Thong Tin Di Dong1

quy hoch mng thng tin di ng
Li gii thiu.
Thng tin di ng t lu tr thnh mt phng
tin hu hiu v thun tin trong ton h thng
thng tin vin thng. Tuy nhin, h thng thng tin di
ng GSM mi ch c nghin cu cch y khng
lu. N c k tha nhng tnh u vit ca thng tin
di ng tng t v nhng tinh t nht ca thng tin
s to thnh mt phn ca mng thng minh. Trong
nhng nm gn y thng tin di ng c ng
dng trong lnh vc thng tin v tuyn. Ngnh thng
tin ny bt u pht trin bng pht minh th
nghim v sng in t ca Hertz v in bo v
tuyn ca Marconi vo thi k u ca pht minh v
tuyn. Thng tin di ng pht trin nhanh theo nhu
cu ca thng tin x hi ngy cng tng v i hi cao
vi cc dch v a dng khng ngng ci tin v b
xung.
Trong phm vi bo co ny khng th i su vo
chi tit vn m ch gii thiu mt s k thut
chnh trong mng thng tin di ng s GSM.
Ni dung n gm c 3 phn:
Phn I:Gii thiu tng qut mng GSM
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
-1-
Chng I: Lch s thng tin di ng v gii thiu

c tnh, tnh nng ca mng thng tin di
ng s GSM
Chng II: Gii thiu cu trc h thng
Phn II: Cc gii php k thut cho giao tip v tuyn

Chng I: V tuyn s tng qut
2.1 Cu hnh knh trn giao tip v tuyn
2.2 S nhn dng trong GSM
2.3 Cc trng hp v th tc thng tin
Phn III:
Chng I: V tuyn s tng qut
2.1 Cu hnh knh trn giao tip v tuyn
2.2 S nhn dng trong GSM
***
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
-2-

Phn 1.Gii thiu tng quan GSM
Phn I. Gii thiu tng quan GSM

Chng I. Lch s dch v thng tin di ng v
gii thiu c tnh, tnh nng ca mng thng
tin di ng s GSM
1.1. Lch s dch v thng tin di ng:
H thng thng tin di ng t lu l mt khao
kht ln lao ca con ngi. Khao kht ny ch c th tr
thnh hin thc ngay sau khi k thut thng tin bng
sng v tuyn in ra i vo th k th 19. Tuy
nhin vic a h thng thng tin di ng vo phc v
cng cng ch c thc hin sau chin tranh th gii
ln th hai.
Do s pht trin ca cng ngh in t v thng
tin cng nhu cu i hi ca con ngi ngy cng tng
cao nn mng thng tin di ng ngy cng c ph
bin, tin cy ngy cng tng. Qu trnh pht trin
ca mng thng tin di ng nh sau:
Th h th nht: Sau nm 1946. Kh nng phc
v nh, cht lung khng cao, gi c t.
Th h th hai: T nm 1970 n 1979. Cng vi
s pht trin ca processor m ca cho vic thc

hin mt h thng phc tp hn. Nhng v vng ph
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
-3-

sng ca Anten pht ca trm di ng cn b hn ch

do h thng chia thnh cc trm pht v c th
dng nhiu trm thu cho 1 trm pht.
Th h th ba: L mng t ong tng t (1979-
1990). Cc trm thu pht c t theo hnh t ong,

mi l 2 cell. Mng ny cho php s dng li tn s,
cho php chuyn giao cc vng trong cuc gi.
Cc mng in hnh l:
+
AMPS (Advanced Mobile phone service):
a vo
hot ng ti M nm 1979.
+
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone System): L h
thng in thoi di ng tng t ca cc nc Bc u

(1981).
+
TACS (Total Access Communication System): nhn
c t AMPS c lp t Anh nm 1985.

Ngy nay hu ht tt c cc nc Chu u u c
1 hoc nhiu mng t ong.
Tt c nhng h thng t bo ny u thc
hin vic truyn m tng t bng iu tn. H thng dng bng tn xung quanh tn s 450MHz hoc
900MHz, vng ph sng thng l vng rng vi s lng
thu bao ln n hng trm ngn.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
-4-

Th h th t: L th h da trn k thut truyn
dn s.
+
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications):
a vo hot ng ti Chu u t nm 1992.

+
DCS (Digital Cellular System): Da trn mng GSM
s dng tn s 1800MHz.
+
CDMA(Code Division Multi Access): Trong tng lai.
Bng 1. Gii thiu mt s mng t ong tng t

c vn hnh chu u
Nc
Thi
S thu
Bng
im
bao
thng
tn
vn
(ngn
hnh
1981
thu bao)
1200
1985
1300
1989
90
1985
300
1985
60
Anh
TACS
450
Bc u
NMT
NMT
900
450
Radio
450-
Com200
RTMS
900
450
TACS
C450
900
450
1990
1985
560
600
NMT
900
1987
180
450
1985
900
1989
Php
Italia
c
Thu
in
H Lan
NMT
130
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
-5-

NMT
450
1984
60
Ty
TACS
NMT
900
450
1990
1982
60
60
Ban Nha
TACS
900
1990
60
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
-6-

1.2. Mng thng tin di ng GSM:

T u nm 1980 sau khi h thng WMT c
a vo hot ng mt cch thnh cng th n cng
biu hin mt s hn ch:
Th nht: Do yu cu dch v di ng qu ln so
vi con s mong i ca cc nh thit k h thng, do
h thng ny khng p ng c.
Th hai: Cc h thng khc nhau ang hot ng
khng ph hp vi ngi dng trong mng.
V d: Mt u cui trong TACS khng th truy
nhp vo mng NMT cng nh mt u cui di ng
NMT cng khng th truy nhp vo mng TACS.
Th ba: Nu thit k mt mng ln cho ton Chu
u th khng mt nc no p ng c v vn u t
ln.
Tt c nhng iu dn n mt yu cu l
phi thit k mt h thng mi c lm theo kiu
chung c th p ng c cho nhiu noc trn
th gii. Trc tnh hnh vo thng 9/1987 trong
Hi ngh ca Chu u v bu chnh vin thng, 17
quc gia ang s dng mng in thoi di ng
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
-7-

hp hi ngh v k vo bin bn ghi nh lm nn tng

cho mng thng tin di ng s ton Chu u.
n nm 1988 Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu
u (European-Telecommunication-Standard Institute)
thnh lp nhmc trch v mng thng tin di
ng s GSM. Nhm ny c nhim v a ra tiu
chun thng nht cho h thng thng tin di ng s
GSM di hnh thc cc khuyn ngh, ly cc tiu chun
ny lm c s cho vic xy dng mng thng tin di
ng v lm sao cho chng thng nht, tng thch vi
nhau.
*
V mt k thut:
Mt s mc ch ca H thng sng t mt trong
nhngmc ch y l h thng cn cho php chuyn

vng t do vi cc thu bao trong Chu u, c ngha l
thu bao ca nc ny c th thm nhp vo mng ca
noc khc khi di chuyn qua bin gii trm GSM-MS
(Mobile -Station) phi to cho ngi dng gi hoc b
gi c trong vng ph sng quc t.
* Cc ch tiu phc v:
- H thng c thit k sao cho MS c th c
dng trong tt c cc nc c mng.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
-8-

Cng vi phc v thoi, h thng phi cho php s
linh hot ln nht cho cc loi dch v khc lin quan

n mng lin kt s liu a dch v ISDN
(Intergrated Service Digital Network).
- To mt thng c th phc v cho cc MS trn cc
tu vin dng cng nh mt mng m rng ca cc
dch v di ng mt t.
* V cht lng phc v v an ton bo mt:
- Cht lng ca ting thoi trong GSM phi t nht
c cht lng nh cc h thng di ng tng t trc
trong iu kin thc t.
- H thng c kh nng mt m ho thng tin ngi
dng m khng nh hng g n h thng, cng nh
khng nh hng n thu bao khc khng dng n
kh nng ny.
* V s dng tn s:
- H thng cho php kh nng s dng di tn t
hiu qu cao c th phc v vng thnh th ln
vng nng thn cng nh cc dch v mi pht trin.
- Di tn s hot ng: 890-960MHz.
- H thng GSM900 phi c th cng tn ti vi cc
h thng dng 900MHz trc y.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
-9-

* V mng:
- K hoch nhn dng da trn khuyn ngh ca
CCITT. K hoch nh s cng da trn khuyn ngh
ca CCITT. H thng phi cho php cu trc v t l
tnh cc khc nhau khi dng trong cc mng khc nhau.
- Trung tm chuyn mch v cc thanh ghi dch v
phi dng h thng bo hiu c tiu chun ho
quc t.
1.3.
H thng t ong GSM (GSM Cellular System):

Mng thng tin di ng l mng khng dy, cc
thu bao l di ng do c hai vn c t ra

l:
- Qun l di ng (MM: Mobile Management).
- Qun
tim
nng
tuyn
(RM:
Radio
Management).
Vic qun l di ng c t chc theo mng PLMN
(Public Land Mobile Network), mng di ng cng cng
mt t. PLMN c coi l mt phn mng c nh c nh tuyn cuc gi. PLMN c chia thnh
nhiu v tuyn nh c bn knh t 350m cho n
35km. Kch thc trn da vo a hnh v lu lng
thng tin. Mi v tuyn tng ng vi mt trm thu
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- 10 -

pht c s (BTS: Base
Tranceiver Station) tu theo
cu to ca anten. C hai loi BTS:

*
BTS Onnidirectional vi anten v hng, c bc x
ngoi khng gian c gc nh hng l 3600.

*
BTS Sector vi 2 hoc 3 anten nh hng 1800
hay 1200, cc v tuyn ny c sp xp dng t

ong (Hnh v 1) v n da vo cc yu t sau:
2
2
1
1
3
2
1
2
1
Hnh v 1
Yu t th nht:
Chng ta u bit rng vic truyn lan ca sng
in t c mt s c im:
- Phn x khi gp vt cn.
- Nhiu x t cc sng cng tn s.
- Tn x khi gp chng ngi vt trn ng truyn.
- Suy hao trong qu trnh truyn sng.
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- 11 -

Do khng th phc v qu rng ti 100, hn

na cng sut pht ca trm di ng cng b hn ch.
Suy hao ng truyn cc u kin bnh thng t l vi d2 (d l khong cch ti i pht) iu
kin vng thnh ph l d4.
Cc loi pha inh xy ra do gp chng ngi vt
trn ng truyn hoc tr ng truyn.
Cc loi nhiu do tn hiu thu c khng phi l
trc tip t i pht m t nhiu tn hiu phn x
cng tn s.
*
Yu t th hai: V di tn
Cc trm thu pht ca Cell ch c cung cp 1 s
tn s gii hn.Vi h thng GSM di tn t 890MHz960MHz c chia lm hai bng:

-
Bng tn ln (Uplink band): Di tn t 890MHz-
915MHz cho cc knh v tuyn t BTS-MS.

