Introduction
A market is any place where the sellers of a particular good or service can meet with the buyers of that goods and service where there is a potential for a transaction to take place. The buyers must have something they can offer in exchange for there to be a potential transaction. The capacity of a location, such as a country, to become or to grow as a demander of goods and services that outside suppliers might provide. Various measures of market potential are provided especially for emerging economies, intended as guides to exports and foreign direct investment. The portion of the economic potential for GHG emissions reductions or energy-efficiency improvements that could be achieved under existing market conditions, assuming no new policies and measures. The maximum achievable combined sales volume for all sellers of a specific product during a specific time period, in a specific market. Market Potential is a quantitative estimate of the total possible sales by all firms selling the same product in a given market. It gives an indication of the ultimate potential for the product for the industry as a whole assuming that the ideal marketing effort is made. The performance of the rubber manufacturing sector in India improved significantly with the revival of the industrial sector. The rubber goods manufacturing industry in India showed a growth rate of 5.0 percent with a consumption of 7,55,405 tonnes during 2004-05 as against 719,600 tonnes during 2003-04 with 3.5% growth. The auto tyre-manufacturing sector improved its growth slightly from 7.1 percent in 2003-04 to 7.4 percent in 2004-05. The rubber goods manufacturing industry consumed 224,650 tonnes of synthetic rubber during 2004-05 registering an increase of 6.9 percent over the previous year. The total consumption during 2004-05 is 9,80,055 tonnes with a growth of 5.4 percent as against 4.4
percent during the previous year. The relative share of natural rubber and synthetic rubber in India remains unchanged during 2003-04 and 2004-05 in the ratio 77:23.
History of Rubber
Rubber is one of the most important products to come out of the rainforest. Though indigenous rainforest dwellers of South America have been using rubber for generations, it was not until 1839 that rubber had its first practical application in the industrial world. In that year, Charles Goodyear accidentally dropped rubber and sulfur on a hot stovetop, causing it to char like leather yet remain plastic and elastic. Vulcanization, a refined version of this process, transformed the white sap from the bark of the Hevea tree into an essential product for the industrialage. With the invention of the automobile in the late 19th century, the rubber boom began. As demand for rubber soared, small dumpy river towns like Manaus, Brazil, were transformed overnight into bustling centers of commerce. Manaus, situated on the Amazon where it is met by the Rio Negro, became the opulent heart of the rubber trade. Within a few short years Manaus had Brazil's first telephone system, 16 miles of streetcar tracks, and an electric grid for a city of a million, though it had a population of only 40,000. Vast fortunes were made by individuals, and "flaunting wealth became sport. Rubber barons lit cigars with $100 bank notes and slaked the thirst of their horses with silver buckets of chilled French champagne. Their wives, disdainful of the muddy waters of the Amazon, sent linens to Portugal to be laundered...They ate food imported from Europe...[and] in the wake of opulent dinners, some costing as much as $100,000, men retired to any one of a dozen elegant bordellos." The citizens of Manaus "were the highest per capita consumers of diamonds in the world."
Company Profile
The TVS Group is one of India's largest industrial conglomerates. TV Sundram Iyengar and Sons Limited, established in 1911, are the parent and holding company of the TVS Group. The largest automobile distribution company in India, TVS & Sons has an annual turnover exceeding US$ 450 million (over Rs. 16,000 million) with a workforce of over 5000, TV Sundram Iyengar and Sons Limited operates through the three following divisions: TVS Sundaram Motors Madras Auto Service TVS and Sons distribute Heavy Duty Commercial Vehicles, Jeeps and Cars. It represents premier automotive companies like Ashok Leyland, Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd., Fiat and Honda. It also distributes automotive spare parts for several leading manufacturers. TVS & Sons has grown into a leading logistics solution provider and has set up state-of-the-art warehouses all over the country.
TVS Concerns
Axles India Limited - A joint venture with Eaton Limited, U.K. Manufactures axle housings and drive heads for heavy and light commercial vehicles Brakes India Limited - A joint venture with Lucas Automotive, U.K. Manufactures foundation and hydraulic brakes as well as other products for automotive and non-automotive applications. Harita Grammar Limited - Manufacturer of automobile seats in collaboration with Grammar, world leader in the category. India Motor Parts and Accessories Limited - One of India's largest distributors of spare parts. India Nippon Electricals Limited - A joint venture with Kokusan Denki, Japan. Involved in the manufacture of magnetos. Lakshmi Auto Components Limited - Large OE supplier of two wheeler gears and camshafts.
Lucas Indian Service Limited - Company looks after the distribution of auto electrical components all over India. Lucas TVS Limited - A joint venture with Lucas Industries, UK. manufactures a range of auto electric systems. Also develops and produces vacuum pumps and gear starters with Hitachi Limited, Japan. Madras Auto Service - India's largest retail network of auto spares. Southern Roadways Limited - Giant in the Indian road transport industry, company operates largest parcel service all over South India. Sundaram Brake Linings Limited - First Indian company to manufacture asbestos-free brake linings, woven clutch facings and disc pads for automotive applications. Sundaram Fasteners Limited - India's largest manufacturer of tensile fasteners. First company to receive ISO 9002 certification. Also principal supplier of radiator caps to GM in USA. Sundaram Finance Limited - Leading consumer finance company in India. Sundaram Industries Limited - With a reputation built over five decades, comprises several divisions: custom moulded rubber products, tyre services and coach building. Also specializes in refrigerated trucks and bunk beds. Sundaram Motors - Major dealers for Indian and foreign cars in South India. Sundaram Clayton Limited - Sundaram-Clayton Limited was established in 1962 in collaboration with Clayton Dewandre Holdings Plc. (WABCO Automotive) pioneering the manufacture of air brake systems in India. TVS Motor Company - TVS Motor Company Limited, part of the TVS Group, is one of India's leading two-wheeler manufacturers. With a turnover of over Rs.2800 crores [USD 574.94 million],
the Company manufactures a wide range of motorcycles, scooters, mopeds and scooterettes. Little wonder, it boasts of more than 9.5 million happy customers. T V Sundram Iyengar and Sons Limited - Alma mater of the TVS Group based in Madurai, holding company for the TVS Madurai Group. TVS Srichakra Limited TVS Srichakra Limited was incorporated in the year 1982. With the brand of TVS Tyres, manufactures the complete range of Tyres and Tubes for Mopeds, Motorcycles, Scooters and Three Wheelers and is the largest supplier to two wheeler manufacturers in India. TVS Srichakra also manufactures a range of industrial pneumatic Tyres, Farm & Implement Tyres, Skid Steer Tyres and Multipurpose Tyres, branded as TVS Euro grip for exports to USA, Europe, Africa and many parts of the world.
