Julius Michael Chapter one

Social Study 11 Exam Study Notes

Political Spectrum-different in ideology between the major political parties Roles in the Federal Government-ensure well-being of its nations and citizens, laws and regulations alone cannot accomplish this feat, maintain order in society through laws and policing services, provide us with health care, education, welfare, employment insurance, pension plants; maintains our rights and freedoms Canadas Democracy-ruled by the people; constitution (limits power of government); human rights protected by a constitution, universal suffrage (vote), regular multiparty election, federal state, court and parliament separate, economic and intellectual freedom Structure of Government Governor General, Head of State, Head of Government (Prime Minister), Parliament (MP), House of Commons, Senate, Cabinet How a bill becomes a law- First Reading (Introduce and printed), Second reading (debate), committee stage (fix up), Report Stage (Report), Third Reading (vote), Senate (same process again), Royal Assent (government general signs), 6 readings in total Electoral System- the process by which voters preferences are translated into seats in a legislature. Voters express their preference (that is, their vote) by casting a ballot; ballots are then counted to determine which representatives are elected to the respective legislative body voters in a society choose the representatives who have the power to make that societys laws and to govern it on the voters behalf. Chapter Two Causes of the WWI 1. Militarism-Two Power Standard (Britain) Armed Race (Britains Navy vs. Germanys Navy ) Balance of Power :Dreadnaught; Russia/Frances Army vs. Germanys Army )

2. Alliances-Triple Alliance (Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy (beginning of war)) vs. Triple Etente (Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia) 3. Imperialism-sun never set on British Empire Industrialization need for colonies (raw material) Russia (warm water port) Ottoman Empire crumbling

Julius Michael

Social Study 11 Exam Study Notes

4. Nationalism-pride/patriotism and liberation (Balkans) Events leading up to the war i. The Archduke and Archduchess visit Sarajevo. ii. Gavrilo Princip shoots the Archduke and Archduchess. iii. Austria-Hungary blames Serbia for the death of the Archduke and Archduchess. iv. Germany gives Austria-Hungary blank cheque. v. Austria-Hungary gives an ultimatum to Serbia. vi. Serbia agrees to two of the terms of the ultimatum. vii. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. viii. Russia mobilizes to support Serbia. ix. France mobilizes to support Russia. x. Germany orders France and Russia to stop mobilizing. xi. Germany declares war on Russia. xii. Germany declares war on France. xiii. Germany invades Belgium. xiv. Britain declares war on Germany. Conscription-compulsory military service; Introduce by PM Borden; volunteers declined, casualties increased; French Canadians hated conscription-riots, protests; threatened to bring down the government Key Battles and their location Battles of Ypres first taste of Trench warfare (Canadians) First use of poison gas (Chlorine gas) Example of war of attrition Defend channel from German control Eventually forced to retreat 6000 Canadians killed

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Social Study 11 Exam Study Notes in Flanderss field written by John McCrae (in Belgium)

Battle of the Somme Big Push- Allies tried to end trench warfare 1.25 million casualties/few miles of land Newfoundland Regiment=90% casualty rate 23 Canadians executed- would not or could not return to front line (shell shock) Failures: German bunkers too deep underground, underground mines in effective, troops carried too much gear, lost element of surprise, attacked in day light, General Haig(old tactics)

Vimy Ridge- Canadians tried to take the Ridge after British and French failed first time Canadians units fought together as one victory: symbols of independence/ one of the best troops on War Fronts trained for days, new ways to organize, went on raids to gain info build tunnels subway under Ridge with smaller lines took more land, more prisoners and more guns than the British in 2 and half years General Julian Byng(British) + Arthur Currie (Canadians)

Battle of Passschendaele- little strategic value (replace Australians and attack Germans) Currie predicted 16 000 deaths (pretty close) Canadians gained 7 km of land by reinforcement lost it One in five survived Horses +men drowned in mud Germans on higher, drier ground First time Canadians fought under Canadian General

Halifax Explosion- 1917 French munitions ship carrying 3, 000 tonnes of explosive collided with another vessel in Halifax Harbour, over 2000 people killed and thousands injured or left homeless; Boston donated over $3 million in relief supplies

