Gemaakt door Loes uit TV3C Paragraaf 2 Water - Responsible for transporting nutrition and waste products in ecosystem

- Major role in formation of the earth Weathering and erosion -> wearing land away Sedimentation -> building up land Water balance - Shows how much water comes and goes out of an area - Water come into an area in two ways: 1. Precipitation; falls unevenly in the world. Not much useful precipitation in lots of countries, because of warmth -> evaporation 2. From other areas; lots of water comes to Netherlands, because we are the drain of Europe Water in the ground - Ground water; used by everything that lives on earth, top layer, not saturated - Subsurface water; water is stored here, bottom layer, saturated - Water is separated by the water table - Soil is like a sponge, water is stored during wet times and released during dry times - Due to buildings it is more difficult for water to sink - Aquifer; place under the ground where water is stored - Non-renewable supply; water that slowly comes in aquifer by filtration - Renewable supply; constantly replenished water (rain/rivers/ice) - Sustainable water management; only using renewable sources in a process or something else Paragraaf 3 Rivers - Horizontal erosion; wearing out wide bends - Vertical erosion; river goes more straight, cutting of bends - Slow-flowing water -> lots of sedimentation -> creates new channels -> cutting off sharp meanders (oxbow lake) -> after while is called a delta - Delta; Easily to built on Very fertile soil - Rivers/deltas are formed by; Rain water Melted ice water Water rising - Regime; fluctuation in discharge of water in a river in one year Norway; - in warm months lots of melting water Ireland; - in cold months lots of precipitation Germany; - equally amount of water - Peak charge; increased/very large discharge of a river - Wadi; river valley in desert -> mostly dry, sometimes filled with water

Lots of forests are cut down, and to let water drain faster deep channels have been dugged and rivers were straightened More surface has turned into stone -> water no longer filters down, drain away quickly -> river has to carry more often a peak charge

Paragraaf 4 Coast types 1. Ria coast; coastline with inlets, drawn out and branching off, formed by former river valleys flooded by rising sea level 2. Dune coast; is border between land and the sea, formed by a row or several rows of dunes 3. Cliff coast; steep coast, formed by breakers causing the rock to crumble 4. Fjord coast; coast with steep inlets, formed by glacial valleys flooded by rising sea levels Formation of coast/differences - Coast differences are caused by Sea levels rising and falling in the past Differences in material ->rock/sand - When sea level rises -> coastline moves inwards Sandy coast - very easily flushed away Rock coast - erodes slowly by the waves Threatened coast - Causes; 1. Spring tide - occurs when the sun, moon and earth are at the same line, a very high tide is created 2. Coast shape - areas where coast has such a shape that the water helps being pushed up 3. Estuaries - funnel-shaped river mouth, formed by the tide, here water can be pushed up high 4. Tropical cyclones - due to drop in the air pressure, water level is lifted 10cm + 10m high waves Paragraaf 5 Unequal distribution in water 1. Precipitation - very low where lands need it and very high in the countries with already a lot of water 2. Unfavourable precipitation regime - falls a lot in one half of the year, while the other half of the year the country dries out (shortage)(winter. summer changes)

Water stress - All problems that arise as result of a shortage in (clean) water - Major problem; Shortage of clean drinking water Shortage of irrigation water Disappearance of wetlands - Wetlands; wet ecosystem such as marshes, mangrove forests along tropical coast line -> work like sponge and filter polluted water before it goes into other water systems

Water stress will become worse, because; Population increases rapidly Prosperity is increasing Urbanisation is high Wetlands have been lost, because; Land reclamation -> agriculture Building shrimp breeding farms Pollution from supply rivers

Water war - An armed conflict between nations over water - Integrated water management; a joint plan by countries a river runs through, which states how much water everybody is entitled to, how pollution is tackled and how environment along river can be improved - Example; if Turkey closes of the river by building dams, Iran and Iraq will be in trouble, because they really need the water for agriculture Paragraaf 6 Dealing with water stress - Increase water by; Holding on to water 1. Renewing wetlands (areas cant be used intensively) 2. Building dams (people have to move, not natural) Transport water from wet to dry areas (ecosystem will be affected) Deeper surface water/pumping up fossil water Desalinisation of seawater Saving water - In agriculture; 1. Hot areas -> drop irrigation instead of traditional irrigation, aridity index remains low 2. Drop irrigation prevent salinisation (increase of salt in water) 3. Is there salinisation? -> built crops that are resistant to salt 4. Use crops that use less water - In households/business; 1. Use less -> recycle more 2. Irrigation cant be reused, household/business water can be reused 3. Use water more efficiently Paragraaf 10 Types of polders - Sea polder; formed by building dykes around a part of the sea, located along the coast (Zeeland, Friesland) - Peat polder; came below sea level due to compaction, located in low-laying peat areas - Reclaimed polder; formed by pumping parts of seas/lakes dry (Haarlemmermeer, Ijsselmeer) Sinking - Peat compacts -> land sinks - Compact; sinking of the ground due to soft subsoil (peat/clay) sinking, especially as result of lowering water table - Retention areas; temporary water storage area in case of high water, in order to reduce the level of water in the river down stream