-
Bng tn xung (Downlink band): Di tn t
915MHz-960MHz cho cc knh v tuyn t MS-BTS.

Khong cch gia hai tn s sng mang ca 2
knh lin nhau l 200MHz. Mi knh s dng 2tn s
ring bit cho ng ln v ng xung, khong cch
gia hai tn s ny l 45MHz.
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- 12 -

Rx
CU
Tx
45 MHz
Ngoi bng tn s c bn GSM cn c bng tn s

m rng v bng tn DCS.
Bng tn xung (Downlinkband)
960
MHz
960
MHz
GSM
c s
200
MHz
935
MHz
Bng tn ln (Uplinkband)
915
MHz
1880
MHz
GSM
m rng
927
MHz
915
MHz
DCS
1805
MHz
1785 MHz
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
890
- 13 MHz
882
MHz
1710
MHz

Do s lng tr gii hn nn vic s dng li tn s l

mt vn cn bn n. Vi mt khong cch thch
hp gia 2 cell c th dng cng mt tn s m nhiu
do chng gy ra cho nhau mc chp nhn c.
1.4. Cc loi c tnh v phc v ca GSM:
1.4.1. Cc c tnh ca mng thng tin di ng
s GSM:
T cc khuyn ngh ca GSM ta c th tng hp
nn cc cc c tnh ch yu sau:
- S lng ln cc dch v v tin ch cho cc thu
bao c trong thng tin thoi v s liu.
-
S tng thch ca cc dch v trong GSM vi cc
dch v ca mng c sn (PSTN-ISDN) bi cc giao

din theo tiu chun chung.
- T ng cp nht v tr cho mi thu bao di
ng.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 14 -

- linh hot cao nh s dng cc u cui thng

tin di ng khc nhau nh my xch tay, my cm tay,
t trn t.
-
S dng bng tn s 900MHz vi hiu qu cao nh
s kt hp gia TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

vi FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access).
- Gii quyt s hn ch dung lng nh vic s dng
tn s tt hn.
1.4.2. Cc dch v c tiu chun GSM:
Cc dch v thoi :
- Chuyn hng cc cuc gi v iu kin.
- Chuyn hng cuc gi khi thu bao di ng
khng bn.
- Chuyn hng cuc gi khi thu bao di ng bn.
- Chuyn hng cuc gi khi khng n c MS.
- Chuyn hng cuc gi khi nghn v tuyn.
- Cm tt c cc cuc gi ra.
- Cm tt c cc cuc gi ra quc t.
- Cm tt c cc cuc gi ra quc t tr cc nc
PLMN thng tr.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 15 -

- Cm tt c cc cuc gi n.
- Cm tt c cc cuc gi n khi lu ng
ngoi nc c PLMN thng tr.
- Gi cuc gi.
- i gi.
- Chuyn tip cuc gi.
- Hon thnh cc cuc gi n cc thu bao bn.
- Nhm v s dng khp kn.
- Dch v ba pha.
- Thng bo cc ph.
- Dch v in thoi khng tr cc.
- Nhn dng s ch gi.
- Nhn dng s thoi c ni.
- Nhn dng cuc gi him th.
Cc dch v s liu:
- Truyn dn s liu
- Dch v bn tin ngn
- Dch v hp th thoi
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 16 -

- Pht qung b trong cell.

***
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 17 -

Chng II: Cu trc v thnh phn mng GSM

2.1 Cu trc mng GSM:
IDN
SS
AUC
PSPDN
PSTN
VLR
PLMN
HLR
EIR
MSC
OSS
CSPDN
BSS
BSC
BTS
MS
Cc k hiu :
SS: H thng chuyn mch
AUC: Trung tm nhn thc
VLR: B ghi nh v tm tr
HLR: B ghi nh v thng tr
EIR: Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b
MSC:Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di
ng( gi tt l tng i v tuyn)
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- 18 -

BSS: H thng trm gc

BTS: Trm thu pht gc
BSC: H thng iu khin trm gc
MS: Trm di ng
OMC: Trung tm khai thc v bo dng
ISDN: Mng lin kt a dch v
PSPDN: Mng chuyn mch cng cng theo
gi
PSTN: Mng chuyn mch in thoi cng
cng
PLMN: Mng di ng cng cng mt t .
Cu trc mng di ng s GMS theo khuyn ngh
ca GMS. Mng GMS c chia thnh h thng chuyn
mch (SS) v h thng trm gc (BSS). Mi mt h
thng cha mt s khi chc nng v cc khi ny c
thc hin cc phn cng khc nhau.
2.2 Cu trc mng a l :
y l mt yu t quan trng i vi mt mng di
ng bi tnh lu ng ca thu bao trong mng.
a.
Tng i v tuyn cng (GATEWAY-MSC)

GMSC lm vic nh mt tng i trung k vo
cho mng GSM/ PLMN. N thc hin chc nng hi

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 19 -

nh tuyn cuc gi cho cc cuc gi kt cui di

ng, cho php h thng nh tuyn cc cuc gi
n ni nhn cui cng ca chng l cc trm di ng
b gi.
Tt c cc cuc gi vo GSM/PLMN s c nh
tuyn n mt hay nhiu GMSC.
ISND
PTSN
PTSN
X
X
GMSC
X
b. Vng phc v MSCNNF:

Vng MSC c mt MSC qun l. V nh tuyn
cuc gi n mt thu bao di ng, ng truyn qua
mng s
ni n MSC vng phc v m thu bao
ang . Vng phc v l b phn ca mng c nh

ngha nh mt vng m c th t n mt trm
di ng nh vic trm ny c ngh li mt b
nh v tm tr VLR. CME 20 vng MSC v vng phc
v bao ph cng mt b phn ca mng.
c.
Vng nh v (Location Area):
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- 20 -

Mi vng phc v MSC/VLR chia thnh nhiu vng

nh v . Ti y MS c th t do di chuyn khng
cn cp nht thng tin v v tr cho tng i
MSV/VLR iu khin vng ny, khi mt thng bo tm
gi s c pht qung b tm thu bao di ng b
gi. Vng nh v c th c mt s v ph thuc
vo mt hay nhiu BSC nhng ch mt MSC/VLR. Vng
c nhn dng bi h thng LAI (nhn dng LAI v
oc h thng s dng tm mt thu bao ang
trng thi hot ng).
d.
8 (cell):
8 thuc vng nh v v l mt vng bao ph v
tuyn c nhn dng ton cu (CGI).

Trm di ng t ng nhn dng
mt 8 bng
cch s dng nhn dng trm gc (BSIC).

2.3 Cc thnh phn mng GMS:
Ngoi hai h thng chnh SS(Switching System) v
BSS (Base Station System) c mng in thoi chuyn
mch cng cng PSTN c ni mng thng tin di ng
mt t cng cng PLMN qua SS v trm di ng MS
thuc thu bao.
a.
H thng chuyn mch (SS):

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- 21 -

H thng chuyn mch SS ca CME 20 da trn

c s cng ngh AXE cho php t mc linh hot
cao, gi thnh h nh cu trc Mobile AXE. SS cua
CME20 h tr cc giao tip ng dng ca tiu chun
GSM.
Khi chc nng ca SS:

-
Trung tm chuyn mch cc nghip v di
ng cng (GMSC).
-
Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di ng
(MSC).
-
B ghi nh v tm tr (VLR)
B ghi nh v thng tr (HLR)
Trung tm nhn thc (AMC)
B ghi nhn dng thit b (EIR)
c tnh v nhim v ca tng khi:
MSC: l ht nhn ca mng PLMN, n c nhim v
nh tuyn v kt ni cc phn t ca mng thu bao

di ng vi nhau hoc vi thu bao ca mng PSTN v
ISDN. Cc s liu lin quan n thu bao di ng c
cung cp t HLR, VNR, AUC v EIR, t cc bo hiu
cn thit s c pht ra cc giao din ngoi vi vi tt c
cc thnh phn mng (BSS/HLR/AVC/EIR/OMC) v ni
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- 22 -

vi mng c nh PSTN hay ISDN. MSC cncung cp

cc dch v ca mng cho thu bao. N cha cc d
liu v thc hin qu trnh Hardover. Trong ch
thoi mt b phn Echo-Canceller c t gia MSC
v PSTN trit ting vng gy ra cc b bin
i t 2 dy sang 4 dy trong PSTN.
*
HLR: C s d liu quan trng nht ca mng di
ng s. HLR c s dng theo di MS, l ni thu

bao mua mt ng k t mt hng khai thc GMS m
HLR thuc hng ny. HLR cha thng tin v thu bao
nh cc dch v b xung v cc thng s nhn thc. N
cha thng tin v v tr thng tin ca MS trong mt
vng MSC no v thng tin ny thay i th MS di
ng. MS s gi i thng tin v v tr (qua MSC/VLR)
n HLR ca mnh nhm m bo phng tin thu
mt cuc gi. Trong HLR cn thc hin to mt bo
hiu s 7 trn giao din vi MSC.
* VLR: L c s d liu cha thng tin v tt c cc
MS hin vng phc v ca MSC. Mi MSC c mt VLR
v VLR c kt hp trong phn cng ca MSC. VLR c
th coi nh mt HLR phn b. VLR cha thng tin
chnh xc hn v v tr ca MS vng MSC. Trong trng hp MS lu ng v cng MSC mi. VLR lin kt vi
MSC ly s liu v MS ny t HLR v thng bo cho
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- 23 -

HLR v tr ca MS sau VLR c th thit lp cuc

gi cho MS m khng cn n HLR.
* AUC: L mt b phn trong phn cng ca HLR
trong GSM c nhiu bin php an ton khc nhau
trnh vic s dng tri php, cho php bm v ghi
li cuc gi ng v tuyn. Vi mi mt m thu bao c
mt m bo mt ring bit nhm chng li s nghe
trm, m ny c bo v chng mi xm nhp tri
php.
*
EIR: Cha s liu phn cng ca thit b (MS).
EIR c ni vi MSC qua ng bo hiu, cho php MSC

kim tra s hp l ca thit b. N bo v mng PLMN
khi s thm nhp ca thu bao tri php.
* OSS: H thng khai thc h tr c ni n tt c
cc thit b h thng chuyn mch v ni n BSS.
OSS c cc chc nng sau:
- Qun l h thng chuyn mch, quy nh cc
thay i s thoi, phn tch tuyn, cc bng phn
tch IMSI,...
-
Qun l thu bao : Cc loi u ni, gii phng
ni, cc nhn dng nh v vng (LAI).

