CO2 - Transport, Dispersion and Noise Analysis

CO2 Transport, Dispersion and Noise Analysis
Use of OLGA as basis for evaluation of design and operation of CO2 pipeline from Krst to Utsira/Sleipner A Oddmund Kvernvold, Dunja Sultanovic 21.10.2009.
Content
Concept of storage and injection of CO2 from Krst (and Mongstad) System data and operational requirements Objectives Scope Flow analysis with OLGA CO2 code Case example Blow down of pipeline from Krst to Utsira Consequence modelling/impact on third party
- Dispersion of CO2 from venting and rupture - Noise analysis from venting
OLGA CO2 code

- Further development?
Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved
17 November 2009
Slide 2
Concept of Storage of CO2

CO2 to be stored in reservoirs below sea floor Transport from shore/plant in pipelines to subsea templates Distance from shore/plant to subsea template may be several hundred kilometers CO2 injected into reservoir in dedicated wells Technology for production of oil/gas is applicable
Plant/CO2 source
Impermeable soil/rock
Reservoir
17 November 2009
Slide 3
Alternative Storage Solutions

Pipeline from Krst to subsea templates and storage in the reservoirs at either the Utsira or Johansen formation Pipeline from Mongstad to subsea templates and storage in the reservoirs at either the Utsira or Johansen formation Via Sleipner platform
Plant/CO2 source
Impermeable soil/rock Reservoir
17 November 2009
Slide 4
Operational Envelop/Requirements
System to be operated in liquid/dense phase to minimise pipeline diameter and to increase operational stability Density of CO2 liquid and gas crossing the boiling point will vary by a factor of 10 In case operational envelop crosses boiling point large pressure fluctuations/slug flow/instabilities will occur
Phase diagram CO2 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Liquid/dense phase Solid Tripple point Gas Critical point
Pressure (bara)
OLGA CO2
-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10
10 20
30
40 50
60
Temperature (DegC)
17 November 2009
Slide 5
Some Key System Data

12 pipeline
- Krst Utsira - Krst Sleipner A 230km 244km
Water depth
- Utsira - Sleipner A 74m 81m
7 (6.1 ID) monobore well Vent line

TVD from wellhead (m)
Well profile - Utsira template
- Dimension - Vent valve/orifice
6 5
0 -200 -400 -600 -800 -1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Horizontal distance (m)
Reservoir conditions
- Pressure - Temperature - Injjectivity idex 100bar 37oC high
Downhole choke
17 November 2009
Slide 6
Pipeline/Well Profiles Utsira Formation

K rst to Utsira
100 0 -100 Elevation (m) -200
Horizontal well - Utsira formation

0 -200
-300 -400 -500 -600 0 50 100 KP (k m ) 150 200 250
-400 D ep th (m ) -600 -800 -1000 -1200 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Horizontal deviation (m)
Mongstad to Utsira
100 0 Elevation (m) -100 -200 -300 -400 -500 -600 0 50 100 150 200 KP (km )
Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved 17 November 2009
250
300
350
400
Slide 7
(2008) Challenges of CO2

The properties and behaviour of dense phase carbon dioxide when released are not fully understood Dense phase CO2 computer models, methodologies and modelling skills are not tested or validated The number and scale of the CO2 engineering challenges are not adequately understood The hazards to people from acute exposure to CO2 are not widely understood
17 November 2009
Slide 8
Engineering Chalanges
Solid CO2 build up during release
Solid CO2 erosion of impacted objects
Blowdown of large dense phase inventories
Heat transfer correlations for system design
Accurate measurement of dense phase CO2 flow
17 November 2009
Slide 9
Design Case (7 well) Pressure

Krst and Mongstad to Utsira formation Sensitivity 2 + Sensitivity 2
400 350 Pressure (bara) 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 200 Lenght (km) 300 400 Krst Mongstad - 14" Mongstad 16" Krst - 12" Well 7" horizontal Mongstad
17 November 2009
Slide 10
Design Case - Well

Well 7" horizontal - Utsira formation Senitivity 2 + Sensitivity 2
200.0 175.0 Pressure (bara) 150.0 125.0 100.0 75.0 50.0 25.0 0.0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Lenght along well (m)
17 November 2009
Slide 11
Design case (7 well) Temperature

