Temperature The climate element which has greatest influence on tourist activity & the type of clothing worn.

Suitability of the activities to the weather at a particular place. For example, water sports are essentially warm weather activities. Air and humidity effect the weather. Sunshine The effect of sunshine is particularly important at the seaside. The safe length of exposure to the sun will depend on the holiday-makers skin type and the strength of suntan preparations. Skiers and mountain climbers at high altitudes risk sunburn since the air is clear and sunlight reflected from snow and bare rock. The growing incidence of skin cancer was worrying health authorities, and sunbathing will loose its popularity. Wind Influenced in their direction and strength by the gradient between high and low pressure areas, by the Earths rotation, and topography. A knowledge of the winds is essential for the sailors. The effects of winds; Sea breezes, more comfortable temperature Frostbite, strong wind and low temperature The wind-chill factor, the major constraint on outdoor recreations Precipitation Various forms of precipitation; rain, hail (water ice/stones), sleet (mix of snow and rain/frozen rain ) and snow. Can be seen as the constraint for activities, but depends on its intensity, duration, and seasonal distribution. (wet and dry seasons) Snow can be an expensive hazard for transport, or as a valuable recreational resource. It contributes to winter sports activities, which benefits to remote mountain communities, but also led to environmental degradation.

Air Quality The monitoring of air quality is increasingly crucial.

Environmental issues & pollutions; Emission of sulphur dioxide from smockstack industries. Smog, or severe air pollution are particularly common in regions, which inhibit air movement. The unpleasant cocktail of gases poisons the air, reducing the visibility, blighting vegetation, eroding historical monuments and threatening the health of people. Acid rain have degraded forests and lakes.

15. Air Quality Could effect outdoor activities Seen as an unhealthy

threat Reduces visibility Motor vehicles, transportation running on fossil fuel.

Direct climatic impacts: Climate is a principal resource for tourism, as it codetermines the suitability of locations for a wide range of tourist activities, is a principal driver of global seasonality in tourism demand, and has an important in uence on operating costs, such as heating-cooling, snowmaking, irrigation, food and water supply, and insurance costs. Thus, changes in the length and quality of climate-dependent tourism seasons (e.g., sun-and-sea or winter sports holidays) could have considerable implications for competitive relationships between destinations and therefore the pro tability of tourism enterprises. Studies indicate that a shift of attractive climatic conditions for tourism towards higher latitudes and altitudes is very likely. Uncertainties related to tourist climate preference and destination loyalty require attention if the implications for the geographic and

seasonal redistribution of visitor ows are to be projected (UNWTO-UNEP-WMO 2008). The IPCC has concluded that increases in the frequency or magnitude of certain weather and climate extremes (e.g. heat waves, droughts, oods, tropical cyclones) are likely as a result of projected climate change (IPCC 2007a). Such changes will affect the tourism industry through increased infrastructure damage, additional emergency preparedness requirements, higher operating expenses