Material properties and impression materials

Material proprieties

Physical properties: properties based on the -laws of mechanics, optics, thermodynamics, electricity etc. ((Phillipsscience of dental materials A.Rheological properties .Definition: The study of flow or deformation of materials Solids: elasticity and viscoelsticity Liquids: viscosity = shear stress/shear rate .Consider extrusion of a fluid from syringe We have 2 concepts to be known Thixotropy: for some liquids, the viscosity may change at a particular shear rate, so, the viscosity for an increasing shear rate is different from the viscosity for a decreasing shear rate(the gel become liquefied under repeated pressure such as when shaken, stirred or vibrated) (((( not (((( important as the doctor mentioned Viscoelsticity: intermediate behavior between elastic solid and viscous liquid. Depends on the amount of load, and duration of the load applied. (elastomeric impression materials), so, to prevent permanent deformation, these materials should not be loaded for a long time

If the material is more viscosity it need more strength in order to manipulate it and stretch it and it goes difference from the one with less viscosity (liquid)

Depending on the ability of handling the pressure we have types of dental material:

pseudo plastic material : this material that if it got subjected under pressure it will become liquid the fluidity of it will increase 2. plastic material : this type need a special amount of pressure in order to become more fluid 3. dilitant : this type it has a significant property that it increase the viscosity of the material when it goes under over load or under stress 4. Newtonian : this type of material has a stable viscosity no matter what shear power it goes under
1.

******Dilitant is visa versa from the pseudo plastic >>>> The point is just to know that each material has it significant proprieties that are different from the other one <<<<<<<

We talked about elastic and plastic, and the difference between them Very important to be known coz the: Elastic deformation is defined as: a change that happens in the material without getting back to its original irreversible On the other hand, plastic deformation is defined as: it is a reversible material that goes back to the same shape before the stress is applied but with a partial and slightly difference change in the shape

Why this is important to be known?????!!!!???!!!????? Because when u put a measurement material (impression material) inside a patient mouth and you prepare it from mixing materials together (liquid with solid) and then you want to take it out the material will change inside the patient mouth it will become less fluidity so you apply stress to take it out for a long time that will make it goes elastic but u shouldnt take that long time just pull it out no matter what is the amount of stress that is used just to take the best results These impression material are known that they should be removed as fast as u can in what we call it a snap action shot meaning never to use long time applying stress on them in order not to change there shape and then u become inaccurate in your measurements and they are used to describe the relation between the adjacent teeth or upper and lower teeth ((((((( bs tzakro la t6awlo w ento btsheelo hay elmawad sheeloha bsor3ah 3shan te6la3o dakatrah sho66666aaaar)))))) k2no el dr bt7ke ((ok)) kteer

-- Mechanical proprieties ::: The pressure on

the parts of the moth is different from a place to another like for (EXA): the amount of stress on the molars (580N) different than the premolars (310N) different than the canine(220N) different than the incisors (180N ) and that is very important coz when u want to use fillings to the teeth u should know the properties of the materials that you are going to use coz if you use a material with less ability to handle the power of the stress it will not last longer and it may cause a fraction. The best example is for the amalgam and white or color fillings the amalgam can handle the stress of the molars but

the white cant do that so if a patient comes to you asking for white filling in the posterior teeth tell him that it is better to use amalgam coz it last longer (up to 15 years) and can handle force of molar occlusion but the white fillings (up to6 years ) cant handle that force . Stress :: the amount of force divided on the area In order to calculate the stress we go to this equation (Stress = force/unit area(compressive, tensile, shear And this is very important coz if u want the stress to be less you should increase the area space whether you were working on complete denture or partial denture or filling anything increase the space to decrease the stress Strain :: the amount of deformation divided over the length of the material it is simply for the length (( it is all a game of numbers )) Strain = deformation length / the original length We can make a relation between the stress and the strain which will give us many concepts that is important and :: these concepts are Elastic modulus = stress/ strain (MPa), a measure of stiffness (( ability of getting back to the original shape )) and here the greater the number is much better than the small number Proportional limit: measure of stress allowed before permanent deformation occurs or it is called yield stress Ultimate strength: maximum amount of strength a material can withstand without breaking up to 600

