U.S.

History I Final Exam Study Guide 2012

Slavery, The Civil War & Reconstruction The Kansas-Nebraska Act- Bleeding Kansas there was a lot of violence between pro and anti-slavery groups; northern transcontinental railroad to terminate in Chicago; resolve the slavery debate; increase Stephen Douglas stature with the Democratic Party; repealed the Missouri Compromise; established popular sovereignty in new states formed from territories; organized Kansas and Nebraska into territories Abraham Lincoln realist; wanted to preserve the union; consent of the governed Tariff of Abominations- what was it, what did it do and what were the sectional reactions to it? Tariffs of 1828 &1832: o Goal: protect northern industries from competing European goods Europe retaliated by reducing imports from the U.S. South Carolina called a state convention (spearheaded by John C. Calhoun) o Threatened to succeed (nullified the tariffs) Force Bill passed by congress o Forcing South Carolina to pay these taxes through military force The Compromise of 1850- terms and concessions made? Five Measures: o Two were concessions by the South to North California admitted as a free state Organized the Utah and New Mexico territories "with or without slavery" when admitted as states Texas - Mexico boundary resolved in exchange for $10 million Abolish slave trade, but not slavery, in Washington D.C. Strengthen 1793 Fugitive Slave Act o Slaves not allowed to bring cases to court Popular sovereignty people/territories allowed to do as they please subject to only the constitution; rule based upon the people Wilmot Proviso would have banned slavery in the Mexican Cession Dred Scott Case and decision 1846: Scott sued for freedom in Missouri court Late 1840's Scott sold to John Sanford of New York Why was the Supreme Court able to hear case? Reaction & Results: o He did not have the same standing in court o Not a citizen o Under the 5th amendment the slave is his property o Slavery legal in certain states o Split Democrats - North/South o Republican disliked - competition Republicans Party slavery should not be allowed to expand into any other territories South Carolina and secession first state to seceed Appomattox Court House war ends; Robert E. Lee, leader of the confederate, surrendered here to Ulysses S. Grant; states now preserved and the United States is now unified The Emancipation Proclamation - Only slaves in confederate states gained freedom as result of emancipation proclamation; meant for support in army from slaves to come to north and to help fight south Plessy v. Ferguson Homer Plessy: shoemaker, 1/8th Black Tried to challenge Jim Crow Laws and Black Codes Opposed Black Codes Said federal law should overturn these laws of segregation Separate Car Act LA (blacks could not sit in all white cars)

Purposely sat in white section Arrested fine or jail Lawyer bailed him out Appealed 13th & 14th Amendment Judge Ferguson rules against him Went to local and state courts, then federal supreme court of LA, who also found him guilt Ruled in saying, could not abolish distinctions based on color nor force races to comingle Outcome: Court case upheld segregation, saying it was legal; Plessy did not win; legalized segregation of the races Equal protection clause of 14th amendment only applied to government violations not denial of rights by individuals Missouri Compromise maintained equal number between slave and free states but only a temporary solution First of a series of crisis regarding the extension of slavery into the new territories o Didnt want there to be more slave states than free states o Maine requested to be free o Missouri requested admission as a slave state Henry Clay - "the great compromiser" o Maine and Missouri admitted as states to maintain balance o Slavery prohibited north of the 36 30 N latitude o Sectionalism - clear divide between the north and the south Nullification John C. Calhoun spearheaded South Carolina state convention Scalawags white southerners who were part of the Republican Party, against slavery (yeomen farmers); tried to help newly freed slaves integrate into southern society; wanted to improve their own economic position in the south and make sure wealthy did not regain positions in southern politics Jim Crow Laws era that lasted over 100 years where blacks were suppressed and segregation was promoted (via plays) Literacy tests if you could not read or write in English, you could not vote; many freed slaves were not educated Black Codes: what were they? Purpose? Northern reaction to them? Segregation and discrimination laws that prevented newly freed men from their newly gained rights Southerners feared Black political power Passed to oppress the rights of Blacks Different codes in different states Prevented freed slaves form exercising rights Made blacks seem economically dependent of whites Feel legally inferior in status Eventually evolved into Jim Crow Laws o Factories were separated into white and black sections NC o School books kept in separate warehouses FL o Blacks and whites could not play cards or be on same athletic teams AL Carpetbaggers northerners who traveled to the south with a bag made of carpet carrying their stuff; volunteered to help reconstruct the south Supported radical republicans in transforming southern society Poll taxes in order to vote, you need to pay a fee; many freed slaves did not have the money to vote Fugitive Slave Law - Reinforced that slavery was a state institution (not national) 13th amendment formally abolished slavery in the U.S.; passed by congress January 31st, 1865 14th amendment gave citizenship to all who were born or naturalized in the United States; grants freed slaves citizenship in the state that they lived in; naturalized; got rid of the 3/5ths clause; gave south greater representation and voting rights