- Qun l TRX: Cc qui nh TRX, TRI, cc knh
lgc,...
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- 24 -

- Cc chc nng o : Lu lng cc chuyn giao thng

k,...
b.H thng trm gc:
Cu hnh h thng
RBS Trm gc v tuyn
SS
Giao tip
A
BSC
AXE 10
Giao tip
A
RBS 200
RBS 200
RBS 200
BSS chu trch nhim ch yu cc chc nng v

tuyn h thng qun l thng tin v tuyn vi cc
my di ng. N cng iu khin vic chuyn giao
cc cuc gi an tin hnh gia cc c iu khin
bi BSC ny. BSS chu trch nhim qun l tt c cc
tim nng v tuyn ca mng v s liu v cu hnh
ca . CME 20 BSS c th thc hin cc hnh ng
ph hp khi xy ra cc tnh hung khng bnh thng
mc d khng t ti OSS. BSS cng iu khin cc
mc cng sut v tuyn cc trm gc cng nh trm di
ng.
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- 25 -

BSS cha mt b iu khin trm gc BSC (Base

Station Controller) v mt hay nhiu trm thu pht gc
BTS (Base Tranceiver Station).
Nu khong cch gia BTS v BSC nh hn 10m
cc knh thng tin c th ni trc tip (Combine), nu
ln hn th c th phi qua mt giao din ABIS
(Remote). Mt BSC c th qun l nhiu BTS theo cu
hnh hn hp theo kiu trn.
2-4. BSC. Chc nng v c tnh:
BSC CME 20 c thc hin theo cng ngh AXE,
n linh hot thch hp vi ton b dung lng t cc
ng dng vng nng thn cho n thnh ph ln. BSC
BIE iu khin Link
mng
mt lng ln cc RBSC (Radio
Abis
Interface
FU1
Base Station)
(256)
hiu qu cc tim
TCU1 nh vy qun l DTC1
BST
nng v
tuyn.
1 FU2
FU1
BST
2 FU2
DTC2
DTC3
TCU2
MSC
PCM
30*13Kb/
s
TCU1
TCU2
SWITCHING
MATRIX
FU1
TCU
FU2
TCU
FUN
TCU
DTC16
BST
3
CPR
CPR
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Mainterian
ce
X25 or
RS232
- 26 -
OMI
X25
OMC/R

Cc khi chc nng ca BSC:

2.1.
TCU ( Terminal Control Unit ) Khi iu khin

thit b ngoi vi
Giao din vi BTS
Ph hp vi mt n v di tn c bn ca BTS
S lng TCU ph thuc vo s BTS m n iu
khin v cu hnh ca chng
2.2.
DTC ( Digital Trunk Controller ) B iu khin
trung k s
Giao din vi MSC
Qun l tn hiu n v i t MSC
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 27 -

S lng BTS ph thuc vo lu lng (s Erlang trn

giao tip AInterface) v gim xung cn thit
2.3.
CPR ( Common Processor ) B x l chung

Thc hin cc chc nng ca h thng nhng n
khng iu khin ma trn chuyn mch
Cung cp , lu tr m v s liu s dng , trng
thi a cng v PIN
iu khin np cho BTS
Cung cp giao din X25 v RS 232
Qun l ngun lu thng TCH
N bao gm ton b cc chc nng v bo dng
2.4. SWM
( Switching Matrix )
Tt c cc giao din trong BSC c thc hin

qua mng chuyn mch . Mng ny gm cc
c tnh chnh sau y :
ng la chn gia cc phn
ng ci t nhanh
Kh nng nghn thp
BSC CME 20 c n nh cc trch nhim chc
nng chnh sau:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 28 -

iu khin cuc ni cc trm di ng (thit lp
gii phng cc u ni, thc hin chuyn giao,...).

-
Qun l mng v tuyn (thc hin thng k v
php o, s cuc gi mt, s lng chuyn giao thnh

cng v tht bi, lu lng mt ) nhm pht hin cc s
c mng v tuyn v s c thit b m bo vic
cu hnh li h thng ng n.
-
Qun l trm gc v tuyn (BSC iu khin cc
tim nng RBS v iu khin gim st cht lng RBS

bng cch kim tra phn mm bn trong v kim tra
u vng ng ting ).
-
Chuyn i m v thch ng tc (m ho
ting, gim tc bit xung 13kB/s, c thc hin

BSC, mt ng PCM 64kB/s c th chuyn 4 ng
ni tip).
-
Tp trung lu lng (BSC c th t cn i s khc
nhau ca ti gia cc ca mnh).

-
Qun l chuyn dn n RBS (BSC lp cu hnh,
ginh v gim st cc mch 64kB/s n cc trm v

tuyn gc. N cng iu khin trc tp 1 chuyn
mch RBS s dng hiu qu cc mch 64kB/s.
BSC cng tru trch nhim gim st cc mch n
MSC v ra lnh trm mch b s c).
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 29 -

c tnh ca BSC:
-
Cu hnh ca BSC cc i phc v ti 512 my
thu 256 tng ng 10000 thu bao. Mt BSC vi

30 TRX (my thu pht) l kichs thc ti thiu ph hp
t va 3 t my.
2.5. BTS - chc nng v c tnh:
Trm v tuyn gc RBS-200 l sn phm ca
Erickson dng cho trm thu pht gc BTR ca GSM. N
gm cc thit b giao tip chuyn dn v v tuyn
cn thit trm v tuyn c khi trm ph 1 hoc
nhiu .
Pilot Frequency
Generator
Master Clock Unit
Frame
Unit
BSC Base
Station
Interfac
e
Unit
CA
OMUA
Frame
Unit
Carrier
Unit
Frequen
cy
Hopping
Unit
Base band
Carrier
Unit
Transmission
Antena
Compile
r
Receiver
Antena
Radio and Coupling
Control
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 30 -

* Cc chc nng ca khi BTS:

-
Cc chc nng tim nng chung (Qung b thng
tin h thng; tm gi; yu cu knh t MS; n nh

tc thi).
-
Cc chc nng tim nng ring (a knh vo hot
ng; hu hot ng knh; khi u mt m; pht

hin chuyn giao).
-
Cc chc nng knh mt t ( Chuyn di m
ho ting thc hin gia 64kB/s v 13kB/s; thch ng

tc l; iu khin trong bng ca TRAU xa;
VAD/DTX; truyn dn khng lin tc).
-
M ho v ghp knh (ghp knh ng v
tuyn; m ho v ghp xen knh; mt m v gii mt

m).
-
iu khin h thng con v tuyn (o cht lng;
o ng b thi gian; iu khin cng sut ca TRS

v MS; pht; thu).
-
iu khin TRX (LATP; kt cui ng bo hiu
BSC v TRS bo co li; s c ni thng).

-
ng b (chun tn s, s khung ).
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 31 -

Khi ng h thng v np phn mm (Khi
ng h thng; khi ng li).

-
Lp cu hnh (pht v tuyn; thu v tuyn; iu
khin v tuyn; kt hp knh lgc; n nh nhn

dng ).
* Cc c tnh:
- Tnh tin cy, tnh mun v cht lng sn phm
cao m bo mc tin cy cao.
- Tnh bo dng tng ln nh vic nh du hp
l cc khi, phng nga c gi mc ti thiu nh
h thng c gim st t dng.
- Gi thnh ca chu k tui th: Vic gim gi
thnh ca chu k tui th t c nh kt hp cc gii
php h thng vi gim st t ng, tnh mun, tnh
d phng v tnh tinh cy cao.
***
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 32 -

Phn II.Cc gii php k thut cho giao tip v tuyn
Phn II. Cc gii php k thut cho giao tip v tuyn

Chng I. V tuyn s tng qut
chng ny cp n vic s dng thit b
v tuyn truyn thng tin gia trm di ng v
mng PLMN GMS m khng dng n y trong mng
t ong m n nh hng n cc tn hiu thu. Mt s
vn quan trng khi quy hoch tn s l s hn ch
bi i lng nhiu ca h thng t ong.
1.1. Suy hao ng truyn v pha inh:
Suy hao ng truyn l qu trnh m tn
hiu thu yu dn o khong cch gia trm di ng
v trm gc tng m khng c mt cn gia.
Ls d2.f2
Ls (dB) = 33,4 (dB) + 20logF(MHz) + 20log(km)
Tx v Rx: Vi khng gian t do , suy hao ng truyn
c tnh:
d: l khong cch gia anten pht Tx v thu Rx.
f: tn s pht
(Cng thc trn ch ng vi cc h thng v tuyn di
ng gn BS.)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 33 -

Mi trng s dng ca MS ca thng c chong

ngi vt gy hiu ng che ti lm gim cng che
tn hiu. Khi di ng cng vi i di ng cng
tn hiu gim , tng d gia TX v RX c hay khng c
chng ngi.
Hiu ng ny gi l pha inh chun lgc. Thi
gian gia 2 ch trng pha inh khong v khong v
gy ra vi MS lp trn xe v chuyn ng.
MS
Trong trng hp mi trng thng tin c mt

thu bao dy v nhiu chng ngi ta c pha inh nhiu
tia hay raile, xy ra khi tn hiu nhiu ng t anten
Tx n Rx.
MS
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 34 -

hin tng pha inh raile, tn hiu thu c l

tng cc tn hiu phn x khc fa, khc bin .
Nhng tn hiu ny khi cng li nh cc vct to nn
mt vct tng gn bng khng c nghi l cng
tn hiu bng 0. y l ch trng pha nghim trng.
mt khong cch nht nh Xm so vi Tx, tn hiu
thu c minh ho nh sau:
Gi tr trung bnh
chung
Gi tr trung bnh
cc b
D
tr
padin
h
Ch trng padinh
nhy my thu
X
X+
10
X+
15
Cng tn hiu thu (Rx) Fc = 900MHz
nhy my thu l mc tn hiu vo yu nht

cn thit cho mt tn hiu ra qui nh. Khi quy hoch
h thng, chng li pha inh th gi trih trung
bnh chung c ly ln hn nhy my thu lng
Y(dB) bng ch trng pha phainh mnh nht, Y(dB)
c gi l d tr phainh.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 35 -

1.2. Phn tn thi gian:

Hin tng ny c ngun gc t phn x t mt vt
xa anten th Rx v km. N dn n giao thoa gia
cc k hiu ISI tc l giao thoa gia cc k hiu ln
cn vi nhau.
GMS tc bit l 270kB/s, mi bit tng ng vi
3,7s v tng ng vi khong cch l 1,1km. Khi c
phn x t 1km pha sau trm di ng th tn hiu
phn x phi qua gng ng di
tr tn hiu i
thng 2km. Tn hiu mong

