RE-Lanjut-Feedback and Oscillator Circuit

RANGKAIAN ELEKTRONIKA LANJUT
(ADVANCED ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS)

Taufiq Alif Kurniawan, ST, MSc.Eng.
Reference Books:
1/93
Reference Books:
1. Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit
Theory, Pearson Education, Inc., Uppersaddle River, New Jersey 07458,
USA, 2006.
2. Jacob Millman & Arvin Grabel, Microelectronics, McGRAW-HILL
INTERNATIONAL EDITIONS, 1988.
3. Behzad Razavi, RF Microelectronis, Prentice Hall, 1998.
Lecture notes and supplementary materials will be provided on the
course website (http://scele.ui.ac.id/)
ADVANCED ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS DEPARTMENT ELECTRICAL ENG. UI 2011/2012
ADVANCED ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. Low Noise Amplifier
CHAPTER 2. Power Amplifier
CHAPTER 3. Linier-Digital Ics
CHAPTER 4. Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
2/93
CHAPTER 5. Power Supplies (Voltage Regulators)
CHAPTER 6. Two-Terminal & pnpn Devices
ADVANCED ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. Low Noise Amplifier
CHAPTER 2. Power Amplifier
CHAPTER 3. Linier-Digital Ics
3/93
CHAPTER 5. Power Supplies (Voltage Regulators)
CHAPTER 6. Two-Terminal & pnpn Devices
FEEDBACK AND OSCILLATOR CIRCUITS
4/93
Barkhausens Criteria for Oscillation.
For sinusoidal oscillations,
Barkhausens criteria state-
( ) +1 =
o
j T
( )
( )
0 =
o
j T
Or even multiples of 360
0
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
s T
s A
s s A
s A
s
v
A
=
1 1
Phase shift around feedback loop
should be zero degrees and
magnitude of loop gain must be
unity.
Loop gain greater than unity causes
distorted oscillations.
( )
1 =
o
j T
o
5/93
Oscillators with Frequency-Selective
RC Networks: Phase-Shift Oscillator
1 4
2 2 2
3
1
2 3 3
) ( '
o
V
) (
o
V
) (
1
) (
2
V
) (
o
V
+ +
= =
=
sRC C R s
R R C s
s
s
s T
sCR
s
s
Phase shift will be zero if = 0, )
2 2
2
3 1 ( C R
o
Phase shift will be zero if = 0,
At
0
)
2 2
2
3 1 ( C R
o

RC
o
3
1
=
R
R
4
RR C
o
)
o
T(j
1
12
1
1
2
2
= =
Use node equations at v1 and v2

To find the relation between V2 and Vo
6/93
Oscillators with Frequency-Selective RC
Networks: Wien-Bridge Oscillator (HP 200A)
) (
2
) (
1
) (
2
) (
1
V ) (
o
V
s Z s Z
s Z
s s
+
=
1 3 )
2 2 2
1 (
) (
I
V
) (
o
V
+ +
= =
sRC C R
sRCG
s
s
T(s)
Phase shift will be zero if = 0, )

