ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTANDTHEEIAPROCESSINKENYA

ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTINKENYA
A.ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTANDCOORDINATIONACT,1999(EMCA) EMCA,1999istheprincipalActgoverningenvironmentalmanagementinthecountry.EMCAis anallembracingandcomprehensivelegislationonenvironmentalmanagementasopposedto hitherto existing piecemeal legislation. It provides for public participation in EIA through its administrativestructure. The EMCA provides for the right of every person to a clean and healthy environment. It also makes it an obligation of every person to protect and manage the environment. Any person maybringanactiontothehighcourttoenforcetherighttoacleanandhealthyenvironment. Redress may also be sought if the right has been violated, is being violated or is likely to be violated.Indeterminingsuchdisputesthecourtwillbeguidedbytheprinciplesofsustainable development. EMCAovercomesthelimitationsonthestandingtosue(locusstandi).Itexplicitlyprovidesthat the aggrieved person need not show special damage or peculiar injury, beyond that which is sufferedbyotheraffectedpeople.Effectivelythisprovisiongrantstoeverypersontherightto protecttheenvironment. TheActistheprincipallawdealingwithEnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA).Itimposeson projectproponentstheobligationtoconductEIAsandgrantsallpeopletherighttoparticipate intheEIAprocess. Sec.58(1)states:notwithstandinganyapproval,permitsorlicensegrantedunderthisActor any other law in force in Kenya, any person being a proponent of a project shall before financing,commencing,proceedingwith,carryingout,executingorconductingorcausingtobe financed,commenced,proceededwith,carriedout,executedorconductedbyanotherperson any undertaking specified in the second schedule to this Act, submit a project report to the authority in the prescribed form giving the prescribed information and which shall be accompanied by the prescribed fee. If after studying the report, it becomes clear to the NationalEnvironmentManagementAuthority(NEMA)thattheproposalwillresultinorislikely to have significant impact on the environment, then an EIA must be conducted. Only the