1 mun s c trn vi tn
hiu 2bit.
BTS
Giao thoa k hiu (1) v (0)
1.3. Cc phng php phng nga suy hao truyn

dn do phainh:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 36 -

ci thin my thu v cht lng ca tn hiu

thu, c 4 phng n thc hin nh sau:
a.Phn tp anten:
trnh nguy c c 2 anten thu b ch trng
phainh su cng mt lc, ta s dng 2 anten Rx c
lp thu cng tn hiu ri kt hp cc tn hiu ny li ta
s c mt tn hiu ra khi b kt hp t b phainh
hn. Khong cch gia 2 Tx v 2Rx phi ln
khng gian tn hiu 2 anten nh.
Ante
n
Tn
hiu 1
CTH
SS
Tn
hiu 2
b.Nhy tn:
Vi pha inh raile, mu phainh ph thuc vo
tn s ngha l ch trng phainh xy ra cc v tr
khc nhau i vi cc tn s khc nhau. Nh vy ta c
th thay i tn s sng mang trong mt s tn s
khi cuc gi ang tin hnh, khi gp ch trng
phainh ch mt phn thng tin b mt. khi phc
li thng tin hon thin ta dng phng php sau:
c. M ho knh:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 37 -

truyn dn s ngi ta o cht lng ca tn hiu

c ch yu bng s lng cc bit thu c chnh xc,
u n biu din t s bit li BER. BER khng th
bng khng do thay i ng truyn nu c c cho
php mt lng nht nh v c kh nng khi phc
thng tin ny hoc c th pht hin trnh s dng
thng tin li. BER quan trng vi pht s liu hn
Voice.
phng php m ho knh ta phi pht i mt lng thng tin c s bit ln hn nhng s t an ton
chng li cao hn. M ho knh c th pht hin v
sa li tng bit thu.
V d: Khi mun gi mt bit 0 hay 1 c
bo v ta b xung thm bao bit nh sau:
Thng tin
B xung
Gi i
000
0000
111
1111
Khi m 0000 s ng vi 0 v 1111 s ng vi 1.

T l l 1:4V, bo v s xy ra nh sau:
Thu c :
0000
0010
0110
0111
1110
Quyt nh: 0
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 38 -

Ring cm 0110 khng xc nh c c th, trm

0111 v 1110 c pht hin l li.
Mi knh kim tra li cchia thnh mi khi v
m xon. m khi, mt s bit kim tra c b xung
vo mt s bit thng tin nht nh. Cc bit kim tra
ch ph thuc vo cc bit thng tin khi bn tin.
m ho xon, b m ho to ra khi cc bit m
khng ch ph thuc vo cc bit ca khi bn tin hin
thi c dch vo b m ho m cn ph thuc vo cc
bit ca khi trc.
M ho khi thng c s dng khi c bo hiu
nh hng theo khi v s dng pht hin li khi
thc hin Yu cu t ng pht ARQ.
M ho xon lin quan nhiu hn n s sai li.
C hai m ny c s dng GSM. Hai bc m ho c
dng cho c ting v s liu.
d.Ghp xen:
Cc li bit thng xy ra theo tng cm o cc ch
trng phainh ln lm nh hng nhiu bit lin tip.
gii quyt hin tng li bit qu di ta dng phng
php ghp knh xen tch cc bit lin tip ca mt
Cc khi
bn tin
bn tin sao 1cho
tip.
2 3cc
4 1 bit
2 3ny
4 1 gi
2 3 i
4 1khng
2 3 4 lin
ghp xen
Cc khi bn
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 -3393 - 3 3 4 4 4 4 tin c ghp
Mt khung
xen

Khi truyn dn khung 2 c th mt nu khng

ghp xen ton v khi bn tin s mt nhng ghp xen s
m bo ch th th hai tng khi l b mc li:
1 x 3 4 1 x 3 4 1 x 3 4 1 x 3 4
M ho knh c th khi phc li thng tin ca tt
c cc khi. GMS b m ho knh cung cp 456bit cho
tng 20Ms ting v oc ghp xen to ra cc khi
57bit.
Mt khung ting 20ms to 456bit, cc bit ny c
ghp xen vo 8 nhm 57bit cc cm bnh thng c
khong trng dnh cho 2x27bit .
3
57
1 26
57
Ngi ta thng b xung thm mt mc ghp knh

xen k gia 2 khung ting, iu ny lm tng thi
gian tr h thng nhng c th cho php mt ton
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 40 -

b mt cm v n nh hng 12,5% s bit mi khung

ting v c th c hiu chnh bng m ho knh.
1.4 Phng php chng phn tn thi gian:
M hnh truyn dn
My
pht
My thu
ti u
Knh
My thu ti u l my thu hiu r knh. Ta lp m

hnh ton hc ca knh v iu chnh my thu n
m hnh. Knh c xt nh mt b lc v c kch
thch bi mt tn hiu bit trc. So snh u ra vi
u vo ta c p ng xung ca b lc. p ng xung
ca b lc cho ta bit c tn hiu ra i vi tn hiu
vo, nh vy ta c th tm c p ng xung ca knh
v lp m hnh knh khi phn tch mt tn hiu thu
c. p ng xung khi khng c phn x (a) v c mt
phn x (b).
(t)
t
(a) Khng c phn
x
t
(b) c mt phn x
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 41 -

Xt nguyn l lm vic ca mt b cn bng: Sau

khi lp m hnh knh ta s phi to ra tt c cc chui
bit c th c ri a chng qua m hnh knh chui
u vo m t nhn c chui u ra ging n
nht gi l chui nguyn thu hay chui pht. Theo quy
nh ca GMS, mt b cn bng cn c kh nng x
l mt tn hiu phn x tr n 14,8s tng ngvi
thi gian ca 4bit. Lc ny ngay c tn hiu phn x
cng b nh hng bi phainh raile, nhng do tn hiu
ny c mu phainh c lp so vi tn hiu i thng
nn n c li dng t hiu qu cao hn. Vy vi
cc tn hiu phn x tr di 15Z n cho ta thm nng lng ci to tn hiu thu.
Trn thc t di chui N thng ln ln phi c
thc hin nhiu so snh v mt nhiu thi gian tnh
ton gy mt s chm tr khng cho php. khc
phc kh khn ny ngi ta phi s dng n thut
ton Vinri m khng cn phi th tt c cc
chui.
1.5. Truyn dn s v tn hiu tng t:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 42 -

Trong trng hp truyn ting ni l dng sng lin

tc khc vi truyn s liu ta phi thc hin ly mu
tn hiu tng t, lng t m ho tn hiu dng s 1
v 0. Cc mu tng t c trnh by bng mt tp
hp hu hn cc mc c xc nh bi s cc bit ta
cn s dng trnh by mt mu.
h thng vin thng s chn s mc ri rc ho
=256 mc (8bit) vi mi mu ta trnh by gi tr tng
t bng mt gi tr c lng t ho 8bit. Vi tc
ly mu 8kHz ta c tc bit:
8000mu/s x 8bit = 64kb/s
Qu trnh ny c gi l iu ch xung m PCM
gm 3 bc:
Lng t Ly mu
M ho
ng truyn
PCM 64 kb/s
Ta t nhiu knh trn cng mt ng truyn

PCM (ghp knh) trnh lng ph. Nu ghp 32
knh trn mt ng truyn PCM theo tc bit ca
n l : 32x64kb/s=2,048Mb/s. Thit b ghp knh
iu khin vic gn cc khe thi gian 0,1 gi i khe
1,...Trong 32 knh truyn th knh 0 dng cho ng
b, knh 16 dng cho bo hiu cn 30 knh cn li dng
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 43 -

cho ting thoi. Phn trnh by trn l v d v a

thm nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA.
Mt phng php khc vi TDMA v FDMA (a thm
nhp phn chia tn s) c dng qung b v tuyn,
mi knh c dnh cho mt bng tn ring. Tng ng
h thng di ng t ong tng t, mi cuc gi mt
s dng mt bng tn (hai bng khi truyn song
cng). Sau y l so snh gia TDMA v FDMA
MS1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
MS2
MS2
MS5
TDMA
ng b thi gian: Khi s dng TDMA v tuyn,
mi trm di ng s dng khe thi gian Ts ca mnh

nhng khi khong cch gia MS v BS tng ln gy tr
thi gian truyn tn hiu v tr ny ln qu th thng
tin pht i t MS khe TS n s trng vi tn hiu thu c ca BS ti khe TS n+1 ca MS khc. kim tra thi
gian n v cc lnh oc gi n MS ta c qu
trnh nh trc thi gian mi khi MS di chuyn ra xa.
M ho ting: mt s h thng di ng t ong
FDMA khong cch gia cc knh l 25kHz (NMT,

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 44 -

TACS) v GMS khong cch ny bng 200kHz. So

snh TDMA 200kHz v FDMA 25kHz ta c hiu qu s
dng tn s nh nhau v knh 25kHz c tc
412kB/s. Khi s dng phng php iu ch pha ti
thiu Gauss (GMSK) rng bng khng b chiu s
rt ln. m bo bng tn cho php ta gim ti
thiu tc bit cho tng knh ting bng cch m ho
ting (Vocodes) v m ho theo dng sng.
M ho theo kiu pht m Vocodes gip ta nhn
bit c ting ni nhng rt tng hp v ta kh nhn
ra ai pht m.
S dng m ho sng (m ho PCM ng u)
thng tin trc tip chnh thc dng sng c pht i
vi tc i hi cao v cho ta mt cht lng cng rt
cao. Tc bit b m ho dng sng thay i gn
t 16kb/s n 64kb/s i vi b m ho PCM ng
u.
Ngoi ra ta cn c cc b m ho cho php c m
t nh mt s pha trn gia Vocodes v m ho dng
sng. Cc b m ho lai ghp lp kn ch trng gia
cc b m ho Vecodes v dng sng vi tc bit t
5kb/s, cht lng theo tc bit. GMS s dng b m
ho ghp lai gi l m ho tin nh tuyn tnh-Tin
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 45 -

nh thi gian di-kch thch xung u. B LPC-LPTRPE.