Julius Michael

Social Study 11 Exam Study Notes

to help Halifax, $30 million dollars collected from around the world to help rebuild the city; every year a special Christmas tree shipped from Nova Scotia to Boston Treaty of Versailles- War Guilt Clause (Germany alone must accept responsibility for causing the war) Alsace-Loraine returned to France Poland given a strip of land (taken from Germany) Germany forced to surrender all its colonies German army limited to 100, 000 men Germany forced to surrender its merchant fleet Unification between Austria and Germany forbidden Constitution of the League of Nations part of treaty Failures: several people without homeland-strong feelings of nationalism, Germany crippled become vengeful

Propaganda- any strategy used to persuade people to believe in a certain idea; used to persuade people to join the Armed Force and influence how people felt about the war Effects of the war on the home front 1. Canada given spate seat and signature from Britain 2. Women gain recognition as workers, vote in 1917 3. Canadian troops gained world recognition for battle victories 4. Population increased due to immigration 5. Significant economic growth during and after war 6. Cost $3billion dollars, debt was $150 million per year for four years 7. Income tax to pay off debt 8. 60, 000 Canadians kill in action, 178, 000 wounded 9. Issue of conscription deepened differences between French and English

Julius Michael Chapter Three

Social Study 11 Exam Study Notes

Person Case-i. Famous Five/Persons Case 1. 1918-women had federal vote 2. Still in subservient role 3. Emily Murphy, Nellie McLung, Henrietta Edwards, Louise Kinney, Irene Palley 4. Issue-does the word person include females in BNA Act ii. Agnes Macphail 1. First female MP (1921) 2. Prison reform (Elizabeth Fry society) 3. Appointed to Senate but died before fulfilled iii. Emily Murphy 1. First female judge in Empire 2. Lawyers in her court challenged her rulings and if even a person 3. Alberta Provincial Court-NO 4. Supreme Court of Canada-NO 5. British Privy Council-YES-why not iv. Legacy-female judges, senates - Greater participation in public life Causes of Depression- a. Causes i. Tariffs-taxes on imported goods ii. Overproduction-too many goods stockpiled, factory owner panicked, slowed down production and laid off workers, workers had less money spending slowed down b. Stock market crash i. Buying on the margin-investor bought stocks with borrowed money hoping the stock would rise, they could sell at a profit, re-pay the loan and make a huge profit

Julius Michael

Social Study 11 Exam Study Notes

c. Canadian Government Reponses to the Depression i. Keynesian Economics 1. John Meynard Keynes-British economist 2. Proposed government should spend their way out of Depression 3. A lack of cash in circulation made things worse 4. Deficit financing-borrow money to create employment projects and repay loan once economy recovered 5. Was the responsibility of government as they were the only institution large enough to reverse the spiral 6. Most countries slow to accept this way of thinking ( USA, Japan, Germany did make the radical change) iv. Relief Camps Consequences i. Unemployment (25%- no government support) ii. Banking Failures (loss of lifesavings) iii. Political Consequences (doubt American dream) iv. Change in Role of Government (laissez fair=dead) e. William Lyon Mackenzie-re-elected as prime minster f. R.B. Bennett-Bennett buggy, coffee, pillow Prohibition- ban usage of alcohol Winnipeg General Strike- go on strike asking for decent wages (85 cent per hour), an eight-hour workday, right to bargain collectively (as a group) for better working conditions Regina Manifesto-workers on to Ottawa trek were stopped in Regina by RCMP and riot broke out; 300RCMP dressed in riot gear concealed in large moving vans and 50 horses; RCMP fought crowed for more than three hours, dozens of trekkers injured and one officer killed

Julius Michael

Social Study 11 Exam Study Notes

On-to-Ottawa Trek- relief camp workers boarded trains in Vancouver to go to Ottawa to protest the work conditions, wanted real jobs, stopped in Regina, riot broke out turned people back to PM King Welfare State- concept of government in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens Steps to Independence 1. Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Versailles, 1919- own seat and signed independently 2. The Chanak Crises, 1992- first time Canada refuse unconditional support for British imperial war policies 3. The Halibut Treaty 1923- Canada gained its independence in foreign affairs one step at a time 4. Imperial Conference, 1926- Canada no way subordinate to Great Britain, a colony became a nation 5. Statute of Westminster, 1931- Canada became a sovereign state as part of the British Commonwealth of Nations Chapter 4 Causes of WWII i. Fundamental Causes: A summary - The Treaty of Versailles - The Great Depression - The rise of Hitler and Nazi - Failure of the League of Nations - Extreme nationalism - Unwillingness of democratic government to intervene in places like Germany ii. Immediate Causes (Appeasement) - Re-militarization of Rhineland - Annexation of Austria

