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FLOORS REINFORCEMENT
HIGH-PERFORMANCE FLOORS
COMPOSITE STEEL AND CONCRETE STRUCTURES: STATIC AND ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES
The construction of composite steel/concrete structures offers remarkable static and economic advantages. The load-bearing steel structure and the overlying concrete cast, suitably tied to each other by means of connectors, guarantee the static unity of the two different materials while enabling them to express their individual characteristics. The most evident advantages are the reduced weight of the steel structures, the lower total height of the floors, greater flexural rigidity and higher fire resistance. The "Nelson" type headed stud, welded to the beam, is the commonly adopted solution for the shear connection in composite steel/concrete structures.
APPLICATION
PRACTICAL, QUIK AND SAFE APPLICATION!
The TECNARIA connectors are very simple to install. Once the profiled decking has been positioned over the beam, the two high-resistance nails supplied with the connector are fastened in. The operation is simple, quick and safe. The nails are driven using a powder-actuated tool, with a special barrel.
Tool with indirect action and low velocity Weight: 4,1 kg Length: 410 mm
S 235
tensile strength 2 < 510 N\mm
S 275
tensile strength 2 < 560 N\mm
S 355
tensile strength 2 < 630 N\mm
assembled pin
assembled pin
The TECNARIA stud connector can be fastened with the base plate turned either way. In the fastening phase it can adapt to a wide variety of steel deck patterns available on the market (base plate minimum dimensions = 38 mm). To get a correct application the sheet steel must adhere closely to the beam. The base material thickness must be > 8 mm. Total sheet thickness fastened may not exceed: 2 sheets x 1.0 mm or 1 sheet x 1.5 mm.
The connectors can be positioned any way. The connectors can be placed side by side, depending only on the dimensions.
The drawings are for illustrative purposes
These floors often require structural consolidation work as they are designed to carry moderate loads. A concrete cast, approximately 5 cm thick, reinforced with a welded wire mesh and fastened to the load bearing steel beams using the TECNARIA connectors, enables the adaptation of these structures to the actual construction requirements. The interposition of the connectors between the two elements inhibits slipping and forms a section where, as a result of the vertical loads, the steel is tensioned, while the concrete is compressed. The resulting composite structure exploits the peculiarities of the two materials, enhancing the performance of the floor in terms of strength as well as rigidity. The process consists of exposing the beam extrados, fastening the connectors, laying a suitable wire mesh and casting the concrete. Shoring the floor before the concrete layer is cast ensures that the composite section is active both as regards the weight of the structure itself and of the subsequently applied loads.
The chemical composition of the existing iron beams makes it difficult, if not impossible the welding of common connectors, because of the chemical composition of the steel and the presence of rust and mortar layers: the cold fastening with the TECNARIA connector efficaciously solves the problem, since the nails penetrate directly into the steel.
22.5 kN
base plate 38 X 50 mm
Code CTF 12/40 CTF 12/60 CTF 12/70 CTF 12/80 CTF 12/90 CTF 12/105 CTF 12/125 CTF 12/135
38
50
Specifications: Zinc plated steel shear stud connector, 12 mm shank diameter with head, riveted to a 35 x 50 x 4 mm base plate, fastened into the steel structure by the means of 2 high resistance pins.
Laboratory Tests
The connector's resistance to loading and the efficiency of the nailed (riveted) connection to the steel beam have been experimentally tested according to Eurocode 4 EN 1994-1-1 "Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 1.1: General rules and rules for builidings".
Push-out tests required for design have been carried out as described in Annex B of Eurocode. Besides load tests on simply supported composite beam have been conducted, including both beams connected to solid slab and beams with profiled steel sheeting. The stud's bending tests have been successfully carried out up to a 90 bending angle. The tests proved the optimum performance of the connector and of its single parts. Its high deformation capacity justifies the assumption of ideal plastic behaviour of the shear connection and allows redistribution of shear along the beam. The tests have been all carried out at the 'Laboratories of the Department of Structural and Transportation Engineering, University of Padua' (Italy).
Shear resistance
Following design shear resistances have been determined by push tests in accordance with requirements in Annex B of Eurocode 4.
Application
Slab
Example
Connector's height
Shear resistance Pd
Ductility
Rehabilitation
40 mm
22.5 kN
Not - ductile
New structure
90 mm
18.2 kN
Ductile
New structure
Steel sheeting # Hi-Bond 55 115 mm of total slab thickness Steel sheeting # Hi-Bond 55 135 mm of total slab thickness
105 mm
26.6 kN
Ductile
New structure
125 mm
30.6 kN
Ductile
The results are not affected by the direction of the connector's base plate.
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TECNARIA connector's shear resistance with solid slabs
Shear resistance of Tecnaria connector with solid slab is not variable with concrete strength class (for classes higher than C20/25).
Connector's height Shear resistance Pd
Application
Slab
Example
Ductility
solid slab
Solid slab slab thickness 15 cm 125 mm 30.6 kN Ductile
TECNARIA connector's shear resistance with profiled decking transverse to the supporting beam
Shear resistance depends on concrete class, on dimensions of ribs, and on connector's height. The resistance should be taken as the resistance in a solid slab multiplied by the reduction factor kt With hp < 85 mm e hp < b0
profiled decking
kt = 0,7
Nr
h
b0 hp
h hp
1 <1
Where: Nr is the number of stud connectors in one rib at a beam intersection, (not to exceed 2 in computations) and other symbols are as defined in figure.
b0
hp
steel deck barycentric axis
It is advised to choose: - connectors as high as possible (compatible with the cover over connector required); - profiled steel sheeting with ribs with high ratio width / height; - class concrete not lower than C25/30
a valuable tool
Tecnaria offers to the designers an useful application: a software for quick dimensioning composite steel concrete beams with Tecnaria connectors. The software con be downloaded for free at www.tecnaria.com
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The software allows to design no-standard beams.
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TECNARIA S.p.A. Viale Pecori Giraldi 55 - Bassano del Grappa (VI) - Italy - Tel. +39. 0424 502029 Fax +39.0424.502386 - E-mail: info@tecnaria.com - http://www.tecnaria.com
TECNARIA reserves the right to modify its product without any prior notice
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