, one measured wavelength is a sequence of 1 and then a 0. But since technically the wave can take the value of 1 OR 0, and not specifically in that order, the period would be that of just a 1 or a 0. This means that the actual frequency is double the measured frequency

The effect the period of a PRN signal has on its bandwidth is that a signal that is period should exhibit discrete lines on the spectra. But since the spectrum is sampled at 1/T, it takes a fairly long time for an accurate estimate of the spectra to be displayed on the spectrum analyzer. Since the rectangular wave is also periodic, it should also have a discrete line spectra as the PRN signal should. b) From the spectrum observed for a polar PRN signal, it is evident there are no discrete lines which theory would suggest. This is because the spectra analyzer cannot sample the PRN signal correctly due to its high period. This results in the spectrum appearing to be semi-random, and to be a continuous Sinc function.

Picture [Unipolar PRN signal spectrum]

Picture [Polar PRN signal spectrum]

c) As a unipolar signal is a polar signal with a DC offset of half the peak-to-peak voltage, so we expect there to be a dc component in the spectrum. This is not observed since the spectrum analyzer cannot display DC offsets due to the capacitor from Fig 3. Page 5 in the lab notes. So when analyzing the two spectrums found above, no big differences can be seen between the two obtained graphs.

[Binary Amplitude Shift Keying] METHADOLOGY: In this part of the lab, an Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) signal will be modulated with a unipolar rectangular signal and the resulting waveform will be observed. The spectrum will also be obtained and correlated with theoretical results. This will also be compared with modulating the AFK signal with a unipolar signal. An AFK signal will then be modulated with a unipolar signal, sent through a Phased locked loop demodulator and the resulting demodulated signal will be observed. The following setup was used for this section of the lab:

RESULTS: a)

[Square wave modulated Sinusoidal Signal] The Spectra obtained was:

[Square wave modulated Sinusoidal Signal Spectra] From the spectrum obtained, it can be seen the spectrum appears to take the shape of a Sinc-function shifted by [ ] left and right. Point Frequency kHz Voltage mV Power (W)

A 3 32.36 209.43 B 103 19.52 7.62 From the spectrum, the voltage was measured for the carrier and its first sideband.

The power in the table was calculated with the knowledge that the spectrum analyzer is seen as a 50ohm resistor. From theory: For a Binary amplitude Shift Key signal, the power spectrum is: ( ) ( ( ) ( ))

The baseband Power spectrum can be found to be: ( ) The power in the carrier: ( ) Since and ( ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) we can ignore the first term ( ( ))

Across the 50-Ohm resistor: ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) )

( )

( )) , ( ( ) ) )

The power in the First Sideband: ( ( ) ) ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ( ( ( ( ( )) ) )) )

b)

[Binary Phase Shift Keying] METHADOLOGY: In this section of the laboratory we will generate a Phase Shift Keying signal and investigate the signals waveform when modulating a sinusoidal signal with a binary signal. The important parts to investigate are its waveform in relation to logic 0 and logic 1. Again another part of investigation will be changing the modulating signal from polar to unipolar and observing the resulting waveform. The spectrum of generated waves will also be observed and then related to its corresponding theoretical results. A modulated BPSK signal will then be demodulated using a COSTAS PLL demodulating loop. It can at this point be seen if the demodulation of the wave is successful or not. The following setup was used in this part of the lab.

And a COSTAS PLL demodulating loop was used according to this diagram:

RESULTS: a) From the osciloscope, the following signals were observed: A phase-shift can be seen from the obtained graphs, with left part of the grpah being for logic 1, and the right part for logic 0. It can be said that for logic 1 a zero degree phase shift is observed, and for logic 0 a 180 degree shift is seen.

b) The following spectrums were obtained:

[Spectrum of 10 kHz POLAR PRN signal] The spectrum obtained is the same as for the Amplitude Shift key signal, since a Binary Polar Shift key signal is essentially the same as a ASK signal, but without the carrier. This gives identical spectrums when comparing the two. c) When demodulating the signal, the following waveform is observed: This waveform shows that demodulation was successful to a certain extent. Some basic shape was lost during the demodulation process, but the correct frequency and amplitude were identical which makes it a viable demodulation method for polar rectangular signals.

[Demodulated Square wave with fn=100]