2 2 2
1 ( C R Phase shift will be zero if = 0,
At
0
=1/RC
This oscillator is used for frequencies upto few
MHz, limited primarily by characteristics of
amplifier. (variable freq.?)
) 1 ( C R
3
G
)
o
T(j + =
3
G
)
o
T(j =
= 0 )
o
T(j
7/93
Amplitude Stabilization
Loop gain of oscillator changes due to power supply voltage, component
value or temperature changes.
If loop gain is too small, desired oscillation decays and if it is too large,
waveform is distorted.
Amplitude stabilization or gain control is used to automatically control Amplitude stabilization or gain control is used to automatically control
loop gain and place poles exactly on jw axis.
At power on, loop gain is larger than that required for oscillation.As
oscillation builds up, gain is reduced to minimum required to sustain
oscillations.
8/93
Amplitude Stabilization in RC
Oscillators: Method 1
R
1
is replaced by a lamp. Small-signal resistance of lamp depends on
temperature of bulb filament.
If amplitude is large, current is large, resistance of lamp increases, gain is
reduced. If amplitude is small, lamp cools, resistance decreases, loop gain
increases. Thermal time constant of bulb averages signal current and amplitude
is stabilized.
9/93
2
1
3 2
>
+
R
R R
2
1
4 3 2
<
+
R
R R R
Thus, when diodes are off, op amp gain is
slightly >3 ensuring oscillation, but, when
one diode is on, gain is reduced to
slightly<3.
For positive signal at v
o
, D
1
turns on as
voltage across R
3
exceeds diode turn-
on voltage. R
4
is in parallel with R
3
,
loop gain is reduced. D
2
functions
similarly at negative signal peak.
slightly<3.
Same method can also be used in phase
shift oscillators.
10/93
LC Oscillators: Colpitts
Oscillator
L
C C
sL
G
m
g
GC G C
GD
C s C C
GD
C C C s
s
s
G
m
g C C s
sC
m
g C s
sL
GD
C C s
)
3 1
(
3
)
3
( )
3 1
(
3 1
2
) (
s
V
) (
g
V
)
3 1
(
3
)
3
(
/ 1 )
3
(
0
0
+
+
+
+
+ + + + + =
+ + +
+
+ +
=
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
|
|
\
|
(
(
(
) /( 1
o
r
S
R G=
GS
C C C + =
2 3
L sL
=0, collect real and imaginary parts and set
them to zero.
TC
LC
o
1
=
3 1
3 1
C C
C C
GD
C
TC
C
+
+ =
At
0
1
3
C
C
R
m
g =
Generally more gain is used to ensure
oscillation with amplitude stabilization.
11/93
LC Oscillators: Hartley Oscillator
|
|
|
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
(
(
(
+ + + + + =
+ + +
+
+
=
2
1
1
1
2 1
2
1
2
) (
s
V
) (
g
V
)
2
/ 1 ( )
1
/ 1 (
2
/ 1
)
2
/ 1 (
2
/ 1
0
0
L L
C
L L s
sL
m
g
o
g
m
g sC
s
s
o
g
m
g sL sL
sL
m
g sL
sL sC
\ 2 1
2 1
2
=0, collect real and imaginary parts and set
them to zero.
)
2 1
(
1
L L C
o
+
=
G-S and G-D capacitances
are neglected, assume no
mutual coupling between
inductors.
12/93
Crystal Oscillators
Crystal: A piezoelectric device that vibrates
is response to electrical stimulus, can be
modeled electrically by a very high Q
S
C
P
C
T
C
T
LC L
R
s s
S
LC L
R
s s
P
sC
S
Z
P
Z
S
Z
P
Z
C
Z
=
+ +
+ +
=
+
=
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\
|
1
2
1
2
1
modeled electrically by a very high Q
(>10,000) resonant circuit.
L, C
S
, R represent intrinsic series resonance
path through crystal. C
P
is package
capacitance. Equivalent impedance has series
resonance where C
S
resonates with L and
parallel resonance where L resonates with
series combination of C
S
and C
P
.
S
C
P
C
S P
T
C
+
=
Below
S
and above
P
,
crystal appears capacitive,
between
S
and
P
it exhibits
inductive reactance.
13/93
Crystal Oscillators: Example
Problem: Find equivalent circuit elements for crystal with given parameters.
Given data: f
S
=5 MHz, Q=20,000 R =50 W, C
P
=5 pF
Analysis:
mH 8 . 31
)
6
10 5 ( 2
) 000 , 20 ( 50
=