Julius Michael

Social Study 11 Exam Study Notes

- Appeasement in Czechoslovakia

Key Battles and their location Battle of Atlantic Germany want to cut off Allied supplies to Britain Use of convoy system (merchant ships surrounded by destroyers) Royal Canadian Navy provided much of protection Canadians served as Merchant Marines on the freighters Long rage Bombers planes Sonar Convettes (navy destroyer)

Battle of Brian Air attack by Lufwaffe RAF used spitfires and hurricanes for defense Germany started daylight bombing raids on London Use of radar and the breaking Engima contributed to Britains power in air First time Hitler denied victory Change in plan likely cost Hitler the war

Battle of Hong Kong Japan wanted resource rich colonies in Asia Hours after Pearl Harbor began surprise invasion All 1975 Canadians either captured or killed POWS send 3 and half years in camps in horrible conditions

Battle of Dieppe 5000 Canadians landed on beach Attack failed and Canadians taken prisoners or killed

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Social Study 11 Exam Study Notes More Canadians died on these few hours than on any other day in the war Britain did not send and naval support Allies learned heavy air and sea support needed for next time

Italian Campaign 1943-1945 Landed on sicily then moved to peninsula Germans driven back by a French Canadian unit which pushed to free northern Italy Distraction from USSR and Normandy Landing Mussolini captured and executed Began liberation of Europe Battle of Ortona-fought street to street and house to house

Normandy Landing June 6, 1944 Operation Overlord Allied foothold in Europe Largest Canadian military operation in WWII Over 5000 Canadians killed at Juno Beach Both troops but Germany had few replacements

Liberation of Holland May 1945 Canadian forces drove Nazis from Holland Allowed allied forces to continue towards Germany Canadians have much respect in Holland ever since

Treatment of Jews- anti-Semitism feelings among population, Jewish fled their country but many would not accept them; many died in Nazi concentration camps Holocaust- Hitlers massive attempt to exterminate all of Jewish people in Europe, deaths of six million Jews Effect of the war on the home front Economic effects- economy grew due to all of its contribution to war effort, economy booming even with $10 billion dollars debt; industrial and

Julius Michael

Social Study 11 Exam Study Notes

manufacturing production grew to overtake agriculture as the most important economic sector in Canada Political effects- gained international reputation and middle class power, troops recognize for contributions, PM king averted conscription crises, government intervened frequently in lives of citizen and social safety net strengthened, black and abo people advance in civil rights Social effects- women greater recognition for their contribution to the war, Canada become more tolerant nation eventually agreed to accept displaced person and refugees from Europe, experienced a baby boom and significant wave of immigration , lost over 42,000 people to war Conscription- PM King promised no conscription Chapter 5 United Nation-keep world peace and preventing new wars; encourage cooperation among nations; defending human right and helping to promote equality; and improve the standard of living for all nations Iron Curtain-divides communist and non-communist states Berlin Blockade- western powers decide to introduce a new currency in West Germany, which Soviet refused to accept in Berlin, Soviet blockade transportation corridors which allowed west to send supplies to west Berlin Wall- wall to blockade transportation corridors which stopped west to send supplies to west Berlin NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) - mutual Defense, members agreed to attack, one attack would considered an attack on them all NORAD (North American Defense System) - radar stations to detect Soviet lanes or missiles to give early warning of an attack; three lines established in northern Canada (mostly an American expense) National resource mobilization act all man required to help with war effort conscription if necessary but not necessarily conscription Plebiscite-vote to allow government to introduce conscription Quebec voted against it-relation strained not broken 13 000 soldiers conscripted, only 2000 fought