Toughness :: how the material can resist fraction used for complete denture so it doesnt break easily (enamel is brittle material) (rubber material is ductile ) Resilience :: materials that can resist deformation Creep :: plastic deformation in amalgam specially caused to make it goes out from it is place and that may lead to breaking it off and then to a large space , microleackage and then caries and huge amount of sensitivity Ductile ::: measurement of how much the material can goes under stress before it breaks Hardness ::: resistance to wear or abrasion and ability of not being broken and it is different from material to another (enamel and porcelain are among the hardest). Hardness is measured using several tests such as Knoop, or Vickers hardness tests by using material to leave a mark and there is equation u dont have to know about it The example is amalgam vs. porcelain amalgam is made of silver metal but porcelain is made of glass so the amalgam is much harder than porcelain and it is a measure of the stronger much stronger much harder surface Fatigue properties (refer to slides only): (((hada elle ((( belslide Materials are subjected to intermittent stress over long period of time, stress is small, but over time, failure may occur by a fatigue process. This involves the formation of micro cracks, resulting from stress concentration at a surface fault, so crack propagates until fracture occurs. Final fracture occurs at a low stress level Go to table in slide number 38 coz it is in PDF and I can't put them here

Thermal proprieties :: we talk about them a lot -and we mentioned in the previous lecture that we should make the filling separated from the pulp by isolation in order to not make the filings that considered as great conductors reach the pulp causing a pain or anything may harm the patient and this isolation is made by what we call it a linear

:: Electrical proprieties -Galvanism: generated electrical current a patient can feel resulting from dissimilar metals present in a solution that (contains ions (e.g. oral cavity The solution for this is by separating the surfaces of the 2 metal surfaces with a porcelain material or surface

Solubility and sorption : includes many terms -.. :::it is important coz it let us know if the material is going to be an absorption or adsorption .1 material Absorption :: means that the saliva and the liquids are going to go inside the material Adsorption :: means that saliva and liquids are going to be on the surface only with no going inside the material

wettability :: it means that good ability of material -liquid one to bond between the restoration and the tooth it means if the drop of a liquid is distributed and covered all the surface of the tooth and the importance of that take a part in the impression material where it can give us more accurate and good results so high wettability is better than low wettability

Optical proprieties: it is very important in -order to decide what color of filling need to be used so it compensate with the teeth color and it has 2 types of properties Translucent :: allows some light to pass, absorbs some, and scatters the rest Opaque ::: does not transmit light, but absorbs and .scatters it Surface texture: the ability of controlling the filling and working on it major terms in the optical proprieties and they are 2 Metamerism: change of color of an object due to a .1 change in light source the florescent :it is propriety for the tooth that it means .2 that the teeth are going to absorb the light in a wavelength then it is going to release the light in another wave length These terms are important because they allow to us to determine what type of color should we use for the fillings and the colors are known as vital colors on the name of the company and they are named as letters (A (reddish brown (B (reddish-yellow (C (grey (D (reddish grey According to the teeth color we use the color of the filling or a replacement tooth and it should be one of these colors or in the range between them

biological proprieties::: this property is -important coz when any company wants to make a dental material it should take many things in consideration such as :: Non-toxic Non-irritant Should not have carcinogenic or allergic potential If used as filling material should be harmless to pulp

So there is an evaluation for the dental materials and it is ::: separated into 3 levels Level 1 ::: this is for the laboratory experiments that don on the material in order to make sure it is safe Level 2 : experiments take another level to be done on animals in order to make sure of the safety Level 3 :: try them clinically on humans After these 3 levels are done then the material is approved and can be used be dentist and it can also be marketed as well

Here we end the material properties lecture and we will start with a 5 min break in the impression material ((( eat chocolate or ice-cream yummmyyyyyyy aw ((da5noolkom segara w mnerja3

Impression material

The definition :: it is the material that is used to make a model for the teeth and it prepared an putted in a tray and then to the patient mouth and the most important thing that it deals with soft or hard tissue and then we send these impression material to the lab in order to make a restoration or to diagnose them and make whatever needed, it give us a negative copy of the teeth : Impression material characteristics semi fluid :: can easily being manipulated and can .1 easily go fluid inside the patient moth and it become harder and more ridge after a while in .2 order to make good copy and model 3. copy details accurately as it goes fluidity 4. Dimensional stability after removal from the mouth no change in the shape and no shrinking or largining 5. Appropriate working time and setting time means to have time to do mixing and preparing and even doing the work in the patient mouth not too long and not too short and each material needs it special time 6. Bio-compatibility that is get long with the tissue that are being subjected to it

And these are the characteristics of any material in order to be used

Trays : we use trays in order to support and

handle the material when it is fluid so we have the best shape and the material effect the tray type