Description
Brake and equipments for non-automotive
LUCAS,UK T R W, U S A WABCO,GERMANY DANA CORPN ,U S A BORGWARNER GERMANY KOKUSANDENKI,JAPAN Delphi, USA Dynacast, UK Cherry, USA Koito, japan Irizar, Spain Firestone, USA Novotema, Italy
46 years, Air Brakes 26 years, axles for commercial vehicles 26 years, Turbo Chargers 23 Years, Electronic Ignition System 26 years, Turbo Chargers 23 Years, Electronic Ignition System 19 years, Fuel injection equipments 15 Years, Precision Engineering components 14 years, snap action switches and special purpose Keyboards 12 years, lighting system 7 years, Coach building 11 Months, Air Springs 10 Months, Components Precision Rubber
Industry profile
An ethos with a commitment to satisfy customers has established TVS RUBBER as one of the largest manufacturers of moulded rubber products in India. TVS RUBBER, one of the two divisions of Sundaram Industries limited, from its humble beginning in 1962 has rapidly expanded its product range and customer base. It offers a wide range of quality products for the following segment: Automotive- Vehicle Manufacturers, System Manufacturers and after market. Industrial and special products Industrial, defence, Electrical, Electronics, mining, Thermal, Telecom, railways and whitegoods. Exposure to and competence in a variety of segments and applications, has enabled TVS RUBBER to leverage successfully its enhanced knowledge of Rubber Technology, to work with Customers from concept design to end functional requirement of custom products for its worldwide customer base. With an emphasis on development of eco-friendly technology, TVS RUBBER has been adopting environment friendly material and actively implementing recycling options. With excellent R & D capability, TVS RUBBER has perfected the moulding process using the entire range of polymers such as NR, SBR, Nitrile, Neoprene, POlyacrylic, Viton, Silicone, EPDM and Butyl. It has been able to develop its core competence and align objectives at all levels to realize synergy in operations from concept design to development of products. TVS Rubbers computerized mixing system with mixing mills, Dispersion and Internal Mixers, makes the process foolproof. Supported by an in-built modern tool room and CAD facility, TVS RUBBER rolls out products employing latest injection and transfer moulding techniques. TVS RUBBER has the latest state- of- the-art equipment and its manufacturing processes are based on the lean manufacturing system. Beneficial elements of this system such as JIT, Kaizen, Cellular operations are being utilized to maximize effectiveness and efficiency through a highly skilled workforce. TVS RUBBER has embarked on a continuous improvement program by internalizing the principles of TPM.
TVS RUBBER offer its customers the finest quality in any product category. Quality is built in at all stages of activity through continuous improvement value for the offerings. TVS RUBBER has the ability to test any physical and chemical properties in rubber and endurance testing of products to exceed customer requirement.
Growth
1962- Tyre repair materials, Bushkits 1977- In-House Toolroom 1981- Injection moulding 1986- Supply for maruti-engine mounts 1992- Formation of strategic Business units 1993- ISO 902 1996- Tie up with Bridgestone 1999- QS 900 2001- Cell manufacturing 2002- Lean manufacturing & 6 sigma 2004- TPM Excellence award TS 169-49 2006- Challenging for TPM consistency award.
Awards
DEMING PRIZE TPM JUSEQUALITY MEDAL ISO 14001 ISO 9000 TS 16949
Primary objective
To identify the market potential for TVS Rubber products
Secondary objective
To identify the potential area. To identify the potential customer for the TVS Rubber products. To check the acceptance level of the molded Rubber components among the industrial customers. To create the ways to promote TVS Rubber products To determine the demand of the Rubber products. To increase the market share.
University of California, San Diego, IR/PS 0519, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0519, United States National Bureau of Economic Research, United States Received 3 January 2003; revised 13 August 2004; accepted 7 September 2004. Available online 7 December 2004.
Abstract
In this paper, I examine the spatial correlation between wages and consumer purchasing power across U.S. counties to see whether regional demand linkages contribute to spatial agglomeration. First, I estimate a simple market-potential function, in which wages are associated with proximity to consumer markets. Second, I estimate an augmented market-potential function derived from the Krugman model of economic geography, parameter estimates for which reflect the importance of scale economies and transport costs. The estimation results suggest that demand linkages between regions are strong and growing over time, but quite limited in geographic scope.
modulate gut microbial composition, thereby leading to improved gut health, for example, through improved tolerance to lactose in lactose-intolerant individuals or improved resistance to pathogenic bacteria. Large numbers of viable microorganisms are likley to be required in the food product, which should be consumed regularly to experience the health effect. The probiotic market, especially dairy products such as yogurts and fermented milks, has experienced rapid growth in Europe. The long-term exploitation of probiotics as health promoters is dependent on several factors, including sound, scientifically proven clinical evidence of health-promoting activity; accurate consumer information; effective marketing strategies; and, above all, a quality product that fulfills consumer expectations.