- LPC v cc thng s LPD: 3,6kb/s.
- Cc thng s RPE: 9,4kb/s
- Tc bit u ra b m ho ny l 13kb/s, 20ms
ting cho 260bit.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 46 -

Chng II. Giao tip v tuyn

Giao tip v tuyn l tn gi chung ca u ni
gia MS v BTS giao tip s dng khi nim TDMA vi
1 khung TDMA cho mt tn s mang, mi khung gm
8TS hng t BTS n BS (ng xung).
2.1 Khi nim v cc knh giao tip v tuyn:

Mng GMS/PLMN c dnh 124 knh sng mang ,
sng ny di tn:
-
ng ln (MS-BTS) : 890-915MHz.
ng xung (BTS-MS): 935-960 MHz
Vit Nam, GMS s dng bng tn ng ln
890,2-898,4 MHz v ng xung 935,2-934,4MHz. Mi

tn s sng mang 200kHz trn mi sng mang thc
hin ghp knh theo thi gian ng vi mi khung TDMA
ta c so knh bng 124x8(khe)=922 knh.
a.Knh vt l:
Mt s TS ca mt khung TDMA mt sng mang
l mt knh vt l th mt sng mang GMS c 8
knh vt l, thng tin pht i t mt TS gi l Burst.
b.Knh lgc:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 47 -

Knh lgc c ni khc nhau tu theo loi thng tin

cn truyn cc knh lgc c chia thnh knh lu
thng (TCH) v knh iu khin.
c. Knh lu thng :
L knh mang ting hoc m ho hoc s liu
ca ngi s dng , l knh ng ln v xung, im
n im.
-
Knh Bm hay ton tc TCH mang thng tin (ting
m ho hay s liu) tc tng 22,8kbit/s.

-
Lm hay TCH bn tc mang thng tin (ting m ho
hay s liu) tc tng 11,4kbit/s.

d.
Knh iu khin: mang tn hiu hay s liu

ng b
+ Knh qung b BCH gm:
- FCCH: Knh mang thng tin tn hiu chnh tn s
ca MS knh ng xung im ti a im.

- SCH: Knh ng b mang thng tin ng b
khung ca MS v nhn dng BTS, knh ng xung
im ti a im.
- BCCH: Knh iu khin qung b thng tin chung
trn c s mt knh cho BTS , knh ng xung im
ti a im.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 48 -

+ Cc knh iu khin chung CCCH:

-
Knh tm gi (PCH): Dng gi MS, knh ng
xung im ti a im.
-
Knh thm nhp ngu nhin (RACH): c dng
yu cu mt knh iu khin ng ring ng mt

mnh (SDCCH) hay tr li tm gi hoc thm
nhp khi khi u hoc ng k cuc gi MS, knh
ng ln im n im.
-
Knh cho php thm nhp (AGCH): Dng
dnh mt SOCCH hay trc tip mt TCH cho MS, knh

ng xung im - im.
+ Cc knh iu khin ring:
- SDCCH: Dng bo hiu h thng khi thit lp
mt cuc gi trc khi n nh mt TCH. Knh ln
xung im-im.
-
Knh iu khin lin kt chm (SACCH) lin kt
vi mt SOCCH hoc mt TCH, l knh s liu lin tc

mang thng tin lin tc nh cc thng bo o c t
trm MS v cng tn hiu thu t hin thi v
cc trm ln cn, thng tin ny cn cho chuyn giao
v iu chnh cng sut MS v ng b thi
gian. Knh ln xung im-im.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 49 -

Knh iu khin lin kt rt nhanh FACCH lin
kt vi TCH v lm vic ch ly cp nh trong trng hp chuyn giao (handover) ngi nghe s khng
thy c s gin on thng tin.
2.2. Cm:
Cm l mu thng tin mt khe thi gian km
knh TDMA, c 8 khe thi gian mt ln TDMA c pht
i th c 1 cm ca mt loi thng tin.
* Cm bnh thng :NB
TB
3
Cc bit c mt
m
58
Chui hng
dn
26
Cc bit c mt
TB GP
m
3 8,25
58
0,577 ms
156,25 bit
- Cc bit c mt m gm 57bit s liu hay ting v

mt c ly cp.
- Chui hng dn l mu bit bit trc b cn
bng c th thnh lp mt m hnh knh.
- Cc bit ui TS lun l 0,0,0 gip b cn bng
xc nh u v cui mu bit.
- Khong bo v GP l mt khong trng cho php
my pht dch ln hay dch xung trong gii hn do
khuyn ngh GMS qui nh.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 50 -

Cm hiu chnh tn s: iu chnh tn s ca
MS, n tng ng sng mang cha b iu ch. Lp

li ca mt cm gi l FCCH.
TB
3
Cc bit c nh 0
142
TB GP
3 8,25
0,577 ms
156,25 bit
Cm ng b (SM): Dng ng b thi gian
ca MS
TB
3
Cc bit c mt Chui ng Cc bit c mt

TB GP
m
b
m
3 8,25
39
64
39
Khi ng b di d dng nhn bit v mang

thng tin s khung TDMA cng m nhn dng trm c s
BS. Lp li ca cm l SHC.
S khung gip MS bit loi knh lgc ang c
truyn bng iu khin. Mt chu trnh nh s
khung l 3,5 gi vi mi khung TDMA thi gian l
6,615ms.
Cm thm nhp (AB): S dng thm nhp
ngu nhin v c GP dnh cho pht cm t trm di

ng.
TB
3
Chui ng b
41
Cc bit c mt
TB GP
m
3 8,25
36
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 51 -

Cm gi: c pht i t BTS v khng cha thng
tin khun mu ging nh cm bnh thng vi cc bit

mt m c thay bi cc bit hn hp c mu bit xc
nh.
2.3. Sp xp cc knh lgc cc knh vt l:
Xt mt BTS vi n sng mang (truyn song cng,
mi sng mang Co,....Cn c 8 khe thi gian Ts. Vi Co
ng xung, Tso c dng ch sp xp cc knh
iu khin.
012
7012
701
Cc khung TDMA
FS B C FS C C FS C C FS C
BCCH CCCH ng xung
C FS C
* Ghp cc BCH v CCCH Tso:

- Tso sng mang Co, ng ln khng xung cha
cc knh FCCH, SCH, v BCCH, n c dng thm
nhp BCCH, FCCH, SCH, FCH, AGCH ng xung
ring RACH ng ln.
012
7012
701
51 khung TDMA lin

tip
RRRRRRRRR
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 52 -

- i vi TS1 c s dng sp xp cc knh

iu khin ring ln cc knh vt l, o tc bit
trong qu trnh thit lp cuc gi v ng k kh
thp nn c th c 8 SDCCH mt TS1. S dng TS
hiu qu hn.
* Cc cch ghp knh TS1 :

- SDCCH + SACCH ng xung.
- SDCCH + SACCH ng ln
Ts1 thng tin ca khe s c s dng cho cc
knh lu khng TCH. Ts2-7 gi l cc knh lu khng
lgc vi chu k lp li l 26Ts.
Ts0: l cc knh iu khin lgc, chu k
lp li 51Ts.
Ts1: Cc knh iu khin lgc chu k lp
li 102Ts.
-
Vi cc sng mang C1-CN dnh cho Ts0-7 u l
TCH.
-
Mi ch c 1Co v ch c sau TCH (Tc2-7).
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 53 -

- Vi sng mang b xung, c STS c th s dng

cho TCH.
2.4. o cng trm di ng:
*
ch ri: Chn khi bt ngun di ng:
- MS gia 124 knh RF h thng GSM v tnh

ton mc trung bnh cho tng knh, MS iu chnh
n sng mang mnh nht v tm xem n c pht l
BCCH hay khng, nu ng th MS c s liu BCCH
xem c th kho n ny khng, nu khng MS s
tm n sng mang mnh th hai.
- MS c th c b nh BCCH v n s ch tm cc
sng mang ny. Nu qu trnh khng thnh cng MS
thc hin qu trnh 1 BCCH, MS c thng bo cn
gim st cc sng mang BCCH no chn li kho
n BTS khc. Nh vy MS trn cp nht danh sch 6
sng mang mnh nht.
*
Ch ni thng cuc gi: MS lin tc qua
SACCH thng bo cho h thng cng tn hiu thu

t BTS ln cn. BSC s dng cc php o ny
nhanh chng quyt nh cc ch khc khi chuyn
giao cn thit. Vic o c ln cn thc hin gia
cc khong thi gian pht v thu khe Ts dnh cho
trm. Cng tn hiu ca mi phc v c gim
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 54 -

stkhi thu Ts dnh cho MS SACCH, cng tn hiu

ca cc sng mang BCCH ln lt c o theo qui
trnh: Pht, o, pht, o,... gi tr trung bnh tng
php o cho tng sng mang c tnh ton v thng
bo cho SBC. cc gi tr o tng ng vi BTS cn
o, phi xc nh nhn dng BTS BSIC pht SCH
trn Ts0, Co. Trong thi gian khung trng (ICLE)
TCHC, TDMA-267, BSIC cho BTS ln cn c.
* Nguyn l o MS:
24
25
012
45
MHz
7012
012
IDLE
Down link
012
7012
012
Up link
24
25
(1): MS thu v o cng tn hiu

(2): MS Pht
(3): MS o cng tn hiu cho t nht mt
ln cn.
(4): MS c BSIC SCH (TS0) cho mt ln cn
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 55 -

MS khng bit khi no xy ra TS0 sng mang

BCCH ln cn nu phi o trong khong thi gian 8Ts
chc chn l Tso s xy ra trong qu trnh o.
Vic ny thc hin bng IDLE.
2.5. Cc trng hp v th tc thng tin:
2.5.1. Tng quan:
Trc khi kho st cc th tc thng tin khc nhau,
hy kho st cc tnh hung c bit ca 1 PLMN c
tt c cc thu bao di ng, v th ta quan st MS
mt s tnh hung sau:
- Tt my:
Mng s khng th tip cn m my v MS
khng tr li thng bo tm gi. N s khng bo cho
h thng v vng nh v (nu c) v MS s c coi l
ri mng.
- MS bbt my, trng thi ri:
H thng c th tm gi MS thnh cng, MS c
coi l nhp mng. Trong khi chuyn ng, MS lun
kim tra rng n c ni n mt knh qung b c
thu pht tt nht. Qu trnh ny c gi l lu
ng(Roaming). MS cn thng bo cho h thng v
cc thay i vng nh v, qu trnh ny c gi l
cp nht v tr.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 56 -

- MS bn:
Mng v tuyn c mt knh thng tin (knh ting)
dnh cho lung s liu ti v t MS trong qu trnh
chuyn ng MS phi c kh nng chuyn n mt
knh thng tin khc. Qu trnh ny c gi l chuyn
giao (Handover). quyt nh chuyn giao h
thng phi din gii thng tin nhn uc t MS v
BTS. Qu trnh ny c gi l nh v.
2.5.2. Lu ng v cp nht v tr:
Coi rng MS trng thi tch cc, ri v ang
chuyn ng theo mt phng lin tc MS c kho
n mt tn s v tuyn nht nh c CCCH v BCH
TSo. Khi MS ri xa BTS ni vi n cng tn hiu s
gim. mt thi im no khng xa bin gii l
thuyt gia hai ln cn nhau cng ti mc m
MS quyt nh chuyn n mt tn s mi thuc
mt trong cc ln cn n. chn tn s tt nht n
lin tc o cng tn hiu ca tng tn s trong s
tn s nht nh ca ln cn. Thng MS phi tm
c tn s BCH/CCCH t BTS c cng tn hiu tt
hn tn s c. Sau khi t kho n tn ss mi ny,
MS tip tc nhn thng bao tm gi / cc thng bo
qung b chng no tn hiu ca tn s mi vn
tt. Quyt nh vic thay i tn s BCH/CCCH s
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 57 -

c thc hin m khng cn thng bo cho mng.

