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22. Ductile Detailing as per 13920: 1993. I.S. 4326 , The code of practic e for earthquake resistant design and construction of building, while commenting on c ertain spec ial features for the design and construction of earthquake resistant buildings, included some details for achieving ductility in reinforced concrete buildings. The I.S. : 13920 has taken note of latest developments, experiences gained from the performanc e of struc tures whic h were designed and detailed as per I.S. 4326, during the recent earthquakes . It c overs provisions for earthquake resistant design and detailing of reinforced conc rete struc tures in particular .(as such it includes provisions of I.S. 4326also) Now all duc tility detailing shall comply I.S. :13920. Some important clause of this code are as follows CLAUSE1.1.1 Provisions of this c ode shall be adopted in all reinforced concrete Structures which satisfy one of the following 4 c onditions . (i) The structure is loc ated in seismic zone IV or V. (ii) The structure is loc ated in Seismic Zone III and has importance factor (I) greater than 1.0. (iii) The structure is loc ated in Seismic Zone III and is an industrial structure. (iv) The struc ture is located in Seismic Zone III and is more than 5 storeys. Clause 3.4 : Hoop- It is closed stirrup having a 135 degree hook with 10 diameter extension (but not less than 75 mm ) at eac h end that is embedded in the confined core of the section . Clause 5.2 : For all buildings whic h are more than 3 storeys in height the minimum grade of concrete shall be M20. Clause 5.3 : Steel reinforcement of grade Fe 415 or less only shall be used . Clause 6 For flexural members 6.1.1 The fac tored axial stress on the member under earthquake loading shall not exceed 0.1 fc k. 6.1.2 The member shall have a width to depth ratio of more than 0.3 6.1.3 Width of flexural member not less than 200mm. 6.1.4 Depth if member not less than 0.25 of the clear span . Clause 6.2 Longitudinal reinforc ement : 6.2.1 (a) At least two bars at top and two bars at bottom shall be provided through out the member length .

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(b) The tension steel ratio on any fac t at any section shall not be less than Rho (min)= 0.24 [(square root of fck)/fy] . 6.2.2 The maximum steel ratio on any face at any section shall be not exceed Rho(max) = 0.025. 6.2.3 The positive steel at joint fac e must be at least equal to half the negative steel at that fac e. 6.2.4 The steel provided at eac h of the top and bottom face of the member at any section along its length shall be at least equal to one fourth of the maximum negative moment steel provided at the fac e of either joint . 6.2.5 In an external joint both the top and bottom bars of the beam shall be provided with anchorage length beyond the inner fac e of column equal to development length in tension plus 10 times the bar diameter minus the allowance for 90 degree bends (s) In an internal joint, both fac e bars of the beam shall be taken continuously through the column. 6.2.6 The longitudinal bars shall be spliced, only if hoops are provided over the entire splice length at a spac ing not exceeding 150 mm.The lap length shall not be less than the bar development length in tension. Lap splic es shall not be provided (a) Within joint. (b) Within a distance of 2 d from joint fac e and (c) Within a quarter length of member where flexural yielding may generally occur under the effec t of earthquake forces . Not more than 50 percent of bars shall be spliced at one section . 6.3.5 The spac ing of hoops over a length of 2 d at either end of a beam shall not exceed. (a) d/4. and (b) 8x dia of smallest bar ,But not less than 100 mm. The first hoop shall be at a distanc e not exc eeding 50 mm from the joint face. Vertical hoops at the same spac ing as above shall also be provided over a length equal to 2 d on either side of a sec tion where flexural yielding may occur under the effect of seismic forces . Elsewhere the beam shall have vertical hoops at a spacing not exceeding d/2. Clause 7 Columns subjected to bending and axial load. 7.1.1 These requirement apply to c olumns which have factored axial force in excess of (0.1 fc k) under the effec t of earthquake forc es. 7.1.2 The minimum dimension of column shall be 200 mm . However where in frames where beams have c /c span exceeding 5m, or column having unsupported length exceeds 4m the shortest dimension shall not be less than 300 mm. 7.1.3 The ratio of shortest dimension to the perpendicular dimension shall be preferably NOT less than 0.4. Clause 7.2 Longitudinal Reinforc ement 7.2.1 Lap splic es shall be provided only in the central half of the member length.Itshould be proportioned as a tension splice .Hoops hall be provided over entire the splic e length at spac ing not exc eeding 150 mm center to center . Not more than 50 perc ent of bars shall be splic ed at one section.

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7.2.2 Any area of c olumn that extends more than 100 mm beyond the confined core due to Arc hitec tural requirements shall be detailed in the matter . In case of the c ontribution of the area to strength has been considered then it will have the minimum longitudinal and transverse reinforcement asper this code . However if this area has been treated as non structural the minimum reinforcement shall be governed by I.S. 456 provisions . Clause 7.3 Transverse Reinforc ement 7.3.2 The spac ing of rec tangular hoops shall not be more than 300 mm c/c .If the length of any side of stirrup , exc eeds 300 mm a cross tie shall be provided or a pair of overlapping hoops may be provided . Clause 7.4 Special Confining Reinforc ement 7.4.1 This shall be provided over a length of (lo) from each joint face towards mid span on either side of any sec tion lo shall not be less than (a) larger lateral dimension of the member . (b) 1/6 of c lear span of member and (c) 450 mm. 7.4.2 When a c olumn terminates in to a footing or mat special confining reinforcement shall extended at least 300 mm in to the footing or mat. 7.4.3 The spac ing of hoops used as a spec ial confining reinforcement shall not exceed of minimum member dimension but need not be less than 75 mm nor more than 100 mm. 7.4.4 The minimum area of cross sec tion of bar forming circular hoops or spiral to be used as special c onfining reinforc ement shall not be less than Ash = .09 S Dk (fck/fy) [(Ag/Ak) -1.0] Where Ash = area of the bar c ross sec tion . S = Pitch of spiral or spac ing of hoops. Dk = diameter of core measured to the outside of spiral or hoop . Fck = characteristic c ompressive strength of c oncrete cube . Fy = yield stress of (spiral/ hoop ) steel Ag = gross area of c olumn c ross sec tion . Ak = area of c oncrete core should not exc eed 300mm (see figure 7) 7.4.8 The area of cross sec tion Ash of the bar forming rectangular hoop to be used as special confining reinforc ement shall not be less than Ash = 0.18 S.h. (fck/fy) [(Ag/Ak) -1.0] Where H = longer dimension of rec tangular hoop. Ak = Area of c oncrete core in the rec tangular hoop measured to its outside dimensions. Clause 8 Joints of frames

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8.1 The special confining reinforcement as required at the end of column shall be provided through the joint is c onfined as specified by 8.2 8.2 A joint which has beams framing in to all vertical faces of it and where each beam which is at least of the c olumn width, may be provided with half the special confining reinforc ement required at the end of column . The specing of hoops shall not exceed 150 mm. Important sketc hes from I.S. : 13920 are kept at page 76 to 79.

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