Krst and Mongstad to Utsira formation Sensitivity 2 + Sensitivity 2
50 Mongstad Pressure (bara) 40 30 20 10 0 0 100 200 Lenght (km) 300 400 Mongstad - 14" Krst - 12" Well 7" horizontal Krst
17 November 2009
Slide 12
CO2 Pipeline Blowdown
Mongstad Utsira/Johansen
Krst
17 November 2009
Slide 13
Blowdown Simulation Challenges

Simulation of blow down from a large volume CO2 in dense phase:
Blow down rate Sizing of vent stack and vent orifice
Low temperature of released CO2

CO2 may be released in solid phase and/or gas at low temperature
Engineering challenges
Sublimation of CO2 in jet - heat from entrained air in jet depends on air temperature, humidity, wind, sun Disposal of solid CO2 at the ground and subsequent sublimation due to heat radiation from the sun and heat transfer from air Solid CO2 formed/blocking vent stack/vent orifice Low temperature in pipeline resulting in: Solid formation Ice outside pipe Damage of insulation Loss of buoyancy Ductile failure
Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved 17 November 2009 Slide 14
Liquid Release
Solid + Gas are formed if liquid CO2 is released Solid deposit on the ground Condensed vapour clouds can be seen as -78C gas is being released Solid sublimation
17 November 2009
Slide 15
Shortcomings for Software - OLGA

OLGA commercial code
- Developed for analysis of multi component systems - Gets problems for single component systems and operation close to the boiling curve - Applicable in dense phase and in gas phase - Is not able to predict solid formation
OLGA new module not commercial

- Is able to treat single component CO2 systems - Still not able to predict solid formation, but solid formation can be assessed from temperature results - SPT group has been contracted to perform the blow down simulations
Example: Blowdown from CO2 Pipeline

Pipeline operated at typically 220bar Shut down of pipeline Starting blow 30minutes after shut down
Blow down from a CO2 pipeline Venting to atmosphere
Open to flare
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
Pipeline shut down
Pressure (bara)
3 Time (hours)
17 November 2009
Slide 17
Blowdown Rate
250 Blow down rates (kg/s) 200 150 100 50 0 -50 0 1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6
17 November 2009
Slide 18
Temperature
100 Temperature (DegC) 75 50 25 0 -25 0 -50 -75 -100 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pipeline Atmosphere
Solids
Time (hours)
17 November 2009
Slide 19
Blowdown Analysis New OLGA Module

Pipeline from Krst to Utsira Base case injection requirements Scope
Steady state Shut down Blow down of onshore part of pipeline Blow down of full pipeline
- Shut down of pump and production to reservoir until equilibrium - Blow down of onshore part of pipeline - Blow down of full pipeline
17 November 2009
Slide 20
Pressure, Temperature and Holdup in Krst Pipeline
Keep in mind that the holdup in the dense phase region is a purely numerical property
17 November 2009
Slide 21 21
Pressure, Temperature and Holdup in Well
17 November 2009
Slide 22 22
New OLGA Functionality

The new OLGA code has demonstrated to be able to handle single component CO2 flow at both steady state and transient operational conditions. It has been demonstrated that blow down of the total pipeline and the onshore part of the pipeline is feasible provided the blow down is performed nice and slowly. The minimum temperature in the pipeline can be controlled by utilising a blow down valve with a controller regulating opening size. The time to fully depressurise the 10 pipeline from Krst to Utsira has been estimated to be in the order 8-10days dependent on the selected blow down philosophy. Controlling the opening of the vent valve may also be applied to reduce the formation of solid CO2 released to the atmosphere. The pipeline topography has been found to have significant impact on the blow down characteristics.
New Functionality Transient Simulations Blowdown of full pipeline Temperature controllers