Ngha l mng mt t khng tham gia v qu trnh
ny.
Kh nng chuyn ng v nh ng thi vi
vic thay i ni thng MS giao tip v tuyn ti
thoi im cn thit m bo cht lng thu c
gi l lu ng Roaming.
- Khi MS chuyn ng n gia hai cll thuc 2
BTS khc nhau:
Ta bit rng MS khng h bit cu hnh ca
mng cha n. gi cho MS thng tin v v tr chnh
xc ca n h thng gi i nhn dng vng nh v
(LAI) lin tc giao tip v tuyn bng BCCH.
Khi i vo cell Thuc BSC khc MS s nhn thy
vng mi bng cch thu BCCH. V thng tin v v tr
c tm quan trng ln nn mng phi thng bo v s
thy i ny, in thoi di ng qu trnh ny c
gi l ng k cng bc. MS khng cn cch no
khc l phi c gng thm nhp vo mng cp
nt v t ca mnh MSC/VLR. Qu trnh ny c gi
l cp nht v tr.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 58 -

Sau khi pht v tr mi ca mnh ln mng, MS

tip tc chuyn ng trong vng mi nh m t
trn.
- Khi MS chuyn ng gia hai vng phc v khc
nhau:
Trong trng hp c mt cuc gi vo cho MS, vic
chuyn t mt vng phc v MSC/VLR ny sang mt
vng phc v MSC/VLR khc c nghi l tuyn thng tin
i qua mng cng s khc. tm c nh tuyn
ng, h thng phi tham kho b ghi nh v thng
tr HLR v th MSC/VLR s phi cp nht HLR v v
tr ca MSC/VLR cho MS ca chng ta.
Qu trnh cp nht v tr nh sau:
(5) xo v tr
VLR
HLR
(6) tip nhn
xo
(3) tip nhn v
tr
MSC
(2) Yu cu cp
nht v tr
(1) Yu cu nht
v tr
VLR
MSC
(4) Cng nhn
cp nht v tr
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 59 -

Sau khi cp nht v tr thnh cng HLR h

thng s hu b v tr c, HLR thng bo hu b v tr
cho tng i MSC/VLR c xo v tr c ca MS c
lin quan.
2.5.3. Th tc nhp mng ng k ln u
Khi MS bt my n s qut giao tip v tuyn
tm ra tn s ng, tn s m MS tm kim s cha
thng tin qung b cng nh thng tin tm gi
BCH/CCCH c th c. MS t kho n tn s ng
nh vic hiu chnh tn s thu v thng tin ng b
V y l ln u MS s dng nn phn mng
chu trch nhim s l thng tin ti / t MS hon ton
khng c thng tin v MS ny, MS khng c ch th
no v nhn dng vng nh v mi . Khi MS c gng
thm nhp ti mng v thng bo vi h thng rng n
l MS mi vng nh v ny bng cch gi i mt
thng bo Cp nht v tr mng n MSC/VLR.
T gi tr i MSC/VLR s coi rng MS hot ng
v nh du trng d liu ca MS ny bng 1 c
nhp mng co ny lin quang n IMSI.
2.5.4. Th tc ri mng
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 60 -

Th tc ri mng lin quan n IMSI. Th tc ri

mng ca IMSI cho php thng bo vi mng rng thu
bao di ng s tt ngun , lc ny tm gi MS bng
thng bo tm gi s khng xy ra.
Mt MS trng thi hot ng c nh du l
nhp mng. Khi tt ngun MS gi thng bo cui
cng n mng ,thng bo ny cha yu cu th tc
ri mng. Khi thu c thng bo ri mng MSC/VLR
nh du c IMSI ri mng tng ng.
2.5.5. Tm gi
Cuc gi n MS oc nh tuyn n
MSC/VLR ni MS ng k. Khi MSC/VLR s gi i
mt thng bo tm gi n MS, thng bo ny c
pht qung b trn ton b vng nh v LA ngha l
tt c cc BTS trong LA s gi thng bo tm gi MS.
Khi chuyn ng LA v nghe thng tin CCCH MS s
nghe thy thng bo tm gi v tr li ngay lp tc.
2.5.6. Gi t MS
Gi s MS ri v mun thitlp mt cuc gi thu
bao ny s quay tt c cc ch s ca thu bao b gi
v bt u th tc ny bng cch n phm pht .
Khi ny MS gi i mt thng bo u tin n mng
bng CCCH yu cu thm nhp . Trc ht
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 61 -

MSC/VLR s ginh ring cho MS mt knh ring , kim

tra th loi ca thu bao b gi v nh du thu bao
ny trng thi bn . Nu thuee bao gi c php s
dng mng MSC/VLR s cng nhn yu cu thm
nhp . By gi MS s gi i mt thng bo thit
lp cuc gi , tu theo thu bao b gi l c nh hay
di ng s ca n s c phn tch trc tip MSC?
VLR hoc gi n mt tng i chuyn tip ca
mng PSTN c nh . Ngay khi ng ni n thu
bao b gi sn sng thng bo thit lp cuc gi s
c cng nhn, MS cng s c chuyn n mt knh
thng tin ring. By gi tn hiu cui cng s l s
khng nh thu bao.
2.5.7. Gi n thu bao MS
Gi s c mt thu bao A thuc mng c nh
PSTN yu cu thit lp cuc gi vi thu bao B thuc
mng di ng.
- Thu bao A quay m ni nhn trong nc t ti
vng GSM/PLMN. Ni thng c thit lp t tng i
ni ht ca thu bao A n GMSC ca mng
GSM/PLMN.
- Thu bao A quay s ca thu bao B, so thu bao
c phn tch GMSC. Bng chc nng hi p
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 62 -

GMSC gi MSISDN cng vi yu cu v s lu ng

(MSRN) n b ghi nh v thng tr (HLR)
- HLR nh s thu bao ca MS c quay v nhn
dng GSM/PLMN
MSISDN IMSI
- HLR ch cho MS vng phc v v gi IMSI ca MS
n VLR ca vng phc v ng thi yu cu v
MSRN.
- VLR s tm thi gn s lu ng MSRN cho thu bao
b gi v gi n ngc tr v HLR, HLR s gi n v
tng i cng GSMC.
- Khi nhn c MSRN ng tng i GMSC s c
kh nng thit lp cuc gi n vng phc v
MSC/VLR ni thu bao B hin ang c mt.
- VLR s ch cho thu bao ny vng nh v (LAI)
giai on qu trnh thit lp cuc gi h thng mun
rng thng bo tm gi thu bao b gi c pht
qung b trn vng ph sng ca tt c cc ca vng
nh v ny. V vy MSC/VLR gi thng bo tm gi
n tt c cc BTS trong vng nh v.
- Khi nhn c thng tin tm gi, BTS s pht n ln
ng v tuyn knh tm gi PCH. Khi MS trng
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 63 -

thi ri v nghe knh PCH ca mt trong s cc

thuc vng nh v LA, n s nhn thng tin tm gi ,
nhn bit dng IMSI v gi tr li v thng bo tm
gi.
- Sau cc th tc v thit lp cuc gi v sau khi
gn cho mt knh thng tin cuc gi ni trn ddc
ni thng n MS knh v tuyn.
2.5.8. Cuc gi ang tin hnh, nh v
By gi ta xem xt iu g s xy ra khi mt
trm di ng trng thi bn chuyn ng xa dn
BTS m n ni n ng v tuyn. Nh ta va thy
MS s dng mt knh TCH ring trao i s
liu/tn hiu ca mnh vi mng khi cng ri xa BTS,
suy hao ng truyn cng nh nh hng ca Phadinh
s lm hng cht lng truyn dn v tuyn s. Tuy
nhin h thng c kh nng m bo chuyn sang
BTS bn cnh.
Qu trnh thay i n mt knh thng tin mi
trong qu trnh tit lp cuc gi hay trng thi bn
c gi l chuyn giao. Mng s quyt nh v s
thay i ny. MS gi cc thng tin lin quan n cng tn hiu v cht lng truyn dn n BTS qu
trnh ny c gi l cp nht. MS v mng c kh
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 64 -

nng trao i thng tin v bo hiu trong qu trnh

cuc gi c th ng b chuyn vng. Trong qu
trnh hi thoi knh TCH dnh ring, MS phi tp
trung ln TCH ny v th khng th mt knh khc
dnh ring cho bo hiu. Mt l do khc na l s lng
knh c hn nn h thng khng s dng 2 knh cho
cng mt hng, vic t chc truyn dn s liu trn
knh TCH sao cho cuc ni chuyn cng nh thng tin
v bo hiu c gi i trn 1 knh. Lung s liu s c pht i theo mt trnh t chnh xc c MS ln
BTS c th phn bit gia cuc ni chuyn v cc
thng tin bo hiu.
By gi ta quay li vic nh v, trc ht BTS s
thng bo cho MS v cc BTS ln cn v cc tn s
BCH/CCCH. nh thng tin ny MS c th o cng
tn hiu cc tn s BCH/CCCH ca trm gc ln cn,
MS o c cng tn hiu ln cht lng truyn dn
TCH bn ca mnh. Tt c cc kt qu o ny c
kt qu o ny c gi n mng phn tich su
hn. cui cng BTS s quyt nh chuyn vng. BSC s
phn tch cc kt qu o do BTS thc hin TCH
bn . Tm li BSC s gii quyt 2 vn :
+ Khi no cn thc hin chuyn vng
+ Phi thc hin chuyn vng ti BTS no
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 65 -

