PHYSIOLOGY 1) Give origin of lung surfactant, mention its nature and discuss its function 2) Explain the effects

of acute and chronic increase in arterial PCO2 on ventilation 3) Compare ventilation, perfusion and V/Q relationship in the apex and base of the lung in standing position 4) Describe the mechanisms of stimulation of breathing during exercise 5) Factors affecting the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen 6) Diffusion capacity of the lung (definition and the factors affecting diffusion through respiratory membrane 7) Non respiratory functions of the lung 8) Pulmonary surfactant (nature, origin, and its physiological importance) 9) Fetal haemoglobin, carbon monoxide poisoning, exercising muscle. Draw their oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve in relation to normal and discuss causes 10) Carbon dioxide and its role as chemical regulator of respiration 11) Functional residual capacity (definition, significance and method of determination respiratory centers) 12) Define the diffusion capacity and mention the factors affecting the rate of diffusion through the respiratory membrane 13) Changes in lung volume, alveolar pressure and pleural pressure during normal breathing (illustrate with diagram) 14) Carbon dioxide transport in the blood and its importance 15) Mechanism of acute metabolic regulation of local blood flow. Give examples 16) Draw and analyze perfusion zones of vertical lung. Mention causes of perfusion, regional distribution. 17) Non chemical regulation of respiration 18) Anemic hypoxia (cause, mechanism and effect on oxyhaemoglobin-dissociation curve) 19) Regulation of pulmonary blood flow 20) Definition and causes of anaemia 21) Respiratory centers (sites and functions) 22) Factors affecting the oxygen dissociation curve 23) Diffusion capacity (definition) and factors affecting diffusion of gases through respiratory membrane 24) Effect the gravity on ventilation and pulmonary blood flow 25) Acclimatization at high altitude 26) Anaemia (definition and types) 27) Discuss hypoxia, its types and causes 28) Define hypoxia and discuss its physiology types

HISTOLOGY 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) Mention the difference between a bronchus and bronchioles Give histological differences between Kupffer cell and alveolar macrophages Draw and describe the EM picture of pneumocyte type II. Give its function Give an account on pneumocyte type II Describe the histological structure of alveolar macrophage. Mention its origin and function Draw a labelled histological diagram of the cardiac muscle Mention the characteristic histological features of the intrapulmonary bronchus Tabulate the differences between intrapulmonary bronchus and the bronchiole Describe briefly the histological structure of the interalveolar wall and mention the structures forming the alveolar capillary barrier Give an account of the epithelial cells lining the alveoli of lung Give the histological characteristics of the fetal lung Describe the histological structures in different bronchioles. Mention the site, structure and function of Clara cell

ANATOMY 1) The mucous membrane of the lower part of the larynx is supplied by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nerve, while the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx is supplied by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2) Describe the nerve supply, blood supply and lymphatic drainage of larynx 3) Enumerate the muscle acting on vocal cords and their nerve supply.