Provides broad definition of national citizenship Equal protection laws - all citizens are guaranteed equal protection under the constitution Outlaw segregation and discrimination Provisions: o Black Americans made citizens o Life, liberty, & property Due process & equal protection Overturned the Dred Scott Case 15th Amendment gave freed slaves the right to vote Registered voters in the South: White - 620,000 Black - 700,000 Freedmans Bureau: Created in 1865 by Congress to aid freed slaves in the South Gave welfare; food; clothing; established schools

Reforming American Society: Antebellum and Progressive Era Reforms Suffrage Womens Rights movement "Separate Spheres" Concept o "Cult of Domesticity" = slavery o A women's "sphere" was in the home Refuge from the cruel world outside o Her role was to "civilize" her husband and family o Early 19th Century Women Unable to vote Legal status of a minor Single --> could own her own property Married --> no control over her property or her own children Could not initiate divorce Couldnt make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit to court o The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society o Women's Rights o 1840 --> split in the abolitionist movement over women's role in it o London --> world anti-slavery convention o Susan B. Anthony leader of the woman suffrage movement, who helped to define the movements goals and beliefs and to lead its actions o Elizabeth Cady Stanton Attended convention with husband, but forbidden from participating 1848 --> Seneca falls convention-declaration of sentiments Second Great Awakening Scared people into coming to church in order to achieve salvation But more liberal; Respond to change Spiritual reform from within (religious revivalism) Social reforms & redefining the ideal of equality o Asylum & penal reform - rehabilitate the mentally handicap and prisoners o Abolitionism - abolishing slavery o Women's rights o Education - (republicans tried to set up free public education systems for the freed slaves) The pursuit of perfection o Everybody can achieve salvation o Through doing good deeds, looking out for the common good Reaction: the benevolent empire - sweeping of revivals The rise of popular religion o Plays a big role in politics Transcendentalism European Romanticism; Self-reliance Liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reasoning "Transcend" the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the universe Scholars who rejected the harsh beliefs of the puritans Relied on knowledge through experiences and self analyze Rejected John Locke's idea Ralph Waldo Emerson o Nature o The American Scholar o Self-Reliance Henry David Thoreau

o Walden o Resistance to Civil Disobedience Nathaniel Hawthorne o Pursuit of the ideal led to a distorted view of human nature and possibilities The Blithedale romance o Accept the world as an imperfect place Scarlet Letter House of the Seven Gables Effects of and responses to the abolition movement Abolitionist Movement o 1816 --> American Colonization Society created (gradual, voluntary emancipation) o Create a free slave state in Liberia, West Africa o No real equality sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s o Gradualists o Immediatists Public school movements strong support in the North Educational Reform o Religious training --> secular education o MA --> always on the forefront of public educational reform 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools o By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites o Tim McGuffey Eclectic Readers Used religious parables to teach "American values" Teach middle class morality and respect for order Teach "3 R's" + "Protestant ethic" (frugality, hard work, sobriety) Whom were alternative schools established for? African Americans and Women The Liberator publication that influenced the antislavery movement by calling for immediate abolition Temperance - self-control especially in the realm of alcoholism Alcohol was affordable o Surplus corn distilled into whiskey Immigrants o "heavy drinking cultures" Moral reform Alcohol was cause of many social, family and personal problems o Crime, poverty, unproductive workers, abuse, etc. 1826 - American Temperance Society "Demon Run"! Frances Willard The Beecher Family Two approaches - 1840s o Washington movement (reformed alcoholics) Total abstinence o Restrict manufacture and sale of alcohol Prohibition laws or "Maine Laws" a ban on alcohol Progressive writers and intellectuals muckrakers published articles and novels primarily to make Americans aware of problems in society Progressivism social reform movement in the early 20th century Recall a vote on whether to remove a public official from office Initiative a way for people to propose laws directly
Referendum a way for people to approve changes in laws by a vote