4. Market Potential and the Location of Japanese Firms in the European Union
Head, Mayer, Thierry Abstract
This paper develops a theoretical model of location choice under imperfect competition to formalize the notion that firms prefer to locate where the markets are. The profitability of a location depends on a term that weights demand in all locations by accessibility. Using a sample of Japanese firms choices of regions within European countries, we compare the theoretically derived measure of market potential with the standard form used by geographers. Our results show that market potential matters for location choice but cannot account entirely for the tendency of firms in the same industry to agglomerate.
Keith
Solar power is the technology of obtaining usable energy from the light of the Sun. Solar energy has been used in many traditional technologies for centuries and has come into widespread use where other power supplies are absent, such as in remote locations and in space. ) Photovoltaics (PV) is the field of technology and research related to the application of solar cells for energy by converting sunlight directly into electricity. Due to the growing demand for clean sources of energy, the manufacture of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has expanded dramatically in recent years. While solar cells have been around for many years now, it is only recently that the advances made in technology have made it possible for researchers to make solar cells more efficient. Miniature' solar cells are essentially those solar cells that are used to power small devices such as consumer electronic devices, microelectronics, and grid applications. This report examines how the advent of miniature solar cells is changing the landscape of the solar photovoltaic industry. The report takes a look at this industry through case studies along with a theoretical analysis of the concept of miniature solar cells as well.
6. Market Potential of a Fast-Food Outlet Against Location Based on Customer Traveling Distance Profiles
Authors: Francis Kit-Nam Leunga; Carmen Ka-Man Cheukb Published in: Journal of Restaurant & Foodservice Marketing, Volume 4, Issue 1 October 2000 , pages 47 75
Abstract
This paper studies how best to estimate the market potential of a fast-food outlet based on customer traveling distance profiles. We selected two outlets from a fast-food chain in Hong Kong, one located in a business district, the other in an urban area, as typical demonstrations. According to the hourly sales indices of either outlet, sales can be categorized into four time segments. The potential market population of each time segment for each outlet is first determined from customer traveling distance profiles. The overall potential market population for each outlet is then determined. To determine the market potential of an outlet, we need to include two factors: the fraction of this population having fast food and the associated frequency of having fast food, in addition to the overall potential market population. Aspects determining these three factors are also examined.
Keywords: Market potential; market zone; potential market population; fraction; frequency
Author: A. N. M. Waheeduzzaman Published in: Journal of Global Marketing, Volume 21, Issue 4 September 2008 , pages 307 320
Abstract
Marketers use various market potential estimation techniques in international markets. These include method of analogy, proxy indicators, chain ratio method, time series analysis, and multiple regression modeling. This study shows how demand or market potential can be estimated using these methods and compares the findings. The study should be useful to both managers and academics interested in the theory and practice of demand estimation. Although emerging markets and durables are used as examples, the methods discussed are universal and can be applied in any country market.
Abstract
Crafts N. (2005) Market potential in British regions, 1871-1931, Regional Studies 39 , 1159-1166. This paper constructs measures of market potential for British regions based on the spatial distribution of Gross Domestic Product and its accessibility. The results show that the North, Scotland and Wales were much less 'peripheral' before the First World War than in 1985. The main reason for the deterioration in their position was changing transport costs associated with the demise of coastal shipping and the rise of road haulage. The implications of technological progress in transportation for relative market potential over the long run have gone unremarked but should not be forgotten as globalization forges ahead.
9.
Authors: Adele H. Deverella; Martha A. Blanchette Published in: Journal of Ambulatory Care Marketing, Volume 1, Issue 2 June 1987 , pages 95 103
Abstract
After developing and testing a physician-directed weight management product and program, a group of nutritionists wanted to market the program nationally. This article
explains the factors investigated to determine the market potential of the program and recommendations for the initial target marketing.
Abstract
This paper estimates the potential market for robotic assembly. The potential market is defined in terms of: (i) the percentage of assembly: (ii) the number of displaced workers and (iii) the number of installed robots, where robots are a lower-cost method than conventional techniques (hard automatic and manual). It also estimates the effects of developments in visual sensing for part recognition, tactile sensing for flexible grippers and reduced control engineering costs (software) on the economics and potential market for robotic assembly. Though the primary concern is to estimate future, as opposed to existing, costs of robotic assembly, many of the cost estimates are based on systems that are currently available. The paper has implications for product and research and development planning in industry, universities and federal research and development programmes.
11. A practical approach to identifying the market potential for high speed rail: A case study in the Sydney-Canberra corridor
David A. Hensher Institute of Transport Studies, Graduate School of Business, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia Received 2 April 1996; revised 9 December 1996. Available online 10 June 1998.
Abstract
This paper presents the methodology and selective empirical results from a study of the demand for a high speed rail system serving the Sydney-Canberra corridor currently dominated by air travel for business trips and car travel for non-business trips. We outline the steps involved in the study from problem specification, data needs, development of base year trip tables, model specification and estimation to establish switching behaviour in the presence of a new mode and calculation of induced demand for current travellers. A stated choice heteroskedastic extreme value switching model is used to evaluate the choice of fare type for business and non-business travel given the current mode used in the corridor for each sampled traveller conventional train, charter coach,
scheduled coach, plane or car. Starting with the current travel profile, patronage can be predicted under alternative fare regimes, taking into account diverted traffic, induced traffic and growth. Treating fare class as endogenous enhances the real choice context facing potential patrons.