DirectorGeneralofNEMAcanissuealicense(EIA)inrespectofaproject,forwhichanEIAis requiredunderEMCA1999. The categories of the projects that must undergo EIA are broadly defined under the second schedule.Theyinclude: 1. Urbandevelopmente.g.constructionactivities. 2. Majorroads 3. Storagedams 4. Riverdiversions 5. Aerialspraying 6. Mining 7. Clearanceofforestareas 8. Irrigation 9. Useofpesticides 10. Processingandmanufacturingindustries 11. Electricalinfrastructure 12. Wastedisposal 13. Natureconservationareas 14. Major developments in biotechnology including the introduction and testing of GMOS EIAsaretobeconductedbyexpertsregisteredbyNEMAonbehalfoftheprojectproponents. The project proponent finances the EIA. An EIA study report is prepared and submitted to NEMA.UponreceiptofthereportNEMAshallbecausedtobepublishedfortwoconservative weeksintheKenyagazetteandanewspapercirculatingintheproposedareaoftheprojecta notice stating the summary description of the project, the place where the project is to be carried out the place where the EIA report may be inspected and a time limit of 60 days for submissionoforalorwrittencommentsregardingthereport. IfNEMAissatisfiedwiththereportitshallissueanEIAlicenseandtheprojectproponentcan proceedwiththeestablishmentoftheproject.Thelicensewillbeissuedwithconditionsand theauthoritymaygiveotherdirectivesatanystageoftheproject. A register of EIA licenses is maintained by theauthority as a public documentand is open to inspectionuponpaymentofafee.
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 5.2Institutional/AdministrativeFrameworksforEnvironmentalManagement The National Environmental Secretariat (NES) was created by a presidential decree in 1974. Until EMCA came into operation on the 14th January, 2000, the planning and environmental impactassessment(PA)unitofNESwaschargedwiththeroleofappraisingprojectsandgiving advice.TheagencyissuedEIAregulationsandguidelinestobefollowedbyprojectproponents. The creation of NES was supposed to elevate environmental management and coordination fromitstraditionalsectoralpremisestotheformulationofanationalpolicyapproach.However NEShadnoclearlegalbasistoperformthisrole. Under EMCA the National Environmental Council (NEC) is a top policy making body charged withtheresponsibilityofformulatingpolicyonmattersrelatingtoenvironmentalmanagement inKenya.ThemembersofNECinclude: a) TheMinisterwhoshallbethechairman; b) The Permanent Secretaries in the Ministries for the time being responsible for the mattersspecifiedintheFirstSchedule(18Ministries) c) TworepresentativesofpublicuniversitiesinKenyatobeappointedbytheMinister; d) TworepresentativesofspecifiedresearchinstitutionsinKenyatobeappointedbythe Minister; e) Threerepresentativesofthebusinesscommunity,tobeappointedbytheMinister,one ofwhomshallbearepresentativeofoilmarketingcompanies; f) Two representatives of NonGovernmental Organisations active in the environmental fieldtobeappointedbytheMinister; g) TheDirectorGeneralwhoshallbethesecretary;and h) Suchnumberofothermembersasmay,fromtime,becooptedbytheMinistertobe membersoftheCouncil. Theauthority(NEMA)isresponsiblefordealingwithEIA.Theboardofauthorityincludesseven memberswhoarenotpublicservants.
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Theprovincialanddistrictenvironmentcommitteesareresponsibleforpropermanagementof the environment within their provinces and districts in respect of which they are appointed. Representatives in these committees are from local authorities, NGOs with environmental programmes, farmers/pastoralists, regional development authorities,women and youth, and thebusinesscommunity. EMCA established the public complaints committee which is concerned with investigation of complaintsrelatingtoenvironmentaldamageanddegradationgenerally.Itsmembersinclude theLawsocietyofKenya,theNGOsectorandthebusinesscommunity. AnothercommitteeestablishedbyEMCAistheNationalEnvironmentActionPlanCommittee (NEAC).ThiscrosssectionalcommitteepreparestheNationalEnvironmentActionPlan(NAEP). It consists of among others representatives of public universities,and research institutions of Kenya,NGOandbusinesscommunity. Other institutional frameworks forEIA and generalenvironmental protection are provided by ministriese.g.EnvironmentandNaturalresources,relatedagencies(suchasKWS,KEFRI,KARI), local authorities e.g. Nairobi city council, and NGOs involved in environmental protection. Universities, both private and public, religious bodies, women groups and CBOs also provide frameworksforgeneralenvironmentalprotection. GeneralinvolvementofMinistrystaffinEnvironmentalImpactAssessments(EIAs) Anyprojectthatistobeintroducedonagriculturallandwillrequireatechnicalinputfromthe respective agriculture officers on the anticipated impacts of change of land use, and on surrounding farms and general environment. They are also expected to suggest possible mitigationmeasuresforanyanticipatednegativeimpacts.Theofficersalsoneedtotakepartin periodicmonitoringoftheseprojectswiththeguidanceoftherespectiveenvironmentofficers. Thereisneedtobuildthecapacityoffieldofficerssothattheymayperformtheseexpanded roles. Officers may either participate in the assessment teams or review work that is already donebyexpertsintheirrespectiveareas.

B.ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENT

Introduction EIAisaveryimportanttoolforenvironmentalmanagement.Itisakeyissueinthedevelopment sector. The purpose of this tool is to maintain harmony between environment and development,becausethetwocanoftenconflictleadingtoenvironmentalproblemsmainlyin formofdamagetotheenvironment.Thetoolseekstominimizefriction. ThepurposeofEIAisthreefoldaims/goalsoftheprocess: 1. The prediction of likely environmental and socioeconomic consequences of development. 2. Toformulateappropriatemitigationstrategiesforenvironmentaldamagethatisusually inevitableactions. 3. Formulationoflongtermmonitoringstrategiesfordevelopmentactivities. Link:EnvironmentandDevelopment Development A key requirement throughout the world. Involves mobilization of natural resources usually from the environment in order to meet various needs of human welfare = housing, food, medicalcare(healthcare),transportationofbothpeopleandgoods,energy,itsproductionfor different functions. Ultimately the mobilization of resources for all those needs often affects theenvironmentasasourceoftheseresources.Thesetransformationsontheenvironmentare indifferentforms. i. ii. iii. Exploitationdecliningtrendinthetermsofavailablestocks. Modificationoftheoriginalcharacteroftheenvironment. Pollution There is thus the need to safeguard the environment through certain measures. Safeguarding against damage is a key consideration in undertaking economic development.