Robert M. La Follette progressive Wisconsin governor and senator Scientific management using scientific ideas to make work more efficient Prohibition making the sale or use of alcohol illegal

Muckrakers writer who exposes wrongdoing Florence Kelly social reformer 17th amendment provided for senators to be elected directly Be able to identify the major accomplishments and reform efforts of the following people: Frederick Douglass o The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass o "The North Star" Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) Inspired by transcendentalist ideas o New ways to include mentally ill and prisoners o Asylums Dix's report to MA legislature on insane facilities Shocked Inmates confined in "cages, closets, stalls, pens. Chained, naked, beaten with rods, lashed into obedience Suggestions: Trained attendants for the insane More humane treatment throughout the nation for inmates Dr. John Galt - Eastern Lunatic Asylum First publicly supported psychiatric hospital in America Medication "talk therapy" Integration o Prisons First jail - the Walnut Street Jail - 1790 in Pennsylvania New systems of prison organizations 1821 --> Auburn penitentiary in Auburn NY Individual cells Reduction in crimes punishable by death Abolish public hangings Abandon flogging and other cruel punishments Rehabilitation of criminals instead of warehousing Sojourner Truth or Isabella Baumfree o Autobiography; fought for abolition and womens rights W.E. B. DuBois & Booker T. Washington shared belief that African Americans should pursue education as the key to improving social status Jane Addams responded to urban conditions by working to establish settlement houses that provided assistance to the poor Jacob Riis Upton Sinclair novelist who exposed social problems Susan B. Anthony leader of the women suffrage movement who helped to define the movements goals and beliefs and to lead its actions Carrie Nation Gifford Pinchot

Industrialization & the Rise of Big Business Edwin L. Drake drill oil George Pullman invented the sleeper car; Pullmans palace Christopher Sholes- typewriter; qwerty key board Alexander Graham Bell telephone John D. Rockefeller head of standard oil company Andrew Carnegie millionaire tycoon who made his riches in the steel industry Thomas Alva Edison light bulb; productivity increase Henry Bessemer steel process; oxidize pig iron into steel Samuel Morse invented the telegraph; Morse code Social Darwinism the success of big business; the power of millionaire industrialists; the existence of poverty Laissez-Faire philosophy belief that government should not intervene in business or the economy Antitrust legislation- main purpose? Monopoly a market in which one company has complete control over an industrys production, quality, wages paid, and prices charged Trust major stockholders in several corporations turn over their stock to a group who run the separate stocks as one large corporation Labor unions- reaction of employers and business owners to unions? Robber Barons men who made their fortunes through corruption, exploitation, and monopoly Meaning of the Gilded Age Mark Twain gave this name because the glitter and flashiness of the time seemed to mask the ugliness and crass materialism that lay beneath the surface Credit Mobilier steal railroad money for its shareholders Interstate Commerce Act gave the federal government the right to supervise railroad activities Sherman Antitrust Act made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries; made trusts and monopolies illegal Andrew Carnagies Wealth- what is his main argument? people with wealth should use their resources and wealth to help society Factors contributing to the industrial boom of the early 1900s the abundance of natural resources; the emergence of big business; an explosion of new inventions Standardized time and time zones benefit railroad companies and train travelers Vertical integration companies united through a hierarchy that share a common owner Horizontal integration process by which a company buys out all of its competitors Relationship between industrialization and urbanization Relationship between industrialization and immigration Impact of the expansion of railroads on industrialization

