Chemistry 101 Chapter 15 Notes

Solution a homogeneous mixture, a mixture that is uniform throughout. Types of solution table 15.1 page 451 Solvent The substance that is present in the largest amount Solute The other substances present

Brass a solid solid solution of copper and zinc

Carbonated water of solution of a gas in a liquid

Food coloring in water a liquid in liquid solution

Solubility of a solid in a liquid is the maximum amount of a solid that dissolves in a given amount of liquid at a given temperature. insoluble solid with a low solubility in a particular solvent soluble solids with greater solubility, there is always a solubility limit saturated when a solvent contains all the solute it can hold at a given temperature unsaturated when a solvent contains LESS than the amount of solute it can hold at a given temperature

concentrated relatively large amount of solute is dissolved in a solution dilute relatively small amount of solute is dissolved in a solution

LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE - The more similar solute and solvent are, the more likely that one will dissolve in the other. Like means alike in polarity nonpolars dissolve in nonpolars, and polars dissolve in polars.

WATER AS A SOLVENT ionic compounds When an ionic compound is added to water the water solvates the surface ions, pulling them away from the crystal array. (page 452) NaCl Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

covalent compounds covalent compounds dissolve in water if they can hydrogen bond with water, provided that the molecules are fairly small. To hydrogen bond with water the molecule must contain O, N, or F.

Covalent molecules that do not contain O, N, or F atoms are almost always insoluble in water. METHODS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

1. Mass Percent (weight percent) mass percent = (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 100 mass percent = (mass of solute / mass of solute + mass of solvent) x 100 examples 1. What is the mass percent of a solution that is composed of 25.0 g of NaCl in 100.0 g of water? mass of solution = 100.0 + 25 = 125g Mass percent = (25.0/125) x 100 = 20.0% 2. A 135g sample of seawater is evaporated to dryness, leaving 4.73 g of residue. Calculate the mass percent of the solute present in the original seawater. mass percent = (4.73/135) x 100 = 3.50% 3. Cows milk is 4.5% by mass lactose, C12H22O11. Calculate the mass of lactose present in 175 g of milk. 4.5% = (mass of solute / 175g) x 100 mass of solute = 7.9g 2. Molarity = number of moles solute in 1 liter of solution Molarity (M) = moles/liter Solution volume is total volume NOT the solvent volume examples a. If you dissolve 17.8g of NaCl in a final volume of 100.0 mL with water, what is the molarity? 17.8g (1 mole/58.44 g) = 0.305 moles 100.0 mL (1 liter/1000 mL) = 0.1000 L Molarity = moles/liter = 0.305 moles / 0.1000 liters = 3.05 M b. If a 0.300 M glucose solution is available for intravenous infusion, how many mL are needed to deliver 10.0g of glucose, C6H12O6? 10.0 g (1 mole / 18018 g) = 0.0555 moles

M = 0.0555 moles / ? mL 0.185 liters (1000 mL/1 liter) = 185 mL

3. DILUTIONS Often to prepare a solution in the laboratory we dilute a more concentrated solution a stock solution. We determine how much water or solvent is added to lower the concentration of the solution. MiVi = MfVf Mi = molarity of the stock solution, the solution you have, the concentrated solution Mf = molarity of the dilute solution, the solution you want to make Vi = volume of the stock solution, the amount you need to use Vf = volume of the dilute solution, the total amount you want Examples 1. How would you prepare 200.0 mL of a 0.200M HCl solution from a 10.0 M stock solution? MiVi = MfVf (10.0 M) (Vi) = (0.200 M) (0.200 L) MiVi = MfVf (10.0 M) (Vi) = (0.200 M) (0.200 L) Vi = 0.00400L = 4.00mL Vi = 0.00400L = 4.00mL 2. What volume of 12M NaOH must be taken to prepare 0.75L of 0.25 M NaOH? MiVi = MfVf (12 M) (Vi) = (0.25 M) (0.75 L) Vi = 0.16 L = 16 mL

For stoichiometric calculations for reactants in solution you must convert Molarity to moles instead of grams to moles. Example

Calculate the mass of solid NaCl that must be added to 1.50L of a 0.100 M AgNO3 solution to precipitate all of the Ag+ ions in the form of AgCl. Calculate the mass of AgCl formed. AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s) Mass of NaCl needed Molarity = moles/liter 0.100 M = ? moles AgNO3/ 1.50 L = 0.150 moles AgNO3 (1 NaCl / 1 mole AgNO3) = 0.150 moles NaCl 0.150 moles NaCl (58.4g NaCl / 1 mole NaCl) = 8.76 g NaCl mass of AgCl formed 0.150 moles AgNO3 (1 mole AgCl / 1 mole AgNO3) = 0.150 mole AgCl 0.150 moles AgCl (143.3g AgCl / 1 mole AgCl) = 21.5g AgCl

Problems 1. What volume of 16M sulfuric acid must be used to prepare 1.5 L of a 0.10M sulfuric acid solution?

2. Formalin is an aqueous solution of formaldehyde. HCHO, used as a preservative for biological specimens. How many grams of formaldehyde must be used to prepare 2.5L of 12.3 M formalin?

3. When aqueous solutions of Na2SO4 and Pb(NO3)2 are mixed PbSO4 precipitates. Calculate the mass of PbSO4 that forms when 2.00L of 0.250M Na2SO4 and 1.25L of 0.500M Pb(NO3)2 are mixed.

4. How do we prepare 500.0 g of a 0.50% by mass solution of NaOH if we have a stock solution of 50.0% by mass NaOH on hand?