Sau khi nh gi chnh xc tnh hung v bt

u qu trnh chuyn vng, BSC s chu trch nhim
thit lp mt ng ni thng n BTS mi. C cc trng hp chuyn vng sau:
+ Chuyn giao trong vng 1 BSC:
trng hp ny BSC phi thit lp mt ng ni
n BTS mi, dnh ring mt TCH ca mnh v ra
lnh cho MS phi chuyn n 1 tn s mi ng thi
cng ch ra mt TCH mi. Tnh hung ny khng oif
hi thng tin gi n phn cn li ca mng. Sau khi
chuyn giao MS phi nhn cc thng tin mi v cc
ln cn. Nu nh vic thay i n BTS mi cng l
thay i vng nh v th MS s thng bo cho mng
v LAI mi ca mnh v yu cu cp nht v tr.
+ Chuyn giao gia hai BSC khc nhau nhng
cng mt MSC/VLR
Trng hp ny cho thy s chuyn giao trong cng
mt vng phc v nhng gia hai BSC khc nhau. Mng
can thip nhiu hn khi quyt nh chuyn giao.
BSC phi yu cu chuyn giao t MSC/VLR. Sau c
mt ng ni thng mi (MSC/VLR BSC mi BSc
mi) phi c thit lp v nu c TCH ri. TCH ny
phi c dnh cho chuyn giao. Sau khi MS nhn
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 66 -

c lnh chuyn n tn s mi v TCH mi. Ngoi ra

sau khi chuyn giao MS c thng bo v cc ln
cn mi. Nu vic ny thay i BTS i cng vi vic
thay i vng nh v MS s gi i yu cu cp nht
v tr trong qu trnh cuc gi hay sau cuc gi.
+ Chuyn
giao
gia
hai
vng
phc
MSC/VLR
y l trng hp chuyn giao phc tp nht nhiu
tn hiu c trao i nht trc khi thc hin chuyn
giao.
Ta s xt 2 MSC/VLR. Gi MSC/VLR c (tham gia
cuc gi trc khi chuyn giao) l tng i phc v v
MSC/VLR mi l tng i ch. Tng i c s gi
yu cu chuyn giao n tng i ch sau
tng i ch s m nhn vic chun b ni ghp
ti BTS mi. Sau khi thit lp ng ni gia hai tng
i tng i c s gi i lnh chuyn giao n MS.
***
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 67 -

Phn III. Phng php tnh ton quy hoch mng

Chng I. Gii thiu
a vo lp t mt h thng bao gi cng
phi c nhng k hoch, nhng d n v k thut,
nhng d tr v kinh t. Trong thit k mng thng tin
di ng s cc vn cng c xem xt k lng.
Vi kh nng s dng, kh nng v ng vn m vng
ph sng c th rng khp hoc ch p ng c
mt s trng hp no , tuy nhin trng hp m rng
l ln. iu i hi phi quy hoch mng. Cc bc
thc hin nh sau:
- S phn b a l ca vng ph sng.
- Cht lng phc v cho thu bao.
- Mc phc v.
- S ph a l.
Tt c nhng yu t trn to ra s liu ban u
cho vic thc hin quy hoch mng.
Thm vo cn mt s yu cu cn thit nh:
- Kh nng pht trin h thng.
- D on yu cu v lu lng chng hn bao nhiu
thu bao c th c, su phn chia v lu lng. Khi xt
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 68 -

n vn cn phi dng cc s liu m t

nh:
+ Phn b dn c.
+ Cc trung tm bun bn hay ti chnh quan
trng.
+ Mc thu nhp, s lng xe hi.
+ Thng k s lng in thoi c nh.
+ Tng ng vi cc mc cc thu bao, cc cuc
gi, gi my mobile.
Trc ht ton b quy hoch mng c xy dng
trn s chun, ngha l m hnh l thuyt da
trn b tr a l ca cu trc mng. Trm thu pht
gc (BTS) v n nh tn s m bo bc thnh t
u tin trong qu trnh quy hoch mng.
Hnh dng ca cc trong s chun ny ph
thuc vo kiu anten v cng sut ca tng trm gc.
Hai dng anten thng s dng l anten c hng tp
trung nng lng cc d qut v anten v hng pht
ng hng.
Nu chng ta c 2BTS vi cc anten v hng v ta
yu cu ranh gii gia vng ph ca cc BTS l tp hp
cc im m cng tn hiu ca c hai BTS
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 69 -

nh nhau th ta c mt ng thng. Nu ta lp li
quy trnh trn bng cch t 6BTS na xung quanh
BTS gc th vng ph nhn c c dng hnh lc bt
nh sau:
Cc lc gic ny tr thnh 1 dng k hiu cho 1
mng v tuyn. Nhng quy hoch trong mng thc
tin phi xt ti vn truyn sng v tuyn, rt ph
thuc vo a hnh, cc tnh cht khng ng u
ca b mt t v v th cc hnh lc gic l m
hnh ht sc n gin ca cc hnh m ph sng
v tuyn. Ngoi ra s a l chun da trn cc
hnh lc gic hoc cc mu a hnh a l khc
cho ta mt ci nhn ban u ton din quy hoch
mng.
***
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 70 -

Chng II. Phng php tnh ton quy hoch

mng
2.1. Lu cng vic quy hoch mng:
C th tng kt lu cng vic quy hoch mng
nh sau:
- S phn b knh, v tr i trm theo tnh
ton khi lu lng s thu bao v cht lng phc v cn
thit.
- Quyt nh mu s dng li tn s, ngha l
hon nh tn s v n nh v tr knh lgc.
-
D kin vng ph sng trn c s i trm d
kin (to , chiu cao anten,...) v cc hn ch do

phn knh thi gian gy ra.
- Nghin cu nhiu giao thoa C/ (I+R+A).
- Nhiu giao thoa ng knh C/I.
- Phn x C/R.
- Nhiu giao thoa knh ln cn C/A.
- Kho st mng: Kim tra cc iu kin i trm
v mi trng v tuyn.
- Xy dng s mng trn c s i trm ph
hp.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 71 -

- Nghin cu cc thng s n nh.

- o c v tuyn.
- Vng ph v tuyn cui cng v cc d on C/
(I+R+A).
- Hon thin t liu thit k .
Sau y hnh v m t lu cng vic quy
hoch :
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 72 -

Lu Lng
Cht Lng phc

v
Phn b:
Knh
i trm
2
3
1
S liu i
trm d kin
1
2
3
2
3
1
1
2
S chun quy
nh knh logic
D on truyn sng v
tuyn
nh gi phn tn thi
gian
C/(I + R + A)
Kho st i
Cc thng s
nh v
trm
S mng
o c v
tuyn
Cc d n cui
cng
S liu thit k
(cc thng s)
2.2. Phng php thc hin:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 73 -

2.2.1.Cht lng phc v:

Trc ht th hin mc tc nghn mt knh
cho php. N c o bng % lu lng tc nghn c th
c trn lu lng ton th s cuc gi. Lu lng ca mt
thu bao c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
A=
(nxT)/3600
n: S cuc gi trong mt gi ca thu bao.
T: Thi gian trung bnh ca cuc gi.
A: Lu lng mag 1 thu bao- n v tnh l Erlang.
Theo gi tr thng k in hnh n v T nhn gi
tr sau:
n=1: Trung bnh 1 ngi 1 cuc trong mt gi.
T=120s: Thi gian trung bnh cuc gi l 120s.
Vy A = (1x120)/3600 = 0,033 Erlang = 33m
Erlang.
Nh vy phc v cho 1000 thu bao cn lu lng
l 33 Erlang, t con s ny tnh ton s knh yu
cu trong mng t ong.
Nu mt thu bao cn lu lng l 33m Erlang, n s
chim 3,3% thi gian 1 knh TCH. Vy vi 30 thu bao
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 74 -

c lu lng l 33m Erlang s chim 100% thi gian 1

knh TCH nhng iu dn n tc nghn cao
khng th chp nhn c.
gim tc nghn ny phi gim ti xung bng
cch tng s knh thch hp phi cn c vo tng lu lng v tng ng vi tc nghn c th chp nhn c.
Nghn chp nhn c gi l cht lng phc v (Grade
of Service) thng l 2-5%. Vi 1 mc GOS c th tnh
c s knh thch hp theo bng sau:
C
h
1%
Grate of Service (GOS )

2%
3%
9% 10% 20%
40%
C
h
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 75 -

1. .
0101
0
2. .
1525
9
3. .
4554
9
4. .
8694
2
5. 1.36
08
6. 1.90
90
7. 2.50
09
8. 3.12
76
9. 3.78
25
1 4.46
0. 12
1 5159
1. 9
1 5.87
2. 60
1 6.60
3. 72
1 7.35
4. 17
1 8.10
5. 80
1 8.87
6. 50
.
0204
1
.
2234
7
.
6022
1
1.09
23
.
0309
3
.
2815
5
.
7151
3
1.25
89
.
0526
3
.
3812
3
.
8994
0
1.52
46
.
1111
1
.
5954
3
1.27
08
.
2500
0
1.00
00
.
1.
6666
7
2.00 2.
00
1.92
99
3.47
96
3.
2.04
54
2.94
52
5.02
10
4.
1.65
71
2.27
59
2.93
54
3.62
71
4.34
47
5.08
40
5.84
15
6.61
47
7.40
15
8.20
03
9.00
96
9.82
84
1.87
52
2.54
31
3.24
97
3.98
65
4.74
79
5.52
94
6.32
80
7.14
10
7.96
67
8.80
35
9.65
00
10.5
05
2.21
85
2.96
03
3.73
78
4.54
30
5.37
02
6.21
57
7.07
64
7.95
01
8.83
49
9.72
95
10.6
33
11.5
44
2.88
11
3.75
84
4.66
62
5.59
71
6.54
64
7.51
06
8.48
71
9.47
40
10.4
70
11.4
73
12.4
84
13.5
00
4.01
04
5.10
86
6.23
02
7.36
92
8.52
17
9.68
50
10.8
57
12.0
36
13.2
22
14.3
14
15.6
08
16.8
07
6.59
55
8.19
07
9.79
98
11.4
19
13.0
45
14.6
77
16.4
14
17.9
54
19.5
96
21.2
43
22.8
91
24.5
41
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1
0.
1
1.
1
2.
1
3.
1
4.
1
5.
1
6.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 76 -

1
7.
1
8.
1
9.
2
0.
2
1.
2
2.
2
3.
2
4.
2
5.
2
6.
2
7.
2
8.
2
9.
3
0.
3
1.
3
2.
3
3.
3
4.
9.65
16
10.4
37
11.2
30
12.0
31
12.8
38
13.6
51
14.4
70
15.2
92
16.1
25
16.9
59
17.7
97
18.6
40
19.4
87
20.3
37
21.1
91
22.0
48
22.9
09
23.7
72
10.6
56
11.4
91
12.3
33
13.1
82
14.0
36
14.8
96
15.7
61
16.6
31
17.5
05
18.3
83
19.2
65
20.1
50
21.0
39
21.9
32
22.8
27
23.7
25
24.6
26
25.5
29
11.3
68
12.2
38
13.1
15
13.9
97
14.8
85
15.7
78
16.6
75
17.5
77
18.4
83
19.3
92
20.3
05
21.2
21
22.1
40
23.0
62
23.9
87
24.9
14
25.8
44
26.7
76
12.4
61
13.3
85
14.3
15
15.2
49
16.1
98
17.1
32
18.0
80
19.0
31
19.9
85
20.9
43
21.9
04
22.8
67
23.8
33
24.8
02
25.7
73
26.7
46
27.7
21
28.6
98
14.5
22
15.5
48
16.5
79
17.6
13
18.6
51
19.6
92
20.7
37
21.7
84
22.8
33
23.8
85
24.9
39
25.9
95
27.0
53
28.1
13
29.1
74
30.2
37
31.3
01
32.3
67
18.0
10
19.2
16
20.4
24
21.6
35
22.8
48
24.0
64
25.2
81
26.4
99
27.7
20
28.9
41
30.1
64
31.3
88
32.6
14
33.8
40
35.0
67
36.2
95
37.5
24
38.7
54
26.1
92
27.8
44
29.4
98
31.1
52
32.8
08
34.4
64
36.1
21
37.7
79
39.4
37
41.0
96
42.7
55
44.4
14
47.7
35
49.3
95
51.0
56
52.7
18
54.3
79
56.0
41
1
7.
1
8.
1
9.
2
0.
2
1.
2
2.
2
3.
2
4.
2
5.
2
6.
2
7.
2
8.
2
9.
3
0.
3
1.
3
2.
3
3.
3
4.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 77 -