Immigration & Urbanization Population growth in cities b/w 1850 and 1900 Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) It barred the immigration of Chinese laborers for 10 years; was renewed several times by Congress before being repealed in 1943 by the Supreme Court Gentlemens Agreement Japans government agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the United States in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation order National Origins Act Row house Single-family dwellings that shared side walls w/ other similar houses After working class families moved out, immigrants took them over Immigrants occupied them w/ 2-3 familiesovercrowded Ventilation problem No windows No light Dumbbell tenement Laws passed for standard plumbing and ventilation Long, narrow, 5 or 6 story buildings shaped like barbells. Central part indented on both sides to allow for an air shaft and thus an outside window for each room Dumped garbage into air shafts- nailed windows shut to avoid stench- thus defeating its purpose Social gospel movement preached salvation through service to the poor; communities that helped adjust immigrants to America; teach law and government in order to be participating citizens Ellis Island- immigrants typically received, process of entering (medical inspections, documentation etc.) Most immigrants came thought Ellis Island; About 20% of immigrants at Ellis Island were detained for a day or more before being inspected; Only about 2% of those were denied entry Processing took 5 or more hours. Detained if: o Sick o A woman not claimed o Issue and steps/procedures of processing o Denied entry Process of entering Angel Island much harsher questioning than Elis Island: o Physical Medical Exam: Tuberculosis Pregnant Treated until fit to go Incurable sent home o Documentation: Birth certificate Series of questions name, crimes, capable of work, wage of $25 per person Court o Mentally fit: Psychological exam o Ready for life in U.S. Place of residence claimed Nativism Melting pot a mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs Culture shock immigrants come and experience other cultures (shocked)

William Marcy Tweed Immigration Emigration

Manifest Destiny Mexican Cession Texas Revolution John Gast Gadsden Purchase Oregon Trail Mexican War Native Americans Tejanos Zacharly Taylor
Expansionists beliefs

Reasons for Mexico urging Americans to settle in Texas James K. Polk Oregon Territory the main appeal Texas held for American settlers Texas Revolution The Lone Star Republic First President of Texas Treaty of Guadeloupe Hildalgo Significance of the Battle of the Alamo Hawaii Be familiar with the manifest destiny map we covered in class! The Spanish-American War Effects of war on Cuba, Puerto Rico and Philippines U.S.S. Maine Rough Riders De Lome Letter Pulitzer & Hearst Yellow Journalism Economic motives for war (new overseas markets for domestic goods) Why did President McKinley urge Congress to declare war on Spain? Stimulants of U.S. imperialism Accusations of McKinley in the de Lome letter (weak) Anti-imperialist sentiments and beliefs Imperialist sentiments, beliefs and justifications for acquiring new territory Acquiring New Lands and Open Door Policy Boxer Rebellion Foraker Act John Hays Open Door Notes and policy- What were the policies and why did he issue them? (Purpose) Platt Amendment Philippine-American war Treatment of Filipinos by American soldiers during war Results of Spanish American War Treaty of Paris of 1898 Admiral Alfred T. Mahans beliefs of the U.S. Navy The Jones Act of 1917 Guantanamo Dominant religion of Filipinos when acquired by U.S. Remember the Maine The Insular Cases

Essay Questions: Two of the following essay questions will appear on the exam. You are to choose one of the two questions to answer in essay form. You will need to underline your thesis statement.

You will not need to write a conclusion.

1. What was the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation? What did the Proclamation say? When

would it take effect? What effect did it have on the North and on the South? Who is Lincoln freeing by signing the Emancipation Proclamation into law? Why did Congress eventually have to pass the 13th Amendment after the Civil War ended even though the Proclamation freed slaves? Think about: The ultimatum it gave the Southern states in rebellion The Border States Lincolns intentions by issuing the Proclamation Lincolns right as a president to issue this Proclamation
2. Evaluate three different reform efforts that took place in antebellum society. What were the philosophies

behind these reforms? What individuals led or took part in these reforms? Why? What approached did the reformers use to try and solve these problems? What role did the ideas of the Second Great Awakening and Transcendentalism play in each of these movements?
3. During the period of industrialization, we also see significant growth in cities/urbanization

Why did cities grow at this point in time? What factors impacted their growth? What technological advances impacted cities and urban growth? What were the positives and negatives of living in a city?

4. To what extent might the mid-19th-century belief in manifest destiny have set the stage for the new American imperialism at the end of the century? What were some of the justifications for imperialism? What were the reasons for anti-imperialist feelings?