Abstract
In new economic geography models, the spatial distribution of demand is a key determinant of economic outcomes. In one strand, it is argued that higher demand gives rise to a more than proportionate increase in production, a result known as the home market effect. Another strand emphasizes the effects of market sizes on factor prices. We highlight the theoretical connection between these two strands. Using data on 57 European regions, we show how wages and employment respond to differentials in what we call real market potential, a discounted sum of demands derived from the theory. Keywords: Home market effects; Wage equation; Gravity equation; New economic geography
13. Evaluating the Potential of Interactive Media through a New Lens: Search versus Experience Goods
Lisa R. Klein
Abstract
The burgeoning growth of interactive media, and more specifically the Internet, as communication vehicles has inspired a flurry of market research that attempts to measure the impact of advertising in the new media, utilizing traditional advertising measurement methods. However, the full impact of these new media will not be realized unless we engage in more thorough research into how to evaluate their potential in terms of their influence on information search behavior. This article seeks to provide direction for such exploration by proposing a new model of consumer information search that integrates the principles of information economics and a goods classification model based on the search/experience/credence paradigm. This model will facilitate a greater understanding by marketers and academics of how a medium can influence consumer information
search through its impact on the critical information consumers have access to prior to product usage.
Abstract
Examines the potential of organic foods in European markets, focusing on consumer demand for organic foods and the possibilities for market expansion. Aims to assess potential sales,to identify the factors determining buying propensity, and to identify the main market barriers. Identifies the types of consumers who purchase organic foods, classifying them according to socio-economic and demographics characteristics. Elucidates the motives for purchasing and the willingness to pay. Identifies the main market barriers and bottlenecks, and examines the potential for future expansion.
Introduction
Consumer interest in organic food has grown tremendously in many industrialized countries during the past ten years. Growth has been especially high in Denamrk, which also has the highest per capita consumption of organic food in the world. However, organic consumption in most coutries comprises only a small percentage of the entire food consumption. Today, organic producers are still only occupying a niche, but may have a much larger potential. The purpose of this paper is to analyse how far and under which conditions such a development could take place. The potential demand for organic foods is evaluated by examining the most important factors influencing consumer choice, while concentrating mainly on which consumers buy organic foods, their motives, market growth, and the barriers to continuing expansion of the organic market. The analysis is based on existing literature concerning European consumers, as well as own research into Danish consumersd, which analyses demand for various organic and conventional products. This earlier study is based on observations of actual purchases, product prices, and household characteristics of approximately 2,300 households during 1997-1998.
Erdener Kaynak
1. Department of Marketing at the School of Business Administration, Pennsylvania State University at Harrisburg
Edward E. Marandu
1. Faculty of Business Administration, University of Botswana in Gaborone
Abstract
This article explores what would be the most probable scenario for the tourism industry in Botswana by the year 2020. A modified Delphi technique was used to generate data from 68 industry experts. The findings show that experts forecast progressively more changes and higher impact as one moves from values, structures, and events. The implication for policy makers and industry operators is that efforts aimed at increasing tourism may prove more fruitful if focused on changing structures and hosting events, rather than changing the values of the people. The study also improves on the understanding of Delphi forecasting behavior. It demonstrates that an expert who is optimistic on one factorsay, valuesis likely to perceive the same with regard to other factors such as structure and events.
16. A technology replacement model with variable market potential An empirical study of CRT and LCD TV
Victor B. Kreng and Hsi Tse Wang Received 9 July 2008; revised 7 February 2009; accepted 9 February 2009. Available online 25 March 2009.
Abstract
The rapidly changing economic environment and increasingly fierce competition indicate that companies must innovate in both their products and marketing strategies if they are to continue to flourish. Specifically, the ability to accurately predict the demand for products is crucial when firms decide to allocate their resources, especially in the fast moving high technology industries, where there is very high investment in R&D and production facilities. This study establishes a forecast model for technology replacement based on the diffusion model with population growth used for the variable market potential. The proposed model is then applied to investigate the CRT and LCD TV market. The results suggest that the new model is more accurate than the constant market potential model in fitting and forecasting performance. Consumers who purchase a TV for the first time are likely more attracted to LCD TV rather than CRT TV. As for those individuals who already own a CRT TV, the attraction is not strong enough to encourage them to replace their current CRT TV with a new LCD TV. Moreover, it is noted that the falling price of LCD TV is an essential factor in encouraging purchases.
19. Exploring the market potential and bundling of business association services
Article Abstract:
Research information regarding the potential of bundling services by business associations is given. Research shows that such bundling does not increase usage as most joiners associations use business associations on a "just in case" basis to gain access to a range of services.
Publishing,
Ltd.
coastal shipping and the rise of road haulage had markedly accentuated the 'peripherality' of outer Britain by 1931. The sensitivity of market potential to changes in relative transport costs has gone unnoticed but it underlines the danger of conflating 'peripherality' with competitiveness.