3
5.
3
6.
3
7.
3
8.
3
9.
4
0.
4
1.
4
2.
4
3.
4
4.
4
5.
4
6.
4
7.
4
8.
4
9.
5
0.
5
1.
C
h
24.6
38
25.5
07
26.3
78
27.2
52
28.1
29
29.0
07
30.7
71
31.6
56
32.5
43
33.4
23
34.3
22
35.2
51
36.1
09
37.0
04
37.9
01
37.9
01
38.8
00
1%
26.4
35
27.3
43
28.2
54
29.1
66
30.0
81
30.9
97
31.9
16
32.8
36
33.7
58
34.6
82
35.6
07
36.5
34
37.4
62
38.3
92
39.3
23
40.2
55
41.1
89
2%
27.7
11
28.6
74
29.5
85
30.5
26
31.4
68
32.4
12
33.3
57
34.3
05
35.2
53
36.2
03
37.1
55
38.1
08
39.0
62
40.0
18
40.9
75
41.9
33
42.8
92
3%
29.6
77
30.6
57
31.6
40
32.6
24
33.6
09
34.5
96
35.5
84
36.5
74
37.5
65
38.5
57
39.5
50
40.5
45
41.5
40
42.5
37
43.5
34
44.5
33
45.5
33
9%
33.4
34
34.5
03
35.5
72
36.6
43
37.7
15
38.7
87
39.8
61
40.9
36
42.0
11
43.0
88
44.1
65
45.2
43
46.3
22
47.4
01
48.4
81
49.5
42
50.6
44
10%
39.9
85
41.2
16
42.4
68
43.6
80
44.9
13
46.1
47
47.3
81
48.6
16
49.8
51
51.0
86
53.5
59
54.7
96
56.0
33
57.2
70
58.5
08
59.7
64
59.7
64
20%
57.7
03
59.3
65
61.0
27
62.6
90
64.3
53
64.3
53
66.0
16
67.6
79
69.3
42
71.0
06
72.6
69
74.3
33
75.9
97
77.6
60
79.4
23
80.9
68
82.6
52
40%
3
5.
3
6.
3
7.
3
8.
3
9.
4
0.
4
1.
4
2.
4
3.
4
4.
4
5.
4
6.
4
7.
4
8.
4
9.
5
0.
5
1.
C
h
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 78 -

Cht lng phc v cn lin quan n c cc kh

nng phc v. Cc kh nng phc v c nh ngha
nh sau:
+ Indoor: C th phc v di ng trong nh.
+ Incar: C th phc v di ng trong xe t.
+ Outdoor: Phc v bnh thng trong nh.
2.2.2.Lu lng phc v:
D on lu lng a ra s knh cn thit m
bo c yu cu v cht lng phc v. Chng hn d
on 1 vng phc v cho khong 1000 thu bao s
c lu lng l 33 Erlang vi GOS=2% tng s TCH cn
thit tnh theo bng GOS l 60 knh. Vng phc v c
chia thnh mt s Cell. tuy nhin lu lng phc v phn
chia khng ng u cho mi Cell do vng ph c
mt thp th s TCH i hi t hn, vi vng c
mt cao cn nhiu TCH hn. T kt qu trn ta c
th lp mt d nh v t mt s trm gc BTS:
Cell
Lu lng %
Erlang
S knh
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 79 -

40
13,20
20
25
8,25
14
15
4,95
10
10
3,3
E
Tng s 5
10
100%
3,3
33,00
8
60
Cell
T bng chn ny chn cu hnh t BTS. Cc
cu hnh c t theo phng php truyn c
trnh by trn (PC-CII).
2.2.3.Quy hoch mng (Cell):
Nguyn l c bn khi thit k cc h thng di
ng t ong l cc mu c gi l mu s s dng li
tn s.
Theo nh ngha s dng li tn s l s dng
cc knh v tuyn vng mt tn s sng mang
ph cho cc vng a l khc nhau. Cc vng ny phi
c cch nhau c ly ln mi nhiu giao thoa
ng knh (C/I) xy ra c th chp nhn c. V vy
m hnh quy hoch c nh hng rt ln n t s
C/I, C/A. Khi m hnh k hiu N/M trong N l v tr
t i trm v M l s Cell trong mt vng s dng
ton b di tn cho php. Trong mng thng tin di
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 80 -

ng s c 3 m hnh s dng li tn s l 3/9,

4/13, 7/21 (v d mu s dng li tn s 4/12 c s
dng bi VMS). Mi loi u c nhng thun li vag
hn ch ca n, ph hp vi tng nc m chn mu s
dng li tn s no.
Khong cch gia 2 Cell c cng tn s c tnh
theo cng thc:
D = R 3M
M: S cell trong 1 vng s dng ht tn s.

R: Bn knh ca Cell.
Vy vi 3 m hnh s dng li tn s ni trn ta
tnh c khong cch gia 2 cell c cng tn s l:
- M hnh 3/9: D=5,2R
- M hnh 4/12: D= 6R
- M hnh 7/21: D=7,9R.
Ch nh knh:
Trong cc mu s dng li ton b th cc sng
mang trong cng 1 BTS phi khc nhau sng mang

trong 1 cell l rt hn ch. Cch phn b sng mang
nh bng di y:
Bng ch nh knh cho m hnh 4/12:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 81 -

Nhm
C D A
C D A
knh tn
Cc knh
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1
1
... ... ... 0
... ... ...

.
Theo mu s dng trn cc sng mang cng Cell

cch nhau 12 sng, cc sng cng v tr cch nhau 4
sng.
Kh nng p dng:
- M hnh 3/9: M hnh ny c sng mang dng trong

1 cell l ln tuy nhin kh nng nhiu ng knh,
nhiu knh ln cn l cao v khong cch di tn
gia cc sng mang l nh. Kh nng p dng cho
nhng vng c mt my di ng cao, kch thc Cell
l nh nhng vng ph sng d dng cc knh tn hiu
nhiu cho phainh ph hp cc phc v Indoor cho cc
khu cao tng.
- M hnh 4/12: S dng cho nhng vng c mt
trung bnh s knh trong 1 cell cho php t hn,
nhiu ng knh t khi l 1 vn ln. Vi m hnh
ny kch thc Cell c th m rng ph hp vi cc vng
dn c t nh cao tng.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 82 -

- M hnh 7/21: C th phc v cho nhng khu vc

c mt thp, khi s knh cn cho 1 cell l nh. Ta
thy loi ny c khong cch di tn gia cc knh ln
cn ln cc cell ng knh cch nhau xa do m
hnh ny thch hp vi vng c mt di ng nh.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 83 -

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quy hoch mng thng tin di ng

quy hoch mng thng tin di ng

Chng I: Lch s thng tin di ng v gii thiu

Phn II: Cc gii php k thut cho giao tip v tuyn

quy hoch mng thng tin di ng

Phn I. Gii thiu tng quan GSM

Th h th nht: Sau nm 1946. Kh nng phc

v nh, cht lung khng cao, gi c t.

Th h th hai: T nm 1970 n 1979. Cng vi

s pht trin ca processor m ca cho vic thc

quy hoch mng thng tin di ng

sng ca Anten pht ca trm di ng cn b hn ch

Th h th ba: L mng t ong tng t (1979-

1990). Cc trm thu pht c t theo hnh t ong,

AMPS (Advanced Mobile phone service):

NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone System): L h

thng in thoi di ng tng t ca cc nc Bc u

TACS (Total Access Communication System): nhn

c t AMPS c lp t Anh nm 1985.

quy hoch mng thng tin di ng

Th h th t: L th h da trn k thut truyn

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications):

a vo hot ng ti Chu u t nm 1992.

DCS (Digital Cellular System): Da trn mng GSM

CDMA(Code Division Multi Access): Trong tng lai.

Bng 1. Gii thiu mt s mng t ong tng t

quy hoch mng thng tin di ng

quy hoch mng thng tin di ng

1.2. Mng thng tin di ng GSM:

quy hoch mng thng tin di ng

hp hi ngh v k vo bin bn ghi nh lm nn tng

nhngmc ch y l h thng cn cho php chuyn

quy hoch mng thng tin di ng

Cng vi phc v thoi, h thng phi cho php s

linh hot ln nht cho cc loi dch v khc lin quan

quy hoch mng thng tin di ng

H thng t ong GSM (GSM Cellular System):

thu bao l di ng do c hai vn c t ra

quy hoch mng thng tin di ng

pht c s (BTS: Base

Tranceiver Station) tu theo

cu to ca anten. C hai loi BTS:

BTS Onnidirectional vi anten v hng, c bc x

ngoi khng gian c gc nh hng l 3600.

BTS Sector vi 2 hoc 3 anten nh hng 1800

hay 1200, cc v tuyn ny c sp xp dng t

quy hoch mng thng tin di ng

Do khng th phc v qu rng ti 100, hn

tn s gii hn.Vi h thng GSM di tn t 890MHz960MHz c chia lm hai bng:

Bng tn ln (Uplink band): Di tn t 890MHz-

915MHz cho cc knh v tuyn t BTS-MS.

Bng tn xung (Downlink band): Di tn t

915MHz-960MHz cho cc knh v tuyn t MS-BTS.

quy hoch mng thng tin di ng

Ngoi bng tn s c bn GSM cn c bng tn s

quy hoch mng thng tin di ng

Do s lng tr gii hn nn vic s dng li tn s l

S tng thch ca cc dch v trong GSM vi cc

dch v ca mng c sn (PSTN-ISDN) bi cc giao

quy hoch mng thng tin di ng

- linh hot cao nh s dng cc u cui thng

S dng bng tn s 900MHz vi hiu qu cao nh

s kt hp gia TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

quy hoch mng thng tin di ng