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Developing Developing Developing Enriching Writing Research Reading Vocabulary Skills

SA A U D SD

Results Section in Scientific Manuscripts

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Blogging Chatting Searching Sending Resources files

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WHERE TO START?
Writing a manuscript is not a linear process, not necessary to begin with the Abstract and Introduction and end with References. Start with Methods, then the Results, Discussion, etc. After completing, check and recheck your manuscripts

What to write in Results Section

Results are general statements that present the key results (data) of the research without interpreting their meaning, including results of statistical analyses (rejection or acceptance of the null and alternative hypothesis ) The information included is not the raw data, but the ones presented as text, illustrations(chart, graphs) and tables (these three forms may be used, but the same data should not be repeated in more than one form).

Guidelines in writing the Results Section

1. No need to include all the collected data during the research. Select and emphasize only important and relevant data that will answer the question or solve the problem raised in the Introduction section. 2. Exclude information properly belonging to other sections of the paper such as Materials and Methods, or Discussions (if Results and Discussions are separated). 3. Prevent repeating the legends for figures or the titles of tables in the text. 4. Explain in the text only those illustrations and tables whose significance is not obvious to the reader. Important features that are readily apparent from the illustrations and tables should be pointed out in the text. Thus, do not repeat the data presented in the illustrations and tables.

Guidelines in writing the Results Section

5. Make all text, illustrations, and tables are consistent one to another. Make sure that all numerical values in all every table agree with the figures or data presented in it. 6. Analyze your data by statistical methods, if appropriate. 7. Be honest. Do not omit data that do not support your hypothesis and conclusion or do not answer the research question. 8. A sentence should not begin with a numeral or symbol. A numeral or symbol beginning a sentence should be spelled out, or the sentence rewritten. 9. Use the past tense of verbs in the Results section, but use the present tense when referring to figures and tables.

Example: Collected Data (n= 54)

To see the students view on the importance of grammar in English learning and use, 46 of the fifth semester students of the English Teaching Study Program FKIP UKI were surveyed. The respondents were asked to indicate their agreement or disagreement to 14 statements on a 5-point Likert scale that ranged from strongly disagree, score 1, to strongly agree, score 5. The following table shows the responses for the first 4 statements.

Example: Collected Data (n= 54)

RESPONSES

No
1 2

STATEMENTS
Grammar plays an important role in the study of English. The knowledge of English grammar is indispensable for using the language to communicate. It is possible to speak English well without any grammatical knowledge It is possible to write English well without any grammatical knowledge

SA
38

A
13

N
0

D
3

SD
0

12

18

16

30

10

14

14

19

Processed & Tabulated Data (n= 54)

RESPONSES

No
1 2

STATEMENTS

Grammar plays an important role in the 38 (70) 13 (25) study of English. The knowledge of English grammar is indispensable for using the language to 4 (7) 12 (23) communicate. It is possible to speak English well without any grammatical knowledge It is possible to write English well without any grammatical knowledge 30 (56) 10 (18)

SA f (%)

A f (%)

N f (%)
0 (0) 4 (7)

D f (%)
3 (5)

SD f (%)
0 (0)

X
4.59

18 (33) 16 (30) 2.44

8 (16)

3 (5)

3 (5)

4.12

7 (13)

14 (26) 14 (26) 19 (35) 2.16

(Data description in words) (See next 4 slides)

Stating Data into Words (1)

No
1

STATEMENTS
Grammar plays an important role in the study of English.

SA f (%)

RESPONSES A N D f (%) f (%) f (%)

0 (0) 3 (5)

SD f (%)
0 (0)

X
4.59

38 (70) 13 (25)

The distribution of the respondents view (as shown in table 1 above) revealed that the students view on the importance of grammar in English learning and use was very high. The findings denoted that 70% of the respondents strongly agreed, 25% agreed; and only the rest 5% disagreed. The average obtained for this particular point is 4.59 on a scale from 1 to 5.

Stating Data into Words (2)

No
2

STATEMENTS
The knowledge of English grammar is indispensable for using the language to communicate.

SA f (%)
4 (7)

RESPONSES A N D f (%) f (%) f (%)

12 (23) 4 (7)

SD f (%)

18 (33) 16 (30) 2.44

The findings related to the students view on the importance of grammar in communication revealed that to 63% of the respondents viewed grammar does not play an important role in the use of English to communicate. Only 7% of them strongly agreed and 23% agreed that the knowledge of English grammar is indispensable for using the language to communicate. This is in line with the average of 4.12 (on a scale from 1 to 5) obtained from their affirmation to the possibility of speaking well in English without grammatical knowledge (see item 2 of table 1 above).

