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Differential calculus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to:navigation, search The graph of a function, drawn in black, and a tangent line to that function, drawn in red. Theslope of the tangent line equals the derivative of the function at the marked point.

Topics in Calculus Fundamental theoremLimits of functionsContinuityMean value theorem [show

]Differentialcalculus DerivativeChange of variablesImplicit differentiationTaylor's theoremRelated ratesIdentities Rules: Power rule,Product rule,Quotient rule, Chain rule [show]Integral calculus

IntegralLists of integralsImproper integrals Integration by: parts,disks,cylindricalshells,substitution,trigonometric substitution, partial fractions, changing

order [show]Vector calculus GradientDivergenceCurlLaplacianGradient theoremGreen's theoremStokes' theoremDivergence theorem [show

]Multivariablecalculus Matrix calculusPartial derivativeMultiple integralLine integralSurface integralVolume integralJacobianInmathematics, differential calculus is a subfield of calculusconcerned with the study of therates at which quantities change. It is one of the two traditional divisions of calculus, the other beingintegral calculus.The primary objects of study in differential calculus are thederivativeof afunction,relatednotions such as thedifferential,and their applications. The derivative of a function at a choseninput value describes the rate of change of the function near that input value. The process of finding a derivative is called differentiation . Geometrically, the derivative at a point equals theslopeof thetangent line to thegraph of the function at that point. For a real-valued functionof asingle real variable, the derivative of a function at a point generally determines the bestlinear approximationto the function at that point.Differential calculus and integral calculus are connected by the fundamental theorem of calculus,which states that differentiation is the reverse process tointegration.Differentiation has applications to all quantitative disciplines. In physics, the derivative of thedisplacement of a moving body with respect totime is thevelocityof the body, and thederivative of velocity with respect totimeis acceleration. Newton's second law of motionstatesthat the derivative of themomentumof a body equals the force applied to the body.

Thereactionrateof achemical reaction is a derivative. In operations research, derivatives determine the mostefficient ways to transport materials and design factories. By applying game theory, differentiation can provide best strategies for competingcorporations [ citation needed ] .Derivatives are frequently used to find the maxima and minima of a function. Equationsinvolving derivatives are calleddifferential equations and are fundamental in describing natural phenomena.Derivatives and their generalizations appear in many fields of mathematics, such ascomplex analysis,functional analysis, differential geometry,measure theoryandabstractalgebra.

Contents [hide] 1 The derivative 2 History of differentiation 3 Applications of derivatives 3.1 Optimization

3.1.1 Calculus of variations

3.2 Physics 3.3 Differential equations 3.4 Mean value theorem 3.5 Taylor polynomials and Taylor series 3.6 Implicit function theorem 4 See also 5 References [edit] The derivative Main article:DerivativeSuppose that x and y are real numbersand that y is a function of x , that is, for every value of x ,we can determine the value of y

. This relationship is written as: y = f ( x ). Where f ( x ) is theequation for a straight line, y = m

x + b , where m and b are real numbers that determine the locusof the line in Cartesian coordinates. m is called the slopeand is given by:where the symbol (the uppercase form of theGreek letter Delta

) is an abbreviation for "changein". It follows that y = m x .In linear functions the derivative of f at the point x is the best possible approximation to the ideaof the slope of f at the point x . It is usually denoted f' ( x ) or dy / dx

. Together with the value of f at x , the derivative of f determines the best linear approximation, or linearization,of f near the point x . This latter property is usually taken as the definition of the derivative. Derivatives cannot becalculated in nonlinear functions because they do not have a well-defined slope.A closely related notion is the differentialof a function.

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