DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING FICT BALOCHISTAN UNIVERSITY OF IT, ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (BUITEMS)

www.buitms.edu.pk

GROUP MEMBERS:

1)

ABDULLAH

08F-BSEE-086

(6319)

2) WAKHAB KHAN 3) ZAFFAR HAYAT KHAN 4) YASIR BILAL 5) FAWAD GHANI

08F-BSEE-111 (6342) 08F-BSEE-088 (6321) 08F-BSEE-108 (6337) 08F-BSEE-148 (6323)

Supervisor: ENGINEER SIR AURANGZEB

INTERNAL ADVISORS : ENGINEER SIR MUDASAR EXTERNAL ADVISORS : ENGINGEER TANVEER UL HAQ
LECTURAR DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BANNU {USTB} BANNU. KPK.

TOPIC:

POWER FACTOR CORRECTION AND MONITORING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT:
To design and implement a real time power factor monitoring and correcting system. Power factor calculation can be done by measuring the lead/lag angle between the voltage and the current waveform of any non linear load. Then by real time high speed switching of capacitor banks the compensation for lead /lag angle would be achieved in closed loop.

OBJECTIVE:
Electric companies (Factories) pay heavy fine each month from the electrical companies (e.g. WAPDA) because of low power factor. With the accomplishment of power factor correction schemes used in our project, it will cut down on these higher electricity costs and benefit the industry as a whole.

 In this regard a full market survey was conducted, and keeping in view the market demand compelled us to undertake this daunting challenge of power factor optimization. Further study strengthened our determination in pursuing it as our final year project.

OUR GOAL:
The basic goal of our project is to maximize the power factor to its optimum value as much as possible.

Using different techniques we can acquire our desired result.

The Power Factor Correction method is used for improving the efficiency of a system and reducing the electricity bill.

INTRODUCTION:
POWER FACTOR:
The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the ratio of the active (true or real) power to the apparent power, Active (Real or True) Power is measured in watts (W) and is the power drawn by the electrical resistance of a system doing useful work. Apparent Power is measured in volt-amperes (VA) and is the voltage on an AC system multiplied by all the current that flows in it. It is the vector sum of the active and the reactive power. Reactive Power is measured in volt-amperes reactive (VAR). Reactive Power is power stored in and discharged by inductive motors, transformers and solenoids

Reactive power is required for the magnetization of a motor but doesn't perform any action. The reactive power required by inductive loads increases the amounts of apparent power - measured in kilovolt amps (kVA) - in the distribution system. Increasing of the reactive and apparent power will cause the power factor - PF - to decrease. It is common to define the Power Factor - PF - as the cosine of the phase angle between voltage and current - or the "cos". The power factor defined by IEEE and IEC (International Electro-technical Commission) is the ratio between the applied active (true) power and the apparent power, And can in general be expressed as: cos= PF = P / S (1) where PF = power factor P = active (true or real) power (Watts) S = apparent power (VA, volts amps)

 A low power factor is the result of inductive loads such as transformers and electric motors. Unlike resistive loads creating heat by consuming kilowatts, inductive loads require a current flow to create magnetic fields to produce the desired work.

Power factor is an important measurement in electrical AC systems because,

an overall power factor less than 1 indicates that the electricity supplier need to provide more generating capacity than actually required. the current waveform distortion that contributes to reduced power factor is caused by voltage waveform distortion and overheating in the neutral cables of three-phase systems.

"Leading" or "Lagging" Power Factors

Power factors are usually stated as "leading" or "lagging" to show the sign of the phase angle.

With a purely resistive load current and voltage changes polarity in step and the power factor will be 1. Electrical energy flows in a single direction across the network in each cycle.
Inductive loads - transformers, motors and wound coils - consumes reactive power with current waveform lagging the voltage.

Capacitive loads - capacitor banks - generates reactive power with current phase leading the voltage.

Inductive and capacitive loads stores energy in magnetic or electric fields in the devices during parts of the AC cycles. The energy is returned back to the power source during the rest of the cycles.

Capacitor:
Capacitors are extensively used in power systems for voltage control, power-factor correction, filtering, and reactive power compensation. Since the 1990s, there has been an increase of nonlinear loads, devices, and control equipment in electric power systems,
electronic loads fed by residential and commercial feeders, adjustable speed drives arc furnaces in industrial networks

some nonlinear loads and power electronic control equipment tend to operate at relatively low power factors, causing

poor voltage regulation, increasing line losses, and forcing power plants to supply more apparent power.

 The conventional and practical procedure for overcoming these problems, as well as compensating reactive power, are to install
fixed and/or switching

shunt capacitor banks on either the customer or the utility side of a power system. Capacitor banks are also used in power systems as reactive power compensators and tuned filters.

Automatic Capacitor Bank

Automatic Capacitor Banks are commonly used to improve Power Factor of entire facilities or for multiple inductive loads. Automatic Capacitor Banks monitor the reactive power demanded by loads and incrementally switch the proper amount of capacitance as required. Where non-linear loads are present use either an Automatic Power Factor Capacitor system with de-tuned reactors to reduce the flow of harmonic currents in capacitors and to prevent harmonic resonance.

TOOLS AND COMPONENTS:

CAPACITORS BANK MICROCONTROLLERS ADC (A/D Converter) CRYSTALS LEDs DIODES LCD WERO BOARDS OR PCB RELAYS

GANTT CHART:

Team Members Work Load:

1) Circuit Designing and Theses: ABDULLAH WADAB KHAN YASIR BILAL 2) Documentation: ZAFFAR HAYAT KHAN 3) Equipments:

FAWAD GHANI

THE END
THANKS TO ALL OUR HONERABLE TEACHERS