There is need to ensure the available resources within the environment are also made availableforfuturegenerations.Traditionally,theapproachusedtosafeguardhasbeenthe endof pipe approach deal with problems as they occur. This over the time has been found to be very expensive. It has been realized some environmental damages once they occur it is very difficult to repair. This makes it unsuitable. Due to that weakness EIA has been formulated as an alternative. This is because the EIA as a tool of environmental management enables us to predict environmental damages before they happen. EIA is suitablebecauseitservesasanearlywarningtoolthatenablespredictionofenvironmental
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damagesfromeconomicdevelopment,putinplacemechanismstomanageoralleviatethe damage. Environment Thisreferstotheenvironmentintotalholistic.Allcomponents;biogeophysicalandhuman Geophysicalreferstolandscape,soil,geology,waterandatmosphere Biodiversityreferstobothfloraandfauna,andtheirhabitats Humanpeopleandtheirlivelihoods.Theyarecentral.Theexistinghuman i. ii. iii. Populationswithinadevelopmentarea Cultures(livelihoodsystemsagrarian,pastoral)diet,languages Socioeconomicissues

TheaimofEIAistoruleoutadverseenvironmentalimpacts. AdverseEnvironmentalImpacts Anyunusualchange(s)withinanenvironment.Unusualbecausetheenvironmentchanges allthetimethroughtheprocessofecologicalsuccession.Artificialchangesarethechanges causedbyhumanactivity. EIAPROCESS This is an important tool for environmental management, alternative to the traditional approach.Itisusuallyanticipatoryandpredictive.ThethreerolesofEIAare: Predictpossibledevelopmentimpacts Recommends mechanisms for avoiding adverse environmental effects of development. Capable of prescribing mechanisms of dealing with unavoidable environmental impacts. TheEIAprocesshasvarioususessuchas: Itisusedtoidentifythebestdevelopmentoptionsprojects. Enablesformulationofthebestprojectdesigns.

TheEIAinformationisconveyedtofinaldecisionmakerswhocouldeitherbe localorinternationalenvironmentalagencies. Financing agencies may also need these results to make a decision on whethertofinanceornot. TheEIAresults;theEnvironmentalImpactstatementisusedinvariousways: Guidetheprocessofprojectauthorization Guidefundingdecisionsforbanksorother Providestheenvironmentalagencieswithalongtermmonitoringplan/guidelineswhich canbeusedtoensurecompliancetoexpectedenvironmentalstandard. HistoricalBackgroundofEIA The EIA concept is traced back to the 1960s. Mainly associated with the developed countries especially North America. The evaluation is mainly associated with a delayed realizationthatnaturalresourcesrequiredfordevelopmentarenotperpetual.Theyrealized theresourceswerediminishing(stock)andtheyrealizedtheyweretransformingintermsof qualityfromusefulformsasaresultofutilizationinthecourseofeconomicdevelopment. The stocks of most of their nonrenewable resources (minerals, fossil fuels) were diminishing. Renewable(e.gwater)changingintermsofqualitysometimestohazardousstates. The realization changed the regard for the resources for development. This led to more concern for the environment. They started looking for better ways that would ensure harmony. 1972stockholmconferenceonenvironmentUNEPwasborn.Stockholmwasaturningpoint inreferencetointeractionbetweendevelopmentandenvironment.Alotofeducationhas been done by UNEP. It has also provided mechanisms to ensure damage on the environmentisminimized. Newrulesandregulationshavecomeupinmanycountriestosafeguardtheenvironment. ThisishowEIAwasborn.USAwasthefirstcountrytoadaptnewenvironmentalregulations thatrequiredEIAtobedonebeforeanymajordevelopmentactivitywasundertaken.
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Inthe1980smostdevelopmentagenciesincludingtheworldbankbeganattachingEIAasa keyprocessbeforefinancinganymajorproject. OvertheyearsEIAguidelineshavebeendevelopedespeciallybyUNEPtoassistthenations oftheworldundertaketheprocess.Wehave>100countriesusingthistool. EIACHARACTERISTICS 1. The implementation style varies from country to country although the underlying philosophyisthesame.Associatedwithvariablecapacitiesofthecountries. Theseareintermsoftechnicalexpertise. VariabilityintermsofavailableresourcessayfundingespeciallywhenEIAhas tobefinancedbylocaldevelopers Availableequipmentforscientificstudiessomecountrieshaveothersdont. Different countries have formulated their own guidelines. These are tailor madetofittheprevailingcapacities. 2. FinaloutputtheEIstatement.ThisisasummaryoftheEIAfindings.Theformatis usuallyprovided. 3. Subjectableprojects.AcleardefinitionofprojectsthathavetoundergoEIA.Theses varybutingeneraltermsthreeareas: Anynewdevelopmentproject,especiallythelargeones. Any major modifications to existing projects expansion e.g 2 lane dual carriagetofourlane.Oranymajoralterations. Majoradjustmentsthathavetobemadeonkeydevelopmentpoliciesand progrmmes.TheseareStrategicEnvironmentalimpactAssessments(SEAS). AdvantagesofEIA Itlowersthelongtermrunningcostsofdevelopmentprojects.Anumberofcostcutting avenues: Avoids expensive project adjustments in the future because of the intensive screeninginthebeginning.
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EIAwillreducetherisksofexpensiveenvironmentaldisasters. Reducetheriskofexpensivecourtcases. Reducethecostofpossibleenvironmentalcleanups. It provides us with new opportunities to identify suitable alternative designs for proposedprojects. Itallowsustoincorporatesuitablemitigationplans.Theseminimizetheeffectsofthe inevitabledamage. Itopensnewopportunitiesforpublicparticipationinprojectdesign It facilitates effective long term monitioring and evaluation of environmental changes especially those associated with development. This is by providing guidelines for continuousenvironmentalauditing. SomemisconceptionsassociatedwithEIA Thisisparticularlyindevelopingcountries. a) Seen as a hinderance to development particularly if being done for the first time. Antidevelopment. Sometimes they view it as a strategy by the rich countries to keeptheminastateofpovertyespeciallywhenworldbankmakesitaconditionfor funding. b) It could be viewed as an expensive addition to the development process. People havetriedtoestimatethecostallovertheworld.0.55%ofthetotalprojectcost. NowadaysformostfundedprojectstheEIAisusuallyincludedaspartoftheproject. Fortheprivateprojectsthedeveloperusuallyhastopayforthis. c) Sometimes people would consider this as a process in futility in vain or as a formality.Itthenbecomesawasteofmoneyandtime.EIAcouldfailtohaveeffect in cases where there is corruption results are doctored. EIAs are useless where monitoringsystemsarenotinplace.Thisisthecasewhereyouhaveincompetent environmentalagencies. EIAinKenya ItstartedwithEMCAin1999.Beforethenitwasonlyrequiredforlargedonorfunded projectsdonordrivene.gpowerdams.
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NowmostdevelopmentprojectsaresubjectabletoEIA.Thebroadcategoriesarelisted intheAct.Category: AhighenvironmentalriskforwhichEIAisamustandthorough Bmoderaterisk,mediumlevelEIA Clowlevelrisk.ProjectreportEIAisoverseenbyNEMA.Thereporthastobe submittedtoNEMAafterwardsandEIAlicenseisissuedtothedeveloper. EIAWORK It is not possible to be undertaken by an individual because of the complex nature of the environment.Differentformsofexpertisearerequired.Itcanbedonebyateamofexperts,a firm of experts. The requirement for these two is they must be licensed by NEMA. NEMA maintainsaregisterforEIA/EAexperts. COSTOFWORK Atthemoment,itistobeagreedbetweentheexpertandthedeveloper. EIAPROCESS TheEIAprocesshas5keygoals: Toclearlyunderstandvariousstagesoftheproposedproject. Tohaveaclearunderstandingofthekeyenvironmentalconcernswhichareassociated withtheproposedproject. Tohaveaveryclearunderstandingofthemainareasofpublicconcernconcerningthe proposedproject. Identifyingthepossiblealternativestotheproposedproject. To identify appropriate remedial action for all the unavoidable environmental modifications which must occur under the present arrangement with regard to the proposedproject. Aseriesofactivitiesareundertakentoachievethesetheyvaryfromcountrytocountryor firmtofirm.
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 STEPSINEIA I. PreliminariesofEIA Constitution of an EIA team. The number and the constitution vary from projecttoproject.Thekeyconsiderationsaresizeofprojectandthenature of the project. These teams are interdisciplinary in composition social scientists, natural scientists, physical scientists and biological experts. The team will have a lead assessor to provide the leadership and is responsible for all the stages of EIA. Acts as the prime consultant. Their role is to coordinateandmoderatetheteam.Alsoactsasthelinkpersonbetweenthe team members, the project developer and other interested parties like environmentalmanagementagencies. Activities: Athoroughanalysisofthedevelopmentproposal,inordertounderstand theintendedactions. Preliminarysitevisits/inspectionofprojectsiteandmakeawalkthrough audittounderstandthearea. Review the relevant legislation regarding the proposed project acts relatedtoenvironment,occupationalhealthe.t.c Familiarizationwiththekeydecisionmakersandotherinterestedparties regarding the proposed project. Authorities, government officials, environmental agencies, local leaders in the project area, community representatives. Workallocationandtimeplanning BudgetingfortheEIA II. Screening TheobjectiveistodeterminewhetheranEIAisrequiredornot. TodetermineifanEIAisrequiredandtheappropriatescale:fullscaleormediumscale impactassessmentorageneralenvironmentalstudy. Thekeyconsiderationstomakethisjudgmentare
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Thoroughlyunderstandthenatureoftheproject Evaluate the overall size of the project usually against the guidelines providedbyenvironmentalmanagementagencies. Theactuallocationoftheproposedproject.Analyzethelocationinorderto determinethelevelofenvironmentalsensitivityforthesite/areaagainstthe proposed activities, human livelihoods, cultures how they will be affected. Anyendangeredspeciesorcriticalhabitatsorwhetheritisnearaprotected area? The environmental sensitivity with regard to say presence of key naturalresourcese.gwater(localorregional). Methods/procedures The development proposal already analyzed. Careful scrutiny of the project proposalagainstthekeyconsiderationsabove. Evaluate the development proposal against the existing legal framework with regard to the proposed project. Make use of expert judgement to help determinetheimportanceoftheexpectedimpactoftheproposedproject. The key output is the identification of the appropriate type of EIA to apply for the proposedproject. FormulationofTORSfortheEIA III. Scoping It is concerned with the setting of the EIA scope and boundaries(physical). This is oneofthecriticalevents/stagesoftheEIA.Thisisbecauseitisimpossibletodeal withalltheelementsaffected.Tryingtoidentifythemostvaluedattributesofthe environment which will form the focus of the assessment e.g water, biodiversity, cultural. Physicalboundaryspatial/geographicextentoftheassessment.Theycaneitherbe administrative, natural factors, physiographic. Natural extent of a certain ecosystem,hydrologice.t.c Thescopingprocessisundertakenwithalotofconsultationwiththegeneralpublic, various resource managers operating within the project area and any other professionals,politiciansandotherleaders. Literaturereview
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IV.

Baselinestudies These are expected to give an impression of the current environmental situation, the profile that will most likely be offered after the project is started. They give a good record of what existed before a project. They are important benchmarks for the future for assessment during project operations. They should be as comprehensive as possible and if possible should consider all the key elements of theenvironmentinanarea. Toolsandmethods i. Fieldmeasurements/surveys Biodiversityrecord Waterquality ii. iii. Literaturereviewforthearea Interviews

Keyoutputs Mostimportanttheidentificationofthepriorityelementsoftheenvironmentspecies,critical habitats, critical landscapes, critical ecosystems, underlying human settlements, population dynamics,cultureandlivelihoodsystems. V. Consultationstage Thisinvolvescapturingofstakeholdersfeelingsabouttheproposedproject.Thisis important at all stages of EIA. It should be as comprehensive as possible by considering all stakeholders public within and neighboring, environmental protectionagencies,leadersandallinterestedparties,governmentofficialsetc. Theconsultationsshouldlayalotofemphasisonwomen,thepoor,andanyethnic minoritygroupthatmaybefoundinthearea.Theidentificationoftheindividualsto considershouldbedonecarefully.Sometimesrandomselectioncouldbedonewith eachclusterandalsoacrosstheboard.Communityleadersareusuallypickedonkey representativesoforganizationswithinthearea.Ensurethecriteriaofselectionisas transparentaspossible. Methodsandpublicparticipation:

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1) Throughthesubmissionofwrittenbriefs.Thislimitsdialogueandhencenot preferred. 2) Public meetings for consultation lunch meetings, public hearings or small meetings through local barazas for the different areas in the project area. Smallermeetingsarebetterbecausepeopleopenupeasily.Peopleneedto beinformedbeforeconsultationabouttheintendedproject. Avenuesforcommunication: Distributionofinformationpamphletsandbrochureswellinadvance. RadioandTV Newspapers Importanceofpublicparticipation a) Theyenabletheteamtocorrectmistakenfactswhichcouldhave emanatedfrombaselinestudies. b) Raise any missed issues during the baseline level, scoping and screening c) Identifythekeypublicconcernsregardingtheproject. d) Reducetheriskofoppositiontothefinaldocument. VI. Impactanalysis Oneofthemostcriticaleventsistheprognosisoftheexpectedimpacts.Itformsthe backboneofanyEIAprocess.Theobjectiveistoidentifythepotentialenvironmental impacts.Thisidentificationshouldbeascomprehensiveaspossible. 6.1 classificationofimpacts Direct impacts these are those which have immediate effect both to nature and societies living within an area. For instance water contaminationbyminingactivities,forestremoval. Indirect impacts these are usually characterized by delayed effects for examplelossoflivelihood.Emergenceofdiseases. Shorttermimpactstrafficdiversionwhendoingahighway

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Longtermimpactsthesetakemanyyears;theyarefeltforalongtime e.gchangesinmicroclimatelikeasaresultofconstructionoflargedams likeNdakaini,changeofweatherpatterns. Highorderimpactswidespreadintermsofspatialcoverageandarelong term.Theyinvolveacomplexinterconnectionoffactorse.g Irrigationschemenutrientsexporteddownstreamwaterquality eutrophicationfishkilled 6.2 Procedure i. ii. iii. Detailedanalysisofbaseline Detailedanalysisofconsultationfindings Thoroughlyanalyzetheprojectproposal Screenfortheprominenttypesofenvironmentalimpactsexpected. Anypossibilitiesforthelandscapetransformation Noiserelatedimpacts Visualobstructionrelatedimpactsandsceneries Resource related impacts damage to resources like water(quality andquantity),biodiversityrelatedimpacts,airqualitytransformation Human oriented impacts possibilities of disruption of traditional lifestyles and cultures, damage to important archeological sites, publichealthandsafety(considerbothwithintheestablishmentsand alsointheneighborhood) Positive environmental benefits that can emanate from the project (enhancements). 6.3 Requirements 1) GoodspectrumofexpertsintheEIAteam 2) Thorough analysis and understanding of the project proposal to know andunderstandallcomponentsespeciallydesigns. 3) Adequateconsultationwiththedeveloperandprojectengineers.
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4) Site visits to acquaint the team with the area (combine well with baseline) 5) Goodexperienceofsimilarprojectsundertaken. 6.4 Tools MatricesparticularlyActionImpactmatrix. Map overlays and GIS apply in area of environmental sensitivity and vulnerability.Onepickshotspotareas. VII. Assessmentofimpactsignificance. Thisinvolvestherankingoffenvironmentalimpactsaccordingtotheirsignificance.A numberofrankingfactorsareapplied: Spatialmagnitudeoftheimpactlocalizedortransboundary Durationandfrequencyoftheimpactshorttermorlongterm Public health and safety rank according to the risks caused to the communities. Consider the level of the public concern from the public meetings. The need to protect valued attributes of the environment. The need for protectionofcriticalresourcesandtheirsourceswithintheprojectarea. Needforprotectionofculturalandarcheologicalsites. Theneedtoprotectorsafeguardanyprotectedareawithintheprojectare. Needtoprotecttraditionalmigratorycorridorsforwildlife. In ranking you want to ensure adherence to existing environmental quality stands by ensuring the proposed development will not significantly modify theenvironmentalconditionsagainsttheacceptablestandards.Benchmarks aregiveninanumberofareas:WHOhasarangeofstandards,KEBS. Isolatekeyenvironmentalimpacts. VIII. Longtermpredictionofimpacts Theobjectiveistopredictexpectedenvironmentaltransformationsinthelongterm. The result is a statement of the expected transformation. Should be as
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comprehensive as possible predict across the full cycle of the project. That is through establishment, commissioning, long term operational phase and at decommissioningstageforsomeprojects. 8.1 Tools Findingsatbaselinestudies Findingsatconsultationstage Modeling e.g hydrologic models to predict changes of a river after withdrawingwaterforirrigation Forecastbyconsultingexperts. IX. Identificationofsuitablemitigationmeasures 9.1 Threemajorobjectives: Identificationofpossibleoptionsdealingwithunfavorableimpacts Formulateaclearcutmitigationplanmitigationplanning Identify the most appropriate compensation for any unavoidable damage. Typesofmitigationoptions I. Totaleliminationoravoidanceofanynegativeimpacts.Thiskindof optionisverydifficulttoachievebecauseitmayinvolveelimination ofdestructivesectionsofthedevelopmentproposal. Reducing the degree of negative impact on the ground. Risk minimization that borrows heavily from the available engineering toolstoreducehazardsandrisks.Numerousexamplesnoiseshields, dustcollectors,flyoversonhighwaysetc. Reconstructing reconstruction. damaged environment = environmental

II.