Julius Michael

Social Study 11 Exam Study Notes

Suez Crisis- Egypt seized Suez Canal (vital trade route from Britain and France); Soviets sided with Egypt while Britain and France joined with Israel to attack Egypt; Lester Pearson suggested creating a United Nations Emergency Force that would keep the combatants apart while a settlement to Suez Crisis worked out Korean War- demonstrated to world that members of UN were willing to take action Chapter 6 End of Cold War- Detente-relaxation of tension, warming of relations between Soviets Union and USA, relaxation of tensions that existed during Cold war 1. Nuclear Parity- two superpowers had achieve nuclear parity (equal nuclear capabilities) 2. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty- USA, Soviets, Britain led world in signing a treaty which would limit spread of nuclear weapons, 93 other countries joined, France, china, Egypt, Japan, Israel and south Africa didnt sign it 3. Salt- Soviets Union and USA limit number of certain missiles; Soviet invasion of Afghanistan lead US to refuse in signing, 1980 arms race increased to greater levels than ever before 4. Helsinki Accord- accept division of Germany and existing boundaries in Europe, USSR agreed to respect human rights, easier movement of people across border Role of UN (changing nature, successes, failures) a) More missions- increasing demand for UN peacekeeping mission, 35% missions initiated since 1990, fourteen of these missions are ongoing, 80,000 UN peacekeepers deployed around the globe b) Peacekeeping Within States- charged with creating peace within states, often in situation of civil war c) More Actors- include organization other than UN such as NATO, Organization for Security, Cooperation in Europe and the Organization for African Unity d) Peace Making-no longer simple standing between two armies and keeping peace, matter of creating peace where none exist e) Changing Role of Peacekeepers- modern peacekeepers involve training and restructuring local police forces; de-mining; conducting elections; facilitating the return of refugees; monitoring human rights; demobilizing and reintegrating former soldiers and promoting sustainable democracy and economic development

Julius Michael

Social Study 11 Exam Study Notes

f) More diverse Skills- military personnel work with police and experts to develop security in conflict-affected societies g) Humanitarian Interventions- an armed intervention with intention of protecting human rights within the confines of another sovereign state Rwanda - apparent failure the UN had in portraying themselves as an international community due to the lack of support, civil war between the Tutsi and Hutus, devastating genocide million Tutsi and moderate Hutu killed in three months Refugees- immigrants that had to be considered for their ability to adapt and resettle in Canada Chapter 7 White Paper- proposed to abolish of reserves and an end to special status for treaty Indians Indian Act-, 1867- encourage aboriginal to give up their own culture and traditions; provided schools, medical care, hunting and fishing rights, annual treaty payments to aboriginal peoples across the country, exempted aboriginal from paying income and sales taxes, given special status, denied rights to take up land, denied right to vote in provincial election Bloc Quebecois-Lucien Bouchard- leader of Official Opposition of Canada Parti Qubcois-Jacques Parizeau- premier of Qubec Defeated Liberal in Quebec-led by Rene Levesque Non-violent separatist party wanted independence

Nisgaa Treaty-Nisgaa given wide powers of self government pertaining to issues of culture, language and family life, given ownership of 1,922 square km of land, all resources, fishing, hunting rights, and $190 million dollars, no non-aboriginal force from territory, non-aboriginal do have right to vote for council that govern the region Union Nationale- premier of Quebec from 1936-1939 and 1944-1959 Duplessis, staunch Roman Catholic and political conservative, avoid English influence at all cost, refused any money from federal government, bad working conditions, discouraged unions and used strong arm tactic against them Quiet Revolution-Jean Lesage served as Premier of Quebec as leaders of Liberals Maitres chez nous- Masters of our own house campaign Wanted to create new and equal partnership with English Canada

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Social Study 11 Exam Study Notes Realized English speakers were a minority but controlled a large percentage of business in Quebec La revolutions tranquille-period of rapid reform and modernization Seek stronger francophone presence in Quebec economy A move away from Catholic church in politics (secularization Strengthened welfare state Massive investment in public education Unionization of civil service Development of hydro-Quebec French Canadians become Quebecois-huge nationalism

Front de Liberation du Quebec- young French Canadians who wanted to separate from Canada; committed to violence to achieve their goals-trained by revolutionaries who supported Che Guevara and Palestinian Commandos October Crisis- Laportes body found in trunk of a car; Canadian Government agree to broadcast FLQ Manifesto and free 5 prisoners in return for freedom of Cross Charlottetown Accord, 1922- Quebec still not part of Constitution Provisions for Aboriginal self-government, senate reform, universal health care Canada Clause-commitment to equality of all Canadians Accord failed (only 4 of 10 provinces accepted it)

Meech Lake Accord, 1987- Mulroney and all ten premiers met to try to include Quebec in constitution Concern-distinct society clause for Quebec- its interpretation was worrisome to Canadians Concern- aboriginal didnt get special status Quebec could control its own immigration, 3 of 9 judges on Supreme Court Accord failed (Manitoba didnt sign-led by Elijah Harper)

Referendum, 1980- proposal Quebec would be independent state with economic ties wtih Canada

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Social Study 11 Exam Study Notes Canadian currency, belong to NAFTA, judges on Supreme Court 90% of Quebecois voted, 60% said no to independence Result-patriation of Constitution (take it from British Control)

Referendum, 1995- bitter that Charlottetown Accord was rejected Lost vote to separate by 50.6% Still a question-did Quebec need support of other provinces in order to separate?

