PERIODIC TABLE AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE Periodic Table- systematic classification of elements based on properties of the elements Early

classification Metals- luster Malleable, ductile Good conductors of heat and electricity Dobereiner Triads- common properties E.g. Cl Br I All are non metals React with water to form Acids whose formulas are Similar HCl HBr HI Mendeleev Table with columns and rows

Columns (Families)- common properties Rows (Periods)- show periodicity of properties (repetition of properties after a regular interval)

Non metals- dull Brittle Good insulators of heat and electricity

IA H1

IIA

IIIA

IVA

VA

VIA

VIIA

VIIIA He

Li3

Na11 Mg12 22.9 24.03 K19

Al13 SI14 26.9 28.

P15 S16 Cl17 30.9 32.02 35.45

Te 127

I 126

Na- solid, reacts violently with water to form a strong base

Na + H2O

NaOH + H2

Mg- solid, reacts less readily with water to form a weak base

Mg

O2

MgO

MgO

H 2O

Mg(O H)

Al, Si, P, S- properties of these elements will continue to change at a regular sequence Cl- gas instead of a solid, reacts with water to form an acid instead of a base

Mendeleevs Periodic Law- When elements are arranged in the order that closely approximates their atomic masses, they exhibit periodicity of properties Modern Periodic Law- When elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic number, they exhibit periodicity of properties after a regular interval .(sp pattern of electron distribution- law of octaves)
s s p s p s d p s d p s f d p s f d p

periodicity of properties

GENERALIZATIONS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

1. For both A and B Families Period Number= gives the number of the outermost energy level ( called valence shell) 2. For A Families only Group Number= gives the number of valence electrons 3. For B Families only Group Number= gives the number of valence electrons and electrons found in the orbital filling with them 4. Elements of Group VIIIA are chemically stable Ns2np6 configuration = Octet Rule : all electrons in the valence shell are paired with opposite spin Ns2 Rule of 2 = electrons are also pair and of opposite spin 5. Elements can attain stability ,thru the use of low energy to attain the stability either by a. Losing electrons b. Gaining electrons c. Sharing electrons

IA IIA IIIA IVA

1 valence e 2 valence es 3 valence es 4 valence es

Lost 1 e Lost 2 e Lost 3 e Share the es

VA VIA VIIA

5 valence es 6 valence es 7 valence es

Gain 3 es Gain 2 es Gain 1 e

+1 ion +2 ion +3 ion Electropositive and or electronegative -3 ion -2 ion -1 ion

cation cation cation

Anion Anion anion

TRENDS IN THE PERIODIC PROPERTIES

PROPERTY Atomic size Ionization energy Electron affinity Metallic property Non- metallic property electronegativity

LEFT TO RIGHT : PERIOD decreases increases increases decreases increases increases

TOP TO BOTTOM : GROUP increases decreases decreases increases Decreases decreases

Ionization energy- amount of energy needed (ENDOTHERMIC c ) to allow the lost of an outermost electron which is equal to the amount of energy to be released ( EXOTHERMIC) when the electron is gained back ( electron affinity) IE = EA Metallic property= property which describes the tendency of an atom to lose its electrons

Electrons loosely held; easily lost electrons tightly held; easily gained not easily lost Non metallic property= property which describes the tendency of an atom to hold its electrons and or to gain other electrons of other atoms.

Electronegativity = property which describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself in a compound
H 2.1 Cl 3.0