Anatomy of The Leaf: Home Biology Plant Histology

4/10/12
Anatomy of the Leaf | Tutorvista.com
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Plant Histology
Anatomy of the Leaf
Home Biology Plant Histology
Anatomy of the Leaf
Leaf represents an important part of the plant body. It is involved in vital physiological activities such as transpiration, respiration and photosynthesis. Unlike the stem and the root, the leaf is flat and hence, the anatomy of the leaf differs very much from that of stem or root. There are two types of leaves in angiosperms based on the manner of orientation, they are: Dorsi-ventral leaves which usually orient at an angle to the main axis and held perpendicular (normal) to the direction of sunlight. Example: Leaves of dicots Iso-bilateral leaves which usually orient parallely to the main axis and held parallel to the direction of the sunlight . Example: Leaves of monocots. A characateristic feature of leaves is the presence of two epidermal layers, one on each surface. The ground tissue that occurs between the two epidermal layers, is known as mesophyll. Embedded in the mesophyll are the vascular bundles, commonly known as veins.
Sub Topics 1. Anatomy of a typical Dorsi-Ventral Leaf 2. Diagnostic Features of a dorsiventral leaf 3. Anatomy of a typical iso-bilateral leaf 4. Diagnostic Feature of an isobilateral leaf 5. Difference between dicot leaf and monocot leaf
Anatomy of a typical Dorsi-Ventral Leaf

Example: Sunflower
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A transverse section through the midrib region of a typical dorsi-ventral leaf (Sunflower) reveals the following structure. Epidermis is in two layers, one on each surface of the leaf. Both the layers are composed of compactly arranged, barrel-shaped cells. Intercellular spaces are absent. A cuticle surrounds both the layers. Multicellular hairs called trichomes are
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present on both the layers. Stomata occur only in the lower epidermis. This condition is described as hypostomatic. Mesophyll is the ground tissue that occurs between the two epidermal layers. It is exclusively composed of chlorenchyma cells. The mesophyll is characteristically differentiated into two regions namely, an upper palisade parenchyma and a lower spongy parenchyma. a) Palisade parenchyma is composed of two or three layers of elongated, compactly arranged chlorenchyma cells. Intercellular spaces are absent. The cells contain a very large number of chloroplasts. b) Spongy parenchyma is composed of a few layers of loosely arranged spherical or oval chlorenchyma cells with prominent intercellular spaces. These cells contain very few chloroplasts. Veins represent the vascular bundles. They are found irregularly scattered in the mesophyll due to reticulate venation. The largest and the oldest vein is found in the centre. It is known as midrib vein.
T.S. through the midrib region of a dorsi-ventral leaf Each vein has a bundle sheath composed of single layer of compactly arranged barrel shaped parenchyma cells. The bundle sheath encloses both xylem and phloem. Xylem is found towards upper epidermis and phloem towards lower epidermis. In the xylem many protoxylem and metaxylem vessels are found. Protoxylem orients towards upper epidermis. Hence, the vascular bundle are described as conjoint and collateral with endarch xylem. The bundle sheath of the midrib vein is connected to the upper and the lower epidermal layers by many layers of collenchyma cells, representing bundle sheath extensions or hypodermal collenchyma.
Diagnostic Features of a dorsiventral leaf

Presence of two epidermal layers. Presence of cuticle and trichomes in both the epidermal layers. Hypostomatic condition.
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Mesophyll differentiated into upper palisade parenchyma and lower spongy parenchyma. Veins irregularly scattered in the mesophyll. Presence of a bundle sheath made up of parenchyma. Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral with endarch xylem. Presence of bundle sheath extensions made up of collenchyma.
Anatomy of a typical iso-bilateral leaf

Example: Maize
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A transverse section passing through the midrib region of an iso-bilateral leaf (Maize) reveals the following structure. Epidermis is in two layers, one on each surface of the leaf. Both the epidermal layers are composed of compactly arranged, barrel shaped cells. Cuticle and
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trichomes are present in both the layers. Stomata are found in both the epidermal layers. This condition is described as amphistomatic. A few cells in the upper epidermis are enlarged to form motor cells called bulliform cells. Mesophyll is ground tissue that occurs between the two epidermal layers. It is composed of many layers of loosely arranged, spherical or oval chlorenchyma cells. Intercellular spaces are prominent.
T.S. through an isobilateral leaf Veins are found parallely arranged in the mesophyll (parallel venation). Each vascular bundle is surrounded by a bundle sheath composed of a single layer of compactly arranged barrel-shaped cells. The bundle sheath encloses both phloem and xylem. Phloem is found towards lower epidermis and xylem towards upper epidermis. In the xylem, only two protoxylem and two metaxylem vessels are present. The vascular bundle is described as conjoint and collateral with endarch xylem. The oldest and the largest vascular bundle is found in the centre. It is known as midrib vein. The bundle sheath of the midrib vein is connected to the upper and lower epidermal layers by sclerenchyma cells representing bundle sheath extensions or hypodermal sclerenchyma.
Diagnostic Feature of an isobilateral leaf

Presence of two epidermal layers. Presence of cuticle and trichomes in both the layers. Amphistomatic condition. Presence of motor cells in the upper epidermis. Presence of undifferentiated mesophyll. Vascular bundles parallely arranged. Presence of a bundle sheath around each bundle. Vascular bundles conjoint, collateral with endarch xylem.
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Presence of only two protoxylem and two metaxylem vessels in each bundle. Presence of hypodermal sclerenchyma.
Difference between dicot leaf and monocot leaf
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Anatomy of the Leaf | Tutorvista.com