Multiculturalism Act, 1987- recognize all Canadians as full and equal participants in Canadian society, ensures all citizens can keep their identities, can take pride in their ancestry and have a sense of belonging Chapter 8 Canadian International Development Agency- manage Canadas support and resources effective and accountable to achieve meaningful, sustainable results Population pyramids-inverted bar graph showing population data as cohort groups (age-sex groups) expressed a percentage of that regions total population UN Human development Index-tools used to understand standards of living A long healthy life, based on life expectancy at birth Knowledge measured by literacy rates Per capita GDP

Kyoto Protocol- document that was signed by about 180 countries at Kyoto, Japan in December 1887; an agreement among the industrialized nations of the world to reduce emissions of six green house gasses over a certain period of time Montreal Protocol- all industrial nations agreed to cut their use of CFCs in an agreement Population Density-the concentration of people living in a geographic area; calculated by dividing the total number of people living in an area by the actual area they occupy Population Distribution- the arraignment or spread of people living in a given area Ozone Layer- naturally occurring protective shield found in the stratosphere more than 25km into space

Julius Michael

Social Study 11 Exam Study Notes

Greenhouse Effect- process that heats up the surface of the earth causing serious environmental issues and causes global warming Global Warming- a serious global issue, being experience in many places, regions and countries Aquifers-underground water-bearing rock, sand or gravel; can access this water by drilling a well into the aquifer and pumping to the surface for distribution Deforestation- the process of clearing forest also affects nearby bodies of water People John Diefenbaker- 1957 defeated the Liberal Party; leader of Progressive Conservatives managed to defeat the Liberal Party; known as The Chief powerful speaker who reflected peoples concerns about the growth of American influence in Canada, strongly believed in united country and in protesting those less fortunate; raised pension for the elderly and disabled, gave financial aid; brought in Canadian Bill of Rights which put into law of basic freedoms including freedom of speech, worship and assembly, not part of constitution Lester Pearson- PM in 1963, Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for his actions as Minister of External Affairs during the Suez Crisis, sought to improve French-English relations, appointed Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, introduced Canada Pension Plan and Medicare for all Canadians, cut Canadas tie with Britain, change flag to maple leaf Joey Smallwood- a journalist, trade unionist and farmer in Newfoundland, organize a petition demanding that Confederation with Canada be included in Referendum being held about status of Newfoundland, became first premier in Newfoundland Sam Hughes- Canadas Minister of Militia and defence at the beginning of war, set up a training camp for over 30 000 men in Population Distribution Valcartier, Quebec, issued the ross rifle C.D. Howe- created War Supply Board, given dictatorial powers, goal to organize Canadians industry
toward the singular purpose of supplying the front

R.B. Bennett- introduce Bennetts New Deal, PM in 1930, initially set up Unemployment Relief Camps for single, unemployed men Mackenzie King-PM in 1942 and re-elected after, refuse to resign when lost election, request Governor General to resolve parliament and denied, PM in WWII, introduce and re-invert conscription John Maynard Keynes British economist who proposed radical solutions, proposed governments should spend their way out of depression

Julius Michael

Social Study 11 Exam Study Notes

Pierre Trudeau- leader of Liberal party and PM in 1968, scholar and lawyer and had charisma, travelled across Canada talking about his vision of a just society, implemented Official Languages Act in 1969, in order to make Canada truly bilingual and bicultural, believe that his would help to make Quebec feel like a part of Canada, implemented income tax cuts and improved benefits for poor and elderly Agnes MacPhail-Canadas first female Member of Parliament, called for prison reforms; founded Elizabeth Fry Society of Canada, appointed to Senate, but died before appointment was fulfilled Maurice Duplessis- Union Nationale premier of Quebec from 1936-1939 to 1944-1959, staunch Roman catholic and political conservative, avoided English influence at all cost, refused any money from the federal government as strong supporter of provincial right