Stating Data into Words (3)

No
3

STATEMENTS
It is possible to speak English well without any grammatical knowledge

SA f (%)

RESPONSES A N D f (%) f (%) f (%)

8 (16) 3 (5)

SD f (%)
3 (5)

X
4.12

30 (56) 10 (18)

The findings related to the students view on the possibility of speaking well in English without grammatical knowledge. Seeing from the percentage of the responses given to this point, almost three-fourth (i.e. 74%) of the respondents strongly agreed and agreed, but only 10% strongly disagreed and disagreed (see item 3 of table 1). This is consistent with the previous item which revealed that 63% of the respondents viewed grammar does not play an important role in the use of English to communicate.

Stating Data into Words (4)

No
4

STATEMENTS
It is possible to write English well without any grammatical knowledge

SA f (%)
0

RESPONSES A N D f (%) f (%) f (%)

7 (13)

SD f (%)

14 (26) 14 (26) 19 (35) 2.16

The distribution of the respondents view on the possibility of writing well in English without mastering the grammar denoted that 61% of the respondents strongly disagreed and disagreed that it is possible to write well in English without mastering the grammar. Only 13% of them viewed it is possible to write well without mastering the grammar. This is strengthened by the low average, i.e. 2.16 obtained from this response.

(Edited)
No
1 2 3 4

Tabel 1: Students view on the Importance of Grammar in English Learning and Use

STATEMENTS
Grammar plays an important role in the study of English. The knowledge of English grammar is indispensable for using the language to communicate. It is possible to speak English well without any grammatical knowledge It is possible to write English well without any grammatical knowledge

SA f (%)
38 (70) 4 (7) 30 (56) 0

A f (%)
13 (25) 12 (23) 10 (18) 7 (13)

RESPONSES

N f (%)
0 (0) 4 (7)

D f (%)
3 (5)

SD f (%)
0 (0)

X
4.59

18 (33) 3 (5)

16 (30) 2.44 3 (5) 4.12

8 (16)

14 (26) 14 (26)

19 (35) 2.16

The distribution of the respondents view (as shown in item 1 of table 1 above) revealed that the students view on the importance of grammar in English learning and use was very high. The findings denoted that 70% of the respondents strongly agreed, 25% agreed; and only the rest 8% disagreed. The average obtained for this particular point is 4.59 on a scale from 1 to 5. The findings related to the students view on the importance of grammar in communication revealed that to 63% of the respondents viewed grammar does not play an important role in the use of English to communicate. Only 7% of them strongly agreed and 23% agreed that the knowledge of English grammar is indispensable for using the language to communicate. This is in line with the average of 4.12 (on a scale from 1 to 5) obtained from their affirmation to the possibility of speaking well in English without grammatical knowledge (see item 2 of table 1 above). The findings ..this response.

Exercise 1 A survey about religious life was conducted in USA in 2007. The 35,556 respondents were classified into four age-groups. First, those of 18-29 years old (4,242 persons); second, 30-49 years old (11,823 persons); third, 50-64 years old (10,484 persons); and fourth, 65 years old or more (8,146 persons). The responses obtained are presented in the table below. Use the data to write the results section of a scientific manuscript. You need to process the data before presenting them in words. No
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

STATEMENTS
Do you attend worship services at least once a week ? Do you read the Scripture at least once a week ? Do you pray every day? Do you think religion very important in your life? Do you really believe in Gods existence?

18-29 y.o. yes

1,340 1,145 2,036 1,908 2.714

30-49 y.o. yes

4,256 3,901 6,620 6,384 8,394

50-64 y.o. yes

4,193 3,879 6,395 6,185 7,653

65 y.o. yes
4,317 3,502 5,539 5,620 6,272

no
2,902 3,097 2,206 2,334 1,528

no
7,567 7,922 5,203 5,439 3,429

no
6,291 6,605 4,089 4,299 2,831

no
3,829 4,644 2,607 2,526 1,874

Exercise 2

Use the data to write the results section of a scientific manuscript. You need to process the data before presenting them in words. Instead of using tables, if you think its more suitable, you can present the data in graphs.
Table 1: Internet Users in Indonesia (in thousands) Year Number 2007 13,000 2008 20,000 2009 30,000 2010 40,400 2011 55,000

Table 2: Reasons for Using the Internet among Indonesians in April 2012 (n= 6,000) Reasons Entertainment E-mail Business Promotion Academic Others Business Research Shopping Number
2400 1680 900 420 300 180 120