Case description Simultaneous closure of offshore and onshore valves Closure time: Cool down: Maximum vent size: Vent opening time: Set point for temperature controller 1minute 24hours 102mm (modelled as a leak) 3minutes -40oC
17 November 2009
Slide 24
1Day After Initiation of Blowdown
17 November 2009
Slide 25 25
2 Days After Initiation of Blowdown
17 November 2009
Slide 26 26
Blowdown 5.5 Days After Initiation of Blow down
17 November 2009
Slide 27 27
Hydraulic, Dispersion and Noise Analysis (2009) - Objectives
Basis for the pre- engineering of the pipeline and vent/dispersion system at Krst Procedure for first-fill, re-start and depressurisation at Krst Operational aspects of the pipeline related to normal and incidental operations Impact of CO2 on third party during pipeline blow down and pipeline failure Noise generation during normal operation and blow down operation and assess impact on third party
17 November 2009
Slide 28
Scope Hydraulic Analysis

First fill from empty pipe Steady state operation/capacity Settle out Restart from settled out conditions Line unpacking Line packing Water hammer Blow down Rupture All OLGA simulations have been subcontracted to SPT Group DNV did verification of results generated using the new functionality
Krst Utsira OLGA Model
Case example
- Blow down of full pipeline from Krst to Utsira template - Blow down start from settle out conditions - Vent valve opening - 30% (5 vent valve) for first 12hours - 20% for next 3days - 100% for remaining of the blow down period
Pressure, Temperature and Holdup Along Pipeline During Blowdown
8days 6days
Holdup Temperature Pressure Pipeline
12hours 1day Steady state 2days
17 November 2009
Slide 31
Blowdown Duration and Rate

Maximum blow down rate Liquid/solid Duration of blow down 116kg/s 1.5days 10-11days
Vent rate
Pressure and temperature upstream and downstream vent
Discharging a mixture of CO2 gas and solid
17 November 2009
Slide 32
Consequence Modelling
Results from OLGA simulations used as input to
- Dispersion modelling impact on third party - Noise modelling impact on third party - Input to risk analysis
17 November 2009
Slide 33
Dispersion of CO2 from Blowdown

High velocity jets May include some fraction of CO2 in solid form in the jet Uncertainties
Analysis of gas jets with solids Sublimation in jet Solid drop out and accumulation at ground Subsea releases formation of solid CO2 Work is ongoing to develop a code which may handle also solid behaviour in jet Combine results from OLGA with Phast
17 November 2009 Slide 34
PHAST new generation

-
Dispersion of CO2 from Blowdown - CFX

ANSYS CFX is a high performance, general purpose CFD program that has been applied to solve wide-ranging fluid flow problems for over 20 years Takes into account:
- effect of the terrain - any combination of release and wind direction - effect of air humidity - solid CO2 - atmospheric boundary layer (Pasquill stability classes)
The grey cloud is the 0.5vol% CO2 cloud.
Uncertainties
- analysis of gas jets with solids - sublimation in jet - solid drop out and accumulation at ground - subsea releases formation of solid CO2
CFX-4. Wind 10 m/s, Stability Class D.
The dark grey cloud is the 5vol% CO2 cloud, the light grey is the 0.5vol% CO2 cloud.
17 November 2009
Slide 36
Hearing Damage Risk

Acute hearing damage risk close to the source
- noise levels in the range 115 dB(A) to 135 dB(A) are expected close to source (red circle =100m), good hearing protection required.
Hearing damage risk reduces with distance from source.

- Outside yellow circle (500m) hearing damage risk is low and will not require hearing protection.
Hearing protection required
17 November 2009
Slide 37
Introduction of Sound Barriers

As the noise generated by a blow down might pose a problem, it was decided to investigate the effect noise barriers would have on the dispersion pattern.
New flatbuilt area
CO2 cloud
Vent with release Barriers
Sea
17 November 2009
Slide 38
Effect of Barriers With Tailwind
Weather: D10
Weather: F3
17 November 2009
Slide 39
CFX-1 F3 - Headwind. Release Rate 53 kg/s, Solid Fraction 0.4, Expanded Temperature -78oC.
17 November 2009
Slide 40
Dispersion of CO2 from Blowdown - PHAST

High velocity jets May include some fraction of CO2 in solid form in the jet Uncertainties
Analysis of gas jets with solids Sublimation in jet Solid drop out and accumulation at ground Subsea releases formation of solid CO2 Work is ongoing to develop a code which also handles solid behaviour in jet Combine results from OLGA with Phast
17 November 2009 Slide 41
PHAST new generation