= =
S
RQ
L
5.02MHz
fF) 6 . 31 mH)( 8 . 31 ( 2
1
2
1
fF 8 . 31
) 0318 . 0 (
2
7
10
1
2
1
=
=
+
=
= = =
|
|
\
|
S
C
P
C
S
C
P
C
L
P
f
L
S
S
C
S
14/93
Crystal Oscillators: Topologies
Colpitts Crystal Oscillator Crystal Oscillator using BJT
Crystal Oscillator using JFET
Crystal Oscillator using CMOS
inverter as gain element.
15/93
Amplitude Stabilization
Loop gain of oscillator changes due to power supply voltage, component
value or temperature changes.
If loop gain is too small, desired oscillation decays and if it is too large,
waveform is distorted.
Amplitude stabilization or gain control is used to automatically control Amplitude stabilization or gain control is used to automatically control
loop gain and place poles exactly on jw axis.
At power on, loop gain is larger than that required for oscillation.As
oscillation builds up, gain is reduced to minimum required to sustain
oscillations.
16/93
R
1
is replaced by a lamp. Small-signal resistance of lamp depends on
temperature of bulb filament.
If amplitude is large, current is large, resistance of lamp increases,
gain is reduced. If amplitude is small, lamp cools, resistance
decreases, loop gain increases. Thermal time constant of bulb
averages signal current and amplitude is stabilized.
17/93
Active LC oscillator
Higher range
Higher Q factor (=> ??)
18/93
Hartely (b) and Colpitt (a) oscillators
19/93
LC Oscillators: Colpitts Oscillator
L
C C
sL
G
m
g
GC G C
GD
C s C C
GD
C C C s
s
s
G
m
g C C s
sC
m
g C s
sL
GD
C C s
)
3 1
(
3
)
3
( )
3 1
(
3 1
2
) (
s
V
) (
g
V
)
3 1
(
3
)
3
(
/ 1 )
3
(
0
0
+
+
+
+
+ + + + + =
+ + +
+
+ +
=
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
|
|
\
|
(
(
(
) /( 1
o
r
S
R G=
GS
C C C + =
2 3
L sL
=0, collect real and imaginary parts and
set them to zero.
TC
LC
o
1
=
3 1
3 1
C C
C C
GD
C
TC
C
+
+ =
At
0
1
3
C
C
R
m
g =
oscillation with amplitude
stabilization.
20/93
LC Oscillators: Hartley Oscillator
|
|
|
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
(
(
(
+ + + + + =
+ + +
+
+
=
2
1
1
1
2 1
2
1
2
) (
s
V
) (
g
V
)
2
/ 1 ( )
1
/ 1 (
2
/ 1
)
2
/ 1 (
2
/ 1
0
0
L L
C
L L s
sL
m
g
o
g
m
g sC
s
s
o
g
m
g sL sL
sL
m
g sL
sL sC
\ 2 1
2 1
2
=0, collect real and imaginary parts and
set them to zero.
)
2 1
(
1
L L C
o
+
=
At
0
2
1
L
L
f
=
oscillation with amplitude
stabilization.
G-S and G-D
capacitances are
neglected, assume no
mutual coupling
between inductors.
21/93
Another practical Colpitt Osc.
22/93
Crystal oscillator
In its heart is a piezoelectric crystal
Pizo crystal have opposite faces plated
with electrodes.
3 major advantages: 3 major advantages:
Very high Q (10s to 100s of thousands)
Stable with temp. and time
Can give freq. upto several MHz
Q and res. Freq. depends on the size,
orientation of faces, and mount
23/93
Crystal Oscillators
Crystal: A piezoelectric device that
vibrates is response to electrical
stimulus, can be modeled electrically
S
C
P
C
T
C
T
LC L
R
s s
S
LC L
R
s s
P
sC
S
Z
P
Z
S
Z
P
Z
C
Z
=
+ +
+ +
=
+
=
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\
|
1
2
1
2
1
stimulus, can be modeled electrically
by a very high Q (>100,000) resonant
circuit.
L, C
S
, R represent intrinsic series
resonance path through crystal. C
P
is
package capacitance. Equivalent
impedance has series resonance where
C
S
resonates with L and parallel
resonance where L resonates with series
combination of C
S
and C
P
.
S
C
P
C
S P
T
C
+
=
Below
S
and above
P
,
crystal appears
capacitive, between
S
and
P
it exhibits
inductive reactance.
Used to replace L in
Colpitt
24/93
Crystal
25/93
Crystal Oscillators: Example
Problem: Find equivalent circuit elements for crystal with given parameters.
Given data: f
S
=5 MHz, Q=20,000 R =50 W, C
P
=5 pF
Analysis:
mH 8 . 31
)
6
10 5 ( 2
) 000 , 20 ( 50
=

= =
S
RQ
L
5.02MHz
fF) 6 . 31 mH)( 8 . 31 ( 2
1
2
1
fF 8 . 31
) 0318 . 0 (
2
7
10
1
2
1
=
=
+
=
= = =
|
|
\
|
S
C
P
C
S
C
P
C
L
P
f
L
S
S
C
S
26/93
Pierce crystal oscillator
configuration
27/93
Crystal Oscillators: Topologies
Colpitts Crystal Oscillator Crystal Oscillator using BJT
Crystal Oscillator using JFET
Crystal Oscillator using
CMOS inverter as gain
element.
28/93
The classic 555 timer circuit
Since 1972 (by Signetics Co.) called IC
Time Machine!
Numerous clones available
Low-cost, accurate and easy to design Low-cost, accurate and easy to design
with (>1B units per year)
~23 Transistors; 2 diodes; ~16 resistors
(DIP-8)
Can work in monostable, astable and
bistable configurations
29/93
From the SE555 datasheet
30/93
Schemtics
31/93
Block diagram
S=R=0; Q=Q
S=1;R=0; Q=1
S=0; R=1; Q=0
Vcc ~ 5V
Vth = 2/3Vcc Vth = 2/3Vcc
Vtl = 1/3Vcc
Why 555?
Transistor ~ switch
32
ADVANCED ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
DEPARTMENT ELECTRICAL ENG. UI
2011/2012
Monostable configuration
33/93
Astable configuration
34/93

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RANGKAIAN ELEKTRONIKA LANJUT

(ADVANCED ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS)

Use node equations at v1 and v2

Phase shift will be zero if = 0, )

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