23. Assessing the lead market potential of countries for innovation projects
Marian Beisea, , and Thomas Cleffb
a
Research Institute for Economics and Business Administration, Kobe University, 2-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, K Pforzheim University of Applied Sciences, Pforzheim, Germany
Abstract
This paper presents an approach to assessing the potential of countries to lead the global adoption of an innovation and to set a global product or process standard. It can be observed that the specific design of an innovation diffuses worldwide after it has been adopted in a single country. We suggest that there are nation-specific characteristics that increase the likelihood that a locally preferred innovation design will become successful in other countries, too. Once users in a market that has lead market characteristics have adopted a specific innovation design, the possibility increases that users in other countries subsequently adopt it as well. We present a lead market concept for the development of global innovation designs. By focusing on the design of the innovation that responds to the preferences within the lead market, a company can leverage the success experienced in the lead market for a global market launch. In order to follow a lead market strategy of new product development, it is necessary to assess the lead market potential of countries before an innovation is developed and tested in the market. We use an indicator-based methodology that approximates the lead market attributes of countries. The assessment methodology is applied to two innovation projects at the truck division of DaimlerChrysler. Keywords: Global innovation development; Global diffusion; Global market entry
Energy field of study, School of Environment Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P
Received 2 April 2008; accepted 17 September 2008. Available online 18 November 2008.
Abstract
Thailand experiences a great economic and industrial development and is the second largest energy consumer in South East Asia. Being a net oil importer, Thai government has declared a renewable energy development programme in order to secure sustainable development and energy security. Thailand spends more than 10% of GDP for energy imports and transport sector accounts for 36% of total final energy consumption of which 50% is diesel. Diesel marks a huge impact on Thai economy. Thai government's bio-diesel development strategy is to replace 10% of petro-diesel in
transport sector by bio-diesel by 2012. The plan is to increase the use of bio-diesel from 365 million liters in 2007 to 3100 million liters by 2012. This paper reviews the current status and potential of bio-diesel in Thailand and investigates and discusses the qualities and weaknesses of the proposed road-map. The proposed road-map definitely gives immediate solution for soaring oil prices, but the long-term economic, environmental and social impacts need to be examined. Keywords: Bio-diesel; Thailand; Energy policy
25. Testing and evaluating commercial applications of new surface-treated rubber technology utilizing waste tires
F. G. Smitha, b, 1, E. J. Danielsb, a and A. P. S. Teotiaa, b,
a b
Environmental Technologies Alternatives, Inc., 5065 East Sloan Street, Port Clinton, OH 43452, USA Argonne National Laboratory Energy Systems Division Building 362, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
Received 9 June 1995; revised 29 June 1995; accepted 13 July 1995. ; Available online 22 December 1999.
Abstract
Standard, untreated, crumb rubber typically commands a low selling price, usually $0.330.66/kg. This low value has limited the full recovery of the rubber from waste rubber products. An emerging technology involving the surface treatment of rubber particles with chlorine gas may improve the characteristics of waste rubber so that it can be used in high-value products, which could support a higher price for treated rubber. This research identifies the two most significant end-use markets for treated rubber particles: footwear (shoe soles and components) and urethanefoam carpet underlay markets. In these major markets, research has clearly demonstrated that two categories of surface-treated rubber particles can be used easily in existing manufacturing plants and processes and has shown that the material meets or exceeds existing standards for performance, quality, and cost-effectiveness. The combined market potential of the surface modified rubber particles is estimated to be 108 kg/yr. The current price of the surface-treated material is estimated to be $1.101.43/kg, which could be economically sustained in these high-
value applications. Modifying the surface of scrap tire rubber may also yield substantial energy savings. The modified scrap rubber may also contribute greatly to the use of postconsumer scraptire waste as a higher value material in polymer compounding. One barrier is moisture in the surface-treated rubber material (0.81%), which is curtailing the commercial success of surfacetreated rubber particles in urethane-molded products. Further development is under way to correct that problem. Author Keywords: Rubber recycling technology; Surface-treated-rubber technology; Waste tire rubber product; Tire recycling
26. An Empirical Analysis of the Potential for Market Power in California's Electricity Industry
Severin Borenstein & James Bushnell 1 Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, and University of California Energy Institute, 2539 Channing Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-5180, and National Bureau of Economic Research, USA, 2 University of California Energy Institute, 2539 Channing Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-5180, USA
ABSTRACT
Using historical cost data, we simulate the California electricity market after deregulation as a static Cournot market with a competitive fringe. Our model indicates that, under the prederegulation structure of generation ownership, there is potential for significant market power in high demand hours, particularly in the fall and early winter months when hydroelectric output is at its lowest level relative to demand. The results also show that two of the most important factors in determining the extent and severity of market power are the level of available hydroelectric production and the elasticity of demand.
Abstract
The authors explore possible equilibrium distributions for large retail trade center's in the Baltimore metropolitan area. Possible sites for centers are selected on general planning grounds and tested for feasibility and balance. Balance is determined in terms of the volume of business attracted by each center in relation to its size. By repeated trials, it is established that there exists a
balanced distribution in which the size of centers is related to their drawing power, which in turn depends on the distribution of purchasing power projected for the area and the transportation facilities and for trip-makers. This land use model is intimately related to transportation models, by The balanced distribution of retail outlets turns out to be the minimum cost pattern for trip-makers. This land use model is intimately related to transportation models, by way of network tracing and a gravity model trip distribution theory. It represents a departure from some of the restrictions of central place theory
Chemical Engineering Department, Process Analysis and Plant Design Section, National
Technical University, 9 Heroon Polytechniou, Zografou Campus, GR-157 80, Athens, Greece Tel. +30 (1) 772-3218; Fax +30 (1) 772-3155
b
Athens, Greece Received 4 November 1998; accepted 27 November 1998. ; Available online 30 June 1999.
Abstract
The present work analyzes water management strategies based on advanced desalination schemes powered by renewable energy sources. The framework for developing a decision procedure, which monitors water shortage problems and identifies the availability of renewable energy resources to power desalination plants, is presented. Cost of alternative solutions, taking into account energy cost or profits by energy selling to grid, is estimated. Emphasis is given to the market forces and the relationship of technology prices and market potential. A case study for the Aegean Islands in Greece is presented. Author Keywords: Desalination; Renewable energy; Reverse osmosis; Water market potential
29. Enlargement and the EU Periphery: The Impact of Changing Market Potential
Marius Brlhart 1 , Matthieu Crozet 2 and Pamina Koenig 3 1 DEEP-HEC, University of Lausanne and CEPR, 2TEAM, University of Paris I and CNRS, 3 CREST and University of Paris I
ABSTRACT
We study the impact of changing relative market access in an enlarged EU on the economies of incumbent Objective 1 regions. First, we track the impact of external opening on internal spatial configurations in a three-region economic geography model. External opening gives rise to potentially offsetting economic forces, but for most parameter configurations it is found to raise the locational attractiveness of the region that is close to the external market. Then, we explore the relation between market access and economic activity empirically. We simulate the impact of enlargement on EU Objective 1 regions. Predicted market-access-induced gains in regional GDP and manufacturing employment are up to seven times larger in regions proximate to the new accession countries than in 'interior' EU regions. We also find that a future Balkans enlargement could be particularly effective in reducing economic inequalities among the EU periphery, due to the positive impact on relative market access of Greek regions.
Abstract
New economic geography (NEG) stresses the role of various types of linkages as agglomeration forces. We show that a typical NEG model can be used to design an empirical methodology to assess whether linkages are relevant at all and, if so, whether they are more important for firms or workers in terms of productivity or amenity respectively. Applying the proposed methodology to Finnish NUTS 4 regions from 1977 to 2002, we find that linkages are indeed relevant and that firm-related demand and cost linkages are more important than worker-related cost-of-living linkages. Keywords: New economic geography; Finland; Market potential; Migration; Productivity
31. Multichannel somato sensory evoked potential study demonstrated abnormalities in cervical cord function in brachial monomelic amyotrophy
Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Department of Neuroradiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore,
India
2
Bangalore, India
3
India
Abstract
Background: Brachial monomelic amyotrophy (BMMA) is known to affect the central cervical cord gray matter resulting in single upper limb atrophy and weakness. Settings and Design: Case series of BMMA patients who underwent somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) studies at a tertiary referral center. Aims: We proposed to record Multichannel Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (MCSSEP) from median and ulnar nerves with neck in neutral and neck fully flexed position in 17 patients with classical BMMA seen over three years. Materials and Methods: Recordings were done from both median (MN) and ulnar nerves (UN). N9, P9, N13, N20 potentials were recorded and amplitudes measured. SSEPs were performed in 22 age-matched healthy men. Amplitudes of cervical response were calculated by N13/P9 ratio and compared in both positions. Results: Among the controls N13 amplitude was always normal {MN: mean N13/P9 - 0.96 in neutral; 0.95 in flexed}{UN: mean N13/P9 - 0.82 in neutral; 0.83 in flexed}, and mean amplitudes did not reveal any difference in both conditions ( P >0.05). Among 17 patients N9, P9 and N20 responses were normal in neutral position. Flexion showed no change in latency or amplitude of N9 and N20 responses ( P -0.63) whereas the N13 response was abnormal in at least one tested nerve in the affected limb (MN: P <0.01; UN: P <0.01). During flexion, N13 response was abnormal in 14 (82%) patients after MN stimulation and in all 17(100%) after UN stimulation {MN: mean N13/P9 - 0.62 in neutral; 0.38 in flexed}{UN: mean N13/P9 - 0.55 in neutral; 0.31 in flexed}. Conclusion: MCSSEP in BMMA with neck flexion caused a significant reduction of the cervical N13 response indicating segmental cervical cord dysfunction.
Keywords: Brachial monomelic amyotrophy, multichannel somatosensory evoked potential, magnetic resonance imaging
32. Assessing market potential of technological innovation: the case of Intel's microprocessor
International Journal of Business Strategy, Sept, 2007 by Alan S. Khade ABSTRACT
This research paper focuses on a different angle to confer extent by which market potential influences the technology innovation. The main study areas of this research paper will be: defining terms of market potential and technology innovation, analyzing market potential and the driving force of technological Innovation in assessing market potential of technological innovation, searching for the relationship between market potential and technological innovation and analysis of why it's important to consider market potential when innovating the technology. Seeking the way to assess Market potential of technological innovation and use the case of Intel as example to make the whole research more understandable. This research paper will attempt to establish a relationship between market potential and technology innovation.
1. INTRODUCTION
Today, a lot of the industry research discusses about the market potential or technology innovation. These two topics seem to be close but there is no attempt to find out the relationship between these two. What drives the technology innovation? The relationship between market potential and technology innovation is always important in all kinds of industry. In the technology industry, technology innovation has been cited as one of the key factor that affects competitiveness. Yet despite widespread agreement about its benefits, the relationship between market potential and technology innovation is still poorly understood. Definition is confused and the link between market potential and technology innovation remains to be proven. This research paper reviews the literatures and reports of related study into the relationship between market potential and technology innovation. The aim of this research paper is to find out the relationship between market potential and technology innovation, defining the definitions clearly. With the case study of Intel's microprocessor, the study will looking for the market potential between different generations of microprocessor, the relationship between market potential and technology innovation will be easier to understand.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
According to Bernadette McGahon & Gwilym Williams in the New Ideas For Business, if the invention of technology is suitable for patenting in terms of its novelty, then determining whether there is enough commercial potential to warrant the significant financial investment in obtaining a patent is of paramount importance. A commercial evaluation of market potential involves identification of commercial application(s) and markets, determining market potential and overall commercial potential, assessing competing technologies or products, and estimating the potential
returns relative to development costs and barriers. A thorough consideration of each of these issues will allow determination of the best mode of commercialization. As mentioned by Ende, J. van den in his paper "Technology Push, Demand Pull And The Shaping Of Technological Paradigms--Patterns In The Development Of Computing Technology" an assumption generally subscribed in evolutionary economics is that new technological paradigms arises from advances in science and developments in technological knowledge. Demand only influences the selection among competing paradigms, and the course the paradigm after its inception. In this paper, we argue that this view needs to be adapted. The history of computing technology in the 20th century a distinction can be made between periods in which either demands or knowledge development was the dominant enabler of innovation. In the demand enabled periods new technological paradigms in computing technology have emerged as well. From these articles, we understand that the relationship between market potential and technology innovation is complex. This research paper assess this kind of relationship and how these two theories influence each other.
flow, population density and other factors are used to gauge the success or failure of this industry. Even differences in product lines sold within a given store can impact the number of customers and how are they will travel to shop. The principles of determining market share and market potential are the same for all geographic areas. First determine a customer profile (who) and the geographic size of the market (how many). This is the general market potential. Knowing the number and strength of your competitors (and then estimating the share of business you will take from them) will give you the market potential specific to your enterprise.
can quite often watch and wait for innovations to be incubated in the marketplace before they act on incubations themselves. One of the useful tools to start with is looking at innovation is to say is this innovation a sustaining innovation, which is it helps make my current business better. Or is this innovation a potentially industry changing innovation and the simple form of that is this innovation allowing me to enter a brand new marketplace? Not an extension of a current one, not a betterment of the current ones I have today, but a brand new marketplace.
Technology Push:
Technology development that is driven by ideas or capabilities created by the development organization in the absence of any specific need that customers might have. In technology push situations, innovations are created and then appropriate applications or user populations are sought that fit the innovation. Technology-Push occurs when a new technology is invented that people do not realize they need or desire. When a technology-push occurs, when internal development comes up with a patent or a technological device, which has a high novelty character for the enterprise. Often, such a breakthrough innovation is even unknown to the entire industry. In this situation, the break-through innovation has a potential for high strategic impact, but at the same time lacks internal support and shows clear risks.
Demand-pull:
Technology development that is driven by user needs and requirements (demand), rather than by ideas or capabilities created by the development organization. Developing new products on the basis of market demand rather than on that of company-generated ideas. Demand-pull used to refer
to increased demand for a limited supply of goods and services, tending to cause consumer prices to increase.
Model of demand-pull:
Demand-pull look at needs that are easily identified but with minor potential and continue to change the definition of the "opportunity" and "miss the opportunity." However, demand-pull lacks a champion or "true believer." The relationship between demand pull and technology push:The thing is, demand-pull represent market potential. How much demand is pulling the whole industry, how much market potential there will be. Technology push represents technology innovation. However, these two different theories were there to complete each other. Even though in the technology driving industry like Microsoft, technology innovation still very hard to drive the market like market potential does. The best example of this is Microsoft "house of future", in this Microsoft new technology innovation; the "house of future" has a lot of different function. According to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Microsoft "technology innovate" most of the things we seen in life with their special technology to create this house of future, Microsoft maintains this "home"--the address listed on that front-door screen notwithstanding, it's just a series of rooms in Building 33 on the company's campus here--to show what "might" be possible five to 10 years from now. Even though the technology driven company like Microsoft, the company still admitted that The basic idea behind the Microsoft Home is personalizing a dwelling so it responds to its occupants and customer's tastes--"making things mine," said John O'Rourke, senior director of Microsoft consumer strategy division. This proved that only technology innovation (technology push), the product might not be accepted by customers, and then, this kind of product just a "dream." A lot of "invention" disappears due to this kind of problem. Only with assessing market potential, technology innovation will bring its use to full play.
There may be a broad market for the innovation, with several "niches" that match different manufacturers' product lines. It might be appropriate to enter into several licenses with different firms, licensing the product to each one specifically for the kind of application that matches their business. There may be a thin, but clearly defined market for the product. If the product is clearly related to the product line of one firm, and the ratio of start-up costs to estimated sales within a particular company is favorable, the firm might be interested in being licensed to handle the product. The firm will be in a good position to use existing channels to disseminate information about the product, and they are most likely to provide the follow-up support that may be necessary to see to it that the rehabilitation clients are well served. There may be a potential market, probably a small one, but the costs of tooling are such that the manufacturer cannot justify undertaking the manufacture and marketing of the product. It might be appropriate to consider requesting the evaluation of the product. The product may not be appropriate for the general market but rather is aimed at certain kinds of users in specific situations. It isn't likely that a manufacturer would be willing to invest substantially in the tooling and marketing costs necessary to bring the product to market. In this situation there is no advantage to trying to restrict access to the drawings, process information, or the prototype itself. The outcome of the research and development effort may have its greatest impact if placed in the public domain, where there are no restrictions on access. Sometimes the quickest, most direct route is through the open publication of the information learned, such as a new and improved technique related to rehabilitation. The best example of why linking market potential and technology innovation is important, is the example from snicker manufacturing company--Adidas, and Nike. Adidas, one of the most famous snickers manufacture, also the market leader in the 70s, lose almost 10 million dollars revenue from the market when Nike start to make the "Air" series shoes in 1978, and also, Adidas lose its leading position of the market. Before 70s, Adidas was always the leader of the sinker and sports shoes market. However, in 1978, Nike Company observed the market potential at 70s people are looking for lighter shoes. Also, athlete needs some shoes with more elasticity to help them perform better in the stadium. When other companies like Adidas were focusing on the "style" of the shoes, Nike decide to innovate their technology and try to put the air cushion in the shoes. In 1978, Nike publishes their first "Air" shoes with real air caution inside the shoes. This kind of "Air" shoes certainly impact the market and "heat" its biggest competitor--Adidas--hardly and deeply. Adidas lose about 10 million revenue around the world and also, Nike get to take over Adidas' market leader position. It's a big lose for Adidas; however, it's the best example for all the industry. Once the company didn't carefully understand the market potential and didn't improve its technology innovation--just like Adidas, it might lose revenue, market share, and company leading position. Worse, the company might lose all its business.
Market potential can be stated in terms of dollars or units. A technological innovation's market potential is affected by economic, socio-cultural, and other environmental force. Marketers must assume a certain general level of marketing effort in the industry when they estimate market potential. The specific level of marketing effort varies from one form to another, but the sum of all firms' marketing activities equals industry wide marketing efforts. Company sales potential is the maximum percentage of market potential that an individual firm within an industry can expect to obtain for a specific product. Several factors influence company sales potential for a market segment. First, the market potential places absolute limits on the size of a company's sales potential. Second, the magnitude of industry wide marketing activities has an indirect but definite impact on the company's sales potential. Those activities have a direct bearing on the size of market potential. There are two general approaches to measuring company sales potential: breakdown and buildup. In the breakdown approach, the marketing manager first develops a general economic forecast for a specific time period. Next, market potential is estimated on the basis of this economic forecast. The company's sales potential is then derived from the general economic forecast and estimate of market potential. In the buildup approach, the marketing manager begins by estimating how much of a product a potential buyer in a specific geographic area, such as a sales territory, will purchase in a given period. The manager then multiplies that amount by the total number of potential buyers in the area. The manager performs the same calculation for each geographic area in which the firm sells products and then adds the totals for each area to calculate market potential. To determine company sales potential, the manager must estimate, based on planned levels of a company marketing activities, the proportion of the total market potential the company can obtain. It is not easy to recognize the potential of an innovation. That is, if, for example, a new technology came along, it is not always easy to understand the concepts that underpin each component of the technology and the relationships among the components. Nor is it always easy to understand how linking these components would result in a lower cost or a differentiated product or in an entirely new product that customers want. We attribute these difficulties to two factors. The first is the uncertainty that often plagues, innovation, especially in its very early stages. There is usually a lack of information and of clarity as to exactly what technologies will go into the product or service or what customers want. Firms must collect and process information to understand the rationale behind the innovation and its applications. This leads to the second reason for the difficulties in recognizing the potential of an innovation: the way firms collect and process information. Recognizing the potential of an innovation consists of two parts: (1) understanding the rationale behind the invention and what it takes to commercialize it and (2) recognizing the different applications to which the new product or service can be put. Rationale behind an innovation: Understanding the rationale behind an innovation consists of determining just what the components (and the core concepts underlying them) that go into the product are, and how they are
linked together to deliver the new low-cost or differentiated features to customers. For a firm facing an innovation, understanding the rationale behind it may involve asking the question: can the new mousetrap be built using the new knowledge?
6. APPLICATIONS
The other part of recognizing the potential of an innovation is determining the applications for the new product. That is, answering the question: will the new product be used in new markets as well as in existing ones? For example, will transistor radios only allow the innovator to sell to the home where vacuum tube radios have done well so far, or will they create a new market in portable and car radio? There are three categories of such applications. In the first, the innovation replaces an old solution for an old problem, because it has either a lower cost or better features than the old innovation. In the second category, the innovation solves an old problem as well as new one(s). for example, the personal computer replaced the typewriter as a product to type document and also proves valuable in other applications, such as document storage, electronic distribution, electronic merging, editing, and processing. Since the innovation solves old problems and a lot more, existing marketing competences may not be enough to exploit the full potential of the innovation. Finally, the innovation can have a complete new application. In that case the market knowledge and the relationships that the firm had accumulated in serving the old application may not only be useless, but may actually constitute a handicap. For example, disk drive manufactures who supplied makers of mainframe computers with 12-inch disk drives had difficulties adopting 8-inch drives early. One reason for this failure to adopt early was that 8-inch drive manufactures worked hard to satisfy the needs of their mainframe customers who, early in the life of the disks, had little use for 8-inch drives, which were better suited for minicomputers than for mainframes.
First mover advantage (FMA) refers to the potential competitive benefits gained by being the first (and sometimes early) entrant into a new product market area. There are many potential benefits to being the lead entrant in a new, munificent market area.
Market power:
By being first, the company can build an installed base of customers. If there are any switching costs involved with the product or service, this base can act as a cash cow revenue source, to aid in competing and provide opportunities for expansion or scaling not available to later entrants. The early base of customers can also establish the company's product/service in the mind of the market. This presence shapes the expectations of new customers in a direction beneficial to the first mover. The first mover can also lock in the most attractive supplier relationships, distribution channels, and market segments. One of the reasons why it is difficult for any new cereal producer to gain entry into the market is that the incumbents control shelf space in the grocery stores. The control of this distribution channel is a key barrier hindering later entrants from gaining access to this market.
Industry guidance:
The first mover can guide the direction of the new market by establishing formal industry leadership in the new area through patents and copyrights. The company can also establish informal leadership through the establishment of standards followed in the industry
Organizational advantages:
Early entry allows the organization to build capabilities such as technical knowledge, customer knowledge, or process knowledge before other organizations are able to do so.
Learning curve:
First moving companies will receive real life feedback earlier than competitors. This information is essential and from feedback is learning curve able to start.
Patent protection:
As an early entrant, it can quick to build a strong patent base and to develop a thicket of patents around not only the core product but also the processes by which useful products were manufactured.