-
Discharge and Dispersion

From Olga results
Vent upstream pressure Vent upstream temperature Vent upstream liquid fraction Mass flow rate
This is used as input to ATEX model in non-commercial version of PHAST to obtain solid fraction in expanded release Results from ATEX are used as input to
- UDM in PHAST (flat terrain) - CFX (real terrain or crosswind)
17 November 2009
Slide 42
Uncertainties in the Modelling of Solid CO2

When modelling the cases with solid CO2 PHAST assumes that the solids follow the cloud until sublimated. The solids are not modelled with size but rather treated as a very dense gas that influences the density and the heat needed to warm up the release. A similar assumption is made for the CFD simulations. Hence if very large particles were produced in the initial phase of the release with a potential for snow out neither PHAST nor the CFX simulations would be able to predict the dry ice falling out and separating from the gas cloud. The simulations of the cases with solid CO2 thus rely on the assumption that the solid CO2 is in the form of dust rather than lumps. The effects of this assumption is most likely conservative regarding the effect on the bulk cloud as it makes the CO2 cloud denser. If the dry ice is snowed out, the remaining cloud would be lighter and heat faster. There are limited/none available data from experiments with solid CO2 to validate the models. There are no data from experiments with large releases of CO2 hence there is uncertainty about the shape and size of the solid particles from large releases.
OLGA Single Component Module Experience and Additional Functionalities

Experience Found to be valuable tool with respect to an analysis of steady state and transient operations of single component (100% CO2) pipeline system. Additional functionalities Able to handle CO2 with impurities Able to predict solid formation both in pipeline and during blow down/leak calculations Able to predict water drop out hydrate/corrosion
17 November 2009
Slide 44
17 November 2009
Slide 45
CO2 Characteristics
Mol weight Critical point Triple point Sublimation temperature at 1bara Latent heat of sublimation Density of dry ice Latent heat of evaporation
Phase diagram CO2 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
44kg/kmol 31oC and 73.3bara -56oC and 5.2bara -78.5oC 570kJ/kg 1200-1600kg/m3 285kJ/kg
Liquid/dense phase Solid Tripple point Gas Critical point CO2
P ressu re (b ara)
-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature (DegC)
17 November 2009
Slide 46

CO2 - Transport, Dispersion and Noise Analysis

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Deskripsi Asli:

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

CO2 - Transport, Dispersion and Noise Analysis

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

CO2 Transport, Dispersion and Noise Analysis

OLGA CO2 code

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

Concept of Storage of CO2

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

Alternative Storage Solutions

Impermeable soil/rock Reservoir

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

Liquid/dense phase Solid Tripple point Gas Critical point

-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

Some Key System Data

7 (6.1 ID) monobore well Vent line

Well profile - Utsira template

- Dimension - Vent valve/orifice

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

Pipeline/Well Profiles Utsira Formation

Horizontal well - Utsira formation

-300 -400 -500 -600 0 50 100 KP (k m ) 150 200 250

(2008) Challenges of CO2

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

Solid CO2 erosion of impacted objects

Blowdown of large dense phase inventories

Heat transfer correlations for system design

Accurate measurement of dense phase CO2 flow

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

Design Case (7 well) Pressure

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

Design Case - Well

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

Design case (7 well) Temperature

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

CO2 Pipeline Blowdown

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

Blowdown Simulation Challenges

Low temperature of released CO2

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

Shortcomings for Software - OLGA

OLGA new module not commercial

Example: Blowdown from CO2 Pipeline

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Pipeline shut down

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

Blowdown Analysis New OLGA Module

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

Pressure, Temperature and Holdup in Krst Pipeline

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

Pressure, Temperature and Holdup in Well

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

New OLGA Functionality

New Functionality Transient Simulations Blowdown of full pipeline Temperature controllers

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

1Day After Initiation of Blowdown

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

2 Days After Initiation of Blowdown

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

Blowdown 5.5 Days After Initiation of Blow down

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved

Hydraulic, Dispersion and Noise Analysis (2009) - Objectives

Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved