Acoustical Physics, Vol. 46, No. 6, 2000, pp. 670675. Translated from Akusticheski Zhurnal, Vol. 46, No.

6, 2000, pp. 764769. Original Russian Text Copyright 2000 by Ezerski, Soustov, Chernov.

Sound Scattering by a Karman Street Consisting of Large-Scale Vortices

A. B. Ezerski, P. L. Soustov, and V. V. Chernov
Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Ulyanova 46, Nizhni Novgorod, 603600 Russia e-mail: ezer@appl.sci-nnov.ru
Received December 30, 1999

AbstractThe scattering of acoustic waves by a vortex street formed behind a cylinder in an air ow is studied both theoretically and experimentally for the case of the sound wavelength being much less than the vortex size. The theoretical calculations show that, at ow velocities well below the sound velocity, the vortex street can be considered as a moving phase screen. The spectrum of scattered sound in the far zone is shown to consist of harmonics whose frequencies differ by a multiple of the vortex rate. The computational results agree well with the experimental data obtained for the diffraction of ultrasound of the wavelength = 3 mm by the Karman street formed behind a circular cylinder with an 8 mm diameter at a flow velocity of 7 m/s. 2000 MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica.

INTRODUCTION Until now, the theoretical and experimental studies of sound scattering by a vortex wake behind a cylinder have been carried out for the case of the vortex core size being much less than the sound wavelength [1, 2]. In this case, the wake behind the cylinder can be approximated by a sequence of point vortices [1, 2]. Such an approximation made it possible to derive analytical expressions relating the ow parameters (the vortex rate, the spatial period, and the vortex circulation) to the spectrum of the scattered sound and to justify the method of remote acoustic sensing [3]. In practice, the point vortex approximation is often inappropriate. Even though it may be valid at short distances from the cylinder placed in a ow, it becomes incorrect at longer distances, because the size of vortices increases downstream due to the diffusion. A typical situation is that with the vortex core size being comparable to the sound wavelength or even much greater than it. The latter case is studied in this paper. We begin with describing the results of numerical calculations for the acoustic wave scattering by large-scale vortices. Then, relying on these results, we show that, in some cases, the scattering process can be analyzed by using a simple model that allows one to reduce the effect of vortices to phase distortions. In terms of this model, we calculate the spectrum of the scattered sound in the far zone. Finally, we present the results of the experiment performed in a wind tunnel and compare these results with our calculations. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF RAY PATHS Let us consider the scattering of a plane sound wave by a two-dimensional Karman vortex street whose

velocity eld U(r, t) = (U, V) is induced by vortices with a nite core size. We neglect the effects of viscosity and heat conduction and assume that the ow velocity is small as compared to the sound velocity c: M = |U |/c 1. From the linearized equations of motion of an ideal barotropic gas of density 0, for the perturbations of density and the horizontal and vertical velocity com ponents u and v , we obtain:
2 u u U U c u - ----- + U ----- + V ----- + u ------- + v ------- + ---- ----- = 0, y 0 x x y x t

(1)

2 v V V c v v - ------ + U ------ + V ------ + u ------ + v ------ + ---- ----- = 0, (2) x y x y 0 y t

u v ----- + U ----- + V ----- + 0 ----- + ------ = 0. x y y x t

(3)

We assume that the characteristic length L of the vortex eld variation in the Karman street far exceeds the sound wavelength: a L. We represent the solution to Eqs. (1)(3) in the form [4] u ( x, y, t ) v ( x, y, t ) ( x, y, t ) u ( x, y ) it i ( x, y ) = e e v ( x, y ) ( x, y ) ,

(4)

where (x, y) is the eikonal.

1063-7710/00/4606-0670$20.00 2000 MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica

SOUND SCATTERING BY A KARMAN STREET CONSISTING OF LARGE-SCALE VORTICES

671

Assuming that the frequency is a large parameter, we retain only the terms of the highest order in in Eqs. (1)(3); then, we obtain c U + V 1 u + ---- = 0, x y 0 x
2

(a) y 10 8 6 l

(5) (6) (7)

c U + V 1 v + ---- = 0, x y 0 x
2

4 2 h l/2 x 2 y 10 5 x 5 10 (b)

U + V 1 + u + v = 0. 0 0 x y x y

For the system of Eqs. (5)(7) to have a nonzero solution, its determinant must be equal to zero. The latter condition yields ( Uf + Vg 1 ) ( ( Uf + Vg 1 ) c ( f + g ) ) = 0. (8)
2 2 2 2

Here, f = /x and g = /y. It can be readily seen that the solution to the equation Uf + Vg 1 = 0 corresponds to disturbances carried by the ow rather than to an acoustic wave. We will seek the solution to Eq. (8) on the assumption that the rst factor in Eq. (8) is nonzero. To determine the solution, we used the method of characteristics (see, e.g., [5]). For this purpose, we introduced the ray parameter z. We determined the ray paths (x(z), y(z)) and the phase (z) correct to rst-order terms in M from the solution of a system of nonlinear rst-order differential equations. In numerically calculating the acoustic ray paths, we used the model of a Karman street consisting of nonpoint vortices whose vorticity was concentrated in a bounded region of radius R0. We assumed that, for a single vortex with the circulation 0, the vorticity had the form = R cos ----- + 1 R 0 0 -------------------------------- , R < R0 2 = 0, R > R 0 .

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

Fig. 1. Fifty ray paths uniformly distributed over the spatial period of the vortex street; the paths are calculated for M = (a) 0.02 and (b) 0.1; all distances are normalized to the width of the vortex street h.

(x) 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 1 2 3 4 x

(9)

The ray paths were calculated for fty rays that were perpendicular to the mean line of the Karman street at y = 10 and were equidistant within the spatial period (Fig. 1). When the ow velocity is low (Fig. 1a), the ray paths are undistorted (compare with Fig. 1b showing the ray paths for higher velocities) and the wave amplitude remains constant. In this case, the effect of the vortex eld on acoustic waves is reduced to an additional phase shift. From the eikonal (x, y), we eliminate the component that linearly grows with y, this component being the same for all fty rays. Then, the quantity (x) = (x, y) ky will harmonically depend on the x coordinate along the ow (see the solid line in Fig. 2). The period of the spatial modulation of the additional phase shift coincides with the period of the vortex street, and the modulation amplitude can be of the order of even at low ow velocities. In terms of physics, this can be interpreted as follows. The vortex street conACOUSTICAL PHYSICS Vol. 46 No. 65 2000

Fig. 2. Phase of the acoustic wave transmitted through the vortex street. The solid line corresponds to the numerical calculation by the ray theory, and the dotted line represents the calculation by the approximate formulas.

sists of vortices rotating in opposite directions. When a ray passes through the vortex street (see Figs. 1a, 1b), the vortices from the upper and lower rows deect the ray in opposite directions and their effects compensate

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EZERSKI et al.

each other. For the additional phase shift, such a compensation does not occur and the effects of the vortices add up. Thus, in the case of low Mach numbers, the Karman street does not cause any curvature of rays and, for acoustic waves, it is equivalent to a phase plate. Using this result, we can analytically calculate the phase shifts for practically important cases. APPROXIMATE CALCULATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND SCATTERED BY LARGE-SCALE VORTICES The characteristics of the scattered sound were calculated as follows. In the geometric acoustics approximation, the Karman street is equivalent to a phase screen (as was shown above). Relying on this fact, we determined the phase modulation of the acoustic wave and, using the method of secondary sources (the HuygensFresnel principle), calculated the far eld. Such a combination of the methods of geometric optics and secondary sources has been used in, e.g., studies of light scattering by large particles [6]. The necessity of applying the HuygensFresnel principle is related to the fact that we intend to consider the eld at large distances from the vortex street. As was shown in the previous section, the ray curvature can be neglected only in the immediate vicinity of the vortex street. The accumulation of such a curvature will lead to the intersection of rays. The method used in our study allows one to correctly calculate the sound eld at distances as long as one wishes. For a plane acoustic wave propagating normally to the axis of the vortex street, the additional phase shift caused by the ow can be represented in the form /y V ( x, y, t )/c . (10)

For an innite periodic vortex street consisting of vortices moving with the speed U0, the additional phase shift is represented as the sum ( x, y, t ) =

--------- ( x, y, t ), 2c
n n

l x U 0 t + nl + -4 n ( x, y, t ) = arctan ------------------------------------y2 l x U 0 t + nl -4 arctan -------------------------------------, y1

(12)

where l is the period of the vortex street and h = 1 is the distance between the vortex rows (see Fig. 1). To apply the HuygensFresnel principle, we place the plane of the secondary sources at a distance y = y = 10 from the vortex street axis. At large distances, the velocity uctuations in the vortex street exponentially decrease and, at y > 10, the contribution of the eddy velocity eld to the additional phase shift is small. To compare our theory with the experimental data, we used the following approach. We assumed that the vortex intensity depends on the x coordinate along the ow in such a way that the vortex street is of nite length. This dependence can be represented by the empirical function tanh ( L x ) + tanh ( L + x ) f ( x ) = -------------------------------------------------------------- . 2 (13)

In our calculations, we used the fact that the superposition principle is valid for Eq. (10) and represented the additional phase shift of the acoustic wave transmitted through the Karman street as a sum of the phase shifts caused by pairs of vortices with circulations of opposite signs. We calculated the phase shift caused by one pair of vortices and, then, performed the summation over an innite number of pairs. When only point vortices are present and the rays are not curved, the additional phase shift that is caused by the vortices located at the points with the coordinates x+ = l/4, y+ = 2h and x = +l/4, y = h has the form l l x -- x + - 0 4 4 ( x, y ) = -------- arctan -------------- arctan ----------- , (11) 2c y h y 2h where 0 is the vortex circulation.

We assume that, for the vortex street, we have L = 3l, where l is the spatial period of the vortex street. Such an approximation ts well the results of the direct measurements of velocity uctuations behind the cylinder. With allowance for the variations in the vortex circulation, the phase can be represented in the form ( x, y, t ) = f ( x )

--------- ( x, y, t ). 2c
n n

(14)

This expression yields the additional phase shift, U0 which, at M = ----- = 0.02, is close to that obtained from c the exact calculation by the ray theory. Figure 2 presents the comparison between the additional phase shift calculated by the ray theory (the solid line) and that calculated by the approximate formula (12) (the dotted line). When a plane wave of amplitude 0 is incident on the vortex street, the scattered sound eld scat formed at the distance r from the vortex street can be
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SOUND SCATTERING BY A KARMAN STREET CONSISTING OF LARGE-SCALE VORTICES

673

represented as an integral over the region of secondary sources: scat

+

H, dB 15
F0

i 0 i --- + t ik 0 r 4 = ------ e e

= 0

10
F0 fs F0 + fs

f ( )n ( , y0, t ) ik 0 r 1 ---------- ( 1 e n )e d, rk 0
+ r 0 2r 0 sin .
2 2

5 0

(15)
15
F0

where r =

= 5
F0 + fs F0 + 2fs

Our calculations showed that, in the case of the sound scattering by a vortex street having the form of a moving diffraction grating, the spectrum of scattered sound contains new harmonics with the frequencies F = F0 + nfs, where F0 is the incident sound frequency, fs is the vortex separation frequency (the Strouhal frequency), and n = 1, 2, . Figure 3 shows the calculated spectra of scattered sound for the incident wave of frequency F = 120 kHz when the length of the scattering region is L = 12 cm and the distance is r = 120 cm (the Fresnel parameter is L/ r 2); the spectra were obtained for three different angles . The choice of the parameters used for the calculations was determined by the conditions of the experiment, which will be described in detail in the following section. We note that, at greater distances, the spectra of scattered sound in the Fraunhofer diffraction region were similar to those shown in Fig. 3, but the difference in the amplitudes of the adjacent combination harmonics was 12 dB (compare with the spectra shown in Fig. 3). EXPERIMENT The experiments on sound scattering by large-scale vortices were performed in a weak-turbulence wind tunnel belonging to the Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The schematic diagram of the experiment is shown in Fig. 4. We studied the scattering of ultrasound of frequency F0 = 120 kHz by the vortex street behind a circular cylinder. The source of ultrasound (the radiator) was a piezoceramic transducer placed behind a screen with an opening of radius rem = 1 cm. The screen was positioned at a distance Lem = 65 cm. The Fresnel parameter calculated for the radiator was Fr = rem / L em = 0.2. The periodic vortex street was formed behind a cylinder of diameter D = 8 mm placed in the test section of the wind tunnel with the dimensions 30 30 cm2; the ow velocity was U = 7 m/s. At this flow velocity, the Reynolds number was Re = UD/ 3.7 103, where is the kinematic viscosity of air and D is the diameter of the cylinder. The vortex separation frequency was fs = 190 Hz, which corresponded to the Strouhal number Sh = fsD/U 0.21. To measure the parameters of ultrasound, we used
ACOUSTICAL PHYSICS Vol. 46 No. 65 2000

10
F0 fs

5
F0 2fs

0 15 10 5 0
F0 fs F0 2fs F0 + 2fs F0 + 3fs F0 F0 + fs

= 10

Frequency
Fig. 3. Calculated spectra of scattered sound for different angles .
Cylinder Scattering region

Line of secondary sources

k0
Radiator

0 l y

r0

h z x

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of the experiment.

a 4135 B&K high-frequency microphone; the electric signal from this microphone was transferred to the operating range of a 2034 B&K analyzer. The microphone facing the radiator was placed on the other side

674 dB 80 60 40 20 0 80 60 40 20 0 80 60 40 20 0
F0 F0 + fs F0 + 2fs F0 + 3fs F0 F0 + fs F0 + 2fs F0 + 3fs F0 F0 fs F0 + fs

EZERSKI et al.

= 0

= 5

= 10

Frequency
Fig. 5. Experimental spectra of scattered sound.

ilar, if we compare the ratios between the amplitudes of harmonics as the functions of the scattering angle . We note that the scattering spectra shown in Fig. 5 noticeably differ from those obtained in the previous experiments [1]. The main difference is that, earlier [1], only the scattering into the rst combination harmonic (n = 1) was recorded; the amplitudes of all other harmonics were much smaller and virtually undetectable against the noise. The experiment described above provides the spectrum of scattered sound that contains a great number of harmonics (see Fig. 5). At rst glance, this contradicts the fact (repeatedly mentioned in [1, 2]) that, in the Karman street, the uctuation energy is mainly concentrated in the rst harmonic. Nevertheless, this result correlates well with the calculations and can be interpreted in the following way. For acoustic waves, the vortex street represents a phase plate. In the case of the propagation of short-wave sound, the phase modulation index can be fairly large even at a low ow velocity (see the above theoretical consideration). In the case of a large index of the sinusoidal phase modulation, the signal should contain a great number of harmonics, which accounts for the type of experimental spectra shown in Fig. 5. Although the experimental and theoretical data qualitatively agree, there is a quantitative difference between the amplitude ratios of higher harmonics and between the shapes of the spectra of scattered sound. In our opinion, these differences are related to the fact that, along with the scattering by regular elds for which the corresponding theoretical model is developed, some noise-induced effects take place. Firstly, the spectrum of scattered sound (Fig. 5) contains a pedestal, which is presumably caused by the eddy component of the air ow. Secondly, the experimental ratios between the amplitudes of the combination harmonics widely deviate from those calculated in the framework of the proposed model. For example, according to the calculations, the decrease in the amplitudes of harmonics with increasing number n should be within 25 dB, while the experiment yields a value of 57 dB. Presumably, this occurs because, at Reynolds numbers about Re = 3.7 103, the separation of vortices occurs in a quasi-regular way. The effect of the quasi-regularity can be illustrated by a model example. Assume that we calculate the spectrum of the periodic signal S() =

of the vortex street, at a distance rm 1.5 m from it. The Fresnel parameter calculated by the size of the scattering region, Lsc, was Fr = Lsc / r m 2. Positioning the microphone at greater distances was hindered by two factors: an excessive amount of equipment in the room and an increase in noise masking the signal. In the course of the measurements, the microphone could be set at different angles to the direction of incident ultrasound to receive the acoustic radiation scattered by the vortices. Since the Fraunhofer diffraction condition was not fullled in the experiment, we recorded only the spectra of scattered ultrasound without determining the scattering patterns, as was done in our previous experiments [1, 2]. Figure 5 shows the scattering spectra for different scattering angles; each spectrum was obtained by averaging over ten independent realizations. In addition to the fundamental carrier frequency F0, these spectra contain harmonics with the frequencies F0 n190 Hz. As one can see from Fig. 5, the ratio between the amplitudes of these harmonics depends on the angle . As the scattering angle increases, the amplitudes of the higher combination harmonics increase, while the amplitude of the combination harmonic with n = 1 decreases. DISCUSSION The theoretical (Fig. 3) and experimental (Fig. 5) spectra of acoustic waves prove to be qualitatively sim-

g ( t )e
n n

it

dt,

n = T 0 n. The spectrum of such a signal consists of the harmonics m = m2/T0. We assume that the sequence is a quasiperiodic one; i.e., n = T0n + n, where n are independent random Gaussian quantities with the variance .
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SOUND SCATTERING BY A KARMAN STREET CONSISTING OF LARGE-SCALE VORTICES

675

Then, if we calculate the spectrum S() averaged over the ensemble, we obtain (see, e.g., [7]) S ( ) =

g ( t )e
n n

it

dt

g(t ) e
n

i ( t + T 0 + n )

dt = e

2 ----- 2

S ( ).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to I.N. Didenkulov, L.Ya. Lyubavin, and A.L. Virovlyanski for useful discussions and advice. The work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 96-02-16834, and the program Leading Scientic Schools, grant no. 96-15-96593. REFERENCES
1. P. R. Gromov, A. B. Ezerski, and A. L. Fabrikant, Akust. Zh. 28, 763 (1982) [Sov. Phys. Acoust. 28, 452 (1982)]. 2. A. B. Ezerski, A. B. Zobnin, and P. L. Soustov, Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Radioz. 28, 832 (1995). 3. A. B. Ezerski, M. I. Rabinovich, and A. L. Fabrikant, USSR Inventors Certicate 1056042, 1983. 4. T. M. Georges, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 51, 206 (1972). 5. M. V. Vinogradova, O. V. Rudenko, and A. P. Sukhorukov, The Theory of Waves (Nauka, Moscow, 1979). 6. H. C. van de Hulst, Light Scattering by Small Particles (Wiley, New York, 1957). 7. V. I. Klyatskin, Stochastic Equations and Waves in Randomly Inhomogeneous Media (Nauka, Moscow, 1980).

Thus, a random spread in the time of vortex separation most strongly affects the amplitudes of the highfrequency spectral components. Precisely this effect is observed in the experiment: the amplitudes of combination harmonics with large numbers are much less than those predicted by the model with a purely regular vortex separation. In closing, we note that the proposed theoretical model makes it possible to efciently combine the method of geometric acoustics with the Huygens Fresnel method of secondary sources. This approach allowed us to obtain an analytical solution for the highfrequency sound eld scattered by a vortex street consisting of large-scale vortices. The solution agrees well with the experimental data.

Translated by E. Golyamina

ACOUSTICAL PHYSICS

Vol. 46

No. 65

2000