Research Question: To study the relationship between force of dynamic friction(sliding) and normal reaction and find the

coefficient of friction between a block and a horizontal friction.

Experimental Design aspect 1: To find the limiting friction coefficient for wood and glass.

Selection of Variables: Manipulated Variables : Weight on wooden block Area of cross section of different wooden blocks(base area).

Dependent Variables: Weights used in suspended pan and hence tension in the string.

Controlled Variables: Nature of the contact surfaces. Smoothness of contact surfaces. Mass of the pan. Temperature Force sensor(Its type)

Uncontrolled Variables: Friction in the pulley. Hypothesis: It is hard to pull or push a heavy object as compared to lighter object.

 As per 3rd law of motion(action and reaction), a heavy object applies more force on ground and so, on it the reaction will be large as compare to lighter object. Thus friction force which opposes the relative motion of contact surfaces must be proportional to normal reaction(R). Maximum friction force in statical condition of an object is known as limiting friction(Fl). Fl R Fl=R Friction Coeffecient

Experimental Design: Controlling of variables:

Manipulated Variables: I will use different standard weights. I will measure the mass of each weight by using a standard weighing machine. I will repeat my experimental with different wooden blocks and same glass surface for its base area of each block is taken differently.

Dependent Variables: Standard weights will be used in pan to create tension in the string and hence to increase the external force on the wooden block. Mass of individual block will be checked again by a standard weighing machine. Controlled Variables: Friction coefficient is the characteristics property of contact surfaces so I have taken the fixed contact surfaces for each set of observations. I think friction depends on smoothness of contact surfaces i will prepare the wooden blocks of same sample. Temperature may affect the friction force since it affects the intermolecular force I will fix the temperature of lab. To measure the force I will use the sensor of vernier.

Risk Involved: Glass sheet must be handelled with care. Avoid to use very heavy mass in pan. Experimental Design Aspect 3: Apparatus: Wooden blocks of different base area Pulley String Pan Different standard masses Force sensor

Procedure: Clean the horizontal table top and check the pulley to see that it is frictionless. Weigh the wooden block and put it on the table top. (Check horizontally of tables top by spirit level.) Tie one end of the thread with the hook of the wooden block and pass it over the pulley. Find the weight of the pan. Tie the other free end of the thread with the pan and let the pan hang vertical. Since the pan itself does not pull the block, put some weights on the pan. Tap the table top to make the block just slide. Increase the weights in pan one by one, till the block just starts sliding on tapping the table top. Note the total weights put in the pan then record them in observation table. Repeat these steps for 2nd and 3rd block.