III.

Environmental restoration return of the damaged environmentbackintoitsoriginalstate.Itisverydifficultand expensiveimpossibleinmostcases.

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Environmental rehabilitation try as much as possible to recreate the most important elements of a damaged environment. Create an environment that closely resembles theoriginalcondition. Environmental remediation merely reconstruct from a bad state to a more favorable state this may not necessarily resembletheoriginalstateoftheenvironment.Insomecases thefinaldestinationmaynotbepredictable. Compensate for damage that you cant repair and is unavoidable. The team has to agree on the scale of compensation. Say for resettling to do an irrigation scheme. Usuallyfinancially. To identify the most appropriate of measures do ranking of optionssuitabilityanalysis. Consider the cost of implementing the mitigation measures optionbyoption. X. Identificationandassessmentofpossibleprojectalternatives The team considers all the other possible alternatives for the proposed development.Alwayshavethenoactionoptionasanalternative. Example: ExpansionofNairobithikahighwayfrom2laneto4lanedualcarriagehighway. Skyways Newhighwayforcommercialvehicles Railwayline Donothing Analyzeoptionsandgiveasummaryoftheprosandconsforeachofthem. Doneineconomicterms:costbenefitanalysis(CBA).Thenadequatelyadviseif theproposedprojectismoresuitableoranotheralternativeismoresuitable. XI.

Documentation
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Thisinvolvescompilingofthereport.Usuallytwotypesofdocuments. Referencedocumentsusuallytechnicalandhighlydetailed.Fortechnicalexperts Baselinestudies Impactanalysis Workingdocumentsnontechnicalandhighlysimplifiedforthelaypersonincludingthe general public. These serve as the communication media between the team and the decisionmakers. Formatofthereport.NEMAhasguidelinesinitsregulations Sizeofdocumentwilldependontheprojectoneisdealingwith. XII. Decisionmaking Fivepossibledecisionscouldbemade: Unconditionalacceptanceoffullprojectplanveryrare Accepttheprojectwithmodification Acceptaprojectalternative Furtherinvestigationstobeundertakenespeciallyforhighlyriskyventures. Totalrejectionveryrare. C.THEEIAREPORT TheEIAreporthasthefollowingcomponents 1. Chapterone:Background Introduction EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)(Overview,whyanEIA?Andadvantages ofEIA) JustificationfortheEIA TermsofReferencefortheEIA

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ScopeoftheEIAstudy 2. ChapterTwo:Detailsoftheproposedproject Backgroundoftheproject Descriptionoftheproposedprojectanditsoperation Objectivesandbenefitsoftheproposedproject ProjectAlternatives AdministrationandCoordinationoftheproject ProposedProjectBudget Baseline Information of the project Area (Location, background,populationandsettlement,climateandphysiography) 3. ChapterThree:TheEIAProcess Introduction ThePreliminaryStage ScreeningStage Scoping BaselineStudies ConsultationStage ImpactAnalysisandAssessmentofImpactSignificance LongTermPredictionofImpacts IdentificationofSuitableMitigationMeasures Documentation 4. ChapterFour:LegislativeFramework historical

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Includetherelevantlegalframeworkshereandshowhowtheprojecthastaken careofthem 5. Chapter5:DetailedImpactAnalysisandMitigationMeasures General TheConstructionPhase(activities,Impactsandmitigationmeasures) OperationPhase(activities,Impactsandmitigationmeasures) DecommissioningPhase(activities,Impactsandmitigationmeasures) WasteManagement Groundwaterresources,WaterSourcesandUtilization EnergySourcesandUtilization Preparednessforfireandotheremergencies WorkersWelfareandSafety PublicParticipationintheEIA,NeighboursandtheirEffects 6. EnvironmentalandSocialManagementPlan(ESMP) Environmental Impact Mitigation Measure and cost 7. ConclusionandRecommendation Notethis In the Earlier pages of the report before the introduction chapter, put an executive summarytosaywhatyoudidandyourfindingsandrecommendations.
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Period of Responsibility Implementation

Monitoring and means of Monitoring

HereyoumakeyourconclusionsandrecommendationstotheAuthority.

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