Types of trays :
1 metal tray 2 plastic trays perforated tray: the use of this tray is to 3 prevent the material from going out side the tray ) and make a problem in doing the model non perforated trays 4 full arch trays 5 sectional trays 6 after you take the tray out you want to make a model u can make many kinds of models depending on what u want there is 3 types of models the study model : this model is used to .1 diagnose, make a plan for a treatment, make a plan for restoration or jus t for studying the teeth the cast : if the model is needed in order to .2 make a restoration it should be accurate and with no mistake in order to have the best result die : this is very important it is only a one .3 section of teeth part of the cast

::: properties of impression material

flexibility .1 responding to the heat .2 use chemical reaction in order to make them set .3 correctly affected by outer situation .4 flexibility :: 2 types (elastic , inelastic ) elastic is more flexible and the best exa for it is alginate ( which is very common to be used, it is a powder that is mixed with water and it will be sited easily called fast sited alginate and they are irreversible cannot be used again and because we use water in making them we called it hydrocolloid), agar (we use them by heating them to make them soft coz they are already rigid and comes as stick or flat shape the advantage of these materials that they are being used several times coz u can manipulate them by heating ) other elastic materials are : polysulfide, condensation silicon, addition silicon and polyether they all bonded to teeth by polymerization reaction because it depends on the formation of the polymers from small molecules, bending the parts together in order to make big part or peace we will just talk about the hydrocolloid which contain only the agar and alginate colloid are either liquid or solid if they are liquid we call them sol if they are solid we call them gel agar is mainly comes from seaweeds and it is solid and like a gel it contains other

components of agar :
1. borax which make it much strong and 2. anti fungal agent (alkyl benzoate ) in order to prevent the growth of the bacteria and fungi in the moisture and nutrient environment 3. 85% water 4. 1% potassium sulfate which is important to make sure that the gypsum will stay together as a one peace

Properties of the agar :

1. Flows well and get good reads 2. Accurate reproduction , however, the impression need to be poured immediately or stored in 100% humidity. 3. Distortion is more likely to occur if impression not poured within an hour.

Disadvantage of the agar ::

1. Lose water and moisture very quickly if it didnt send to the lab as a fast as it could be and it can absorb water if it putted in a moisture environment leading to shrinking or swelling (so the best way to stop that and protect the agar is putting it in a sealed closed plastic bag until it goes to the lab)

Evaporation: loss of water which causes the material to shrink, and impression is distorted. Imbibitions: uptake of water, this will swell and distort the impression These 2 problems are shared between the agar and alginate coz they are based on water 2. it can tear a parts coz it is made up from gel material 3. Syneresis: a process by which the gel contracts and some of the liquid is squeezed out, forming an exudates on the surface leading to evaporation after the liquid is concentrated on the surface 4. If compressed it might rebound if compression is not too sever otherwise deformation occurs.

In order to manipulate the agar we need a special instrument called hydrocolloid condictioner which consist of 3 champers Champer 1 makes the agar liquid high temp 100 c Champer 2 maintain the liquid form 60 c Champer 3 fluid and less temp in order to prepare the agar to be used 45 c Using water to set the agar by a syringe but this way is not going to be used coz there is a dangerous in it and u can burn the patient mouth and it needs special materials but it is accurate so no more use of it in

impressions but it can use to make more copies of the cast but it was used a lot before

Alginate
is more commonly used Used by mixing with water special amount as written on the material no as we want to get the best proprieties alginate advantages : 1. more used 2. accurate but not super accurate 3. cheap 4. no special instruments uses of alginate : 1. make impression (primary impression ) 2. study models 3. custom traits components of alginate 1. Na or K alginate : base of it 2. potassium sulfate : to sure the gypsum stable 3. Ca sulfate dihydrate : to give us hard material and it become strong and explain the chemical reaction 4. trisodioum sulfate : in order to make it set longer in order to cover everything things should take in consideration when working with alginate :

1. hot water give us short setting time but cold water give us long setting time and the temp of water is the only thing I can control 2. dont play with powder amount or water amount and it sure become affected by the heat of the environment 3. the time that u should leave the alginate material inside the mouth is 5 min and it is recommended to let it there for 1 or 2 extra minutes in order to gain more strength 4. leaving a space from 2 to 4 mm in order not to be so tight and not to be broken 5. put it in a moisture environment to prevent the water loss or gain 6. the remove is a snap action removal 7. move the alginate with water in 8 shape movement in order to have no particles inside it 8. place it and remove it and put the impression in a little bit sweated paper towel with water in order o make a little bit moisture for the impression then place it in plastic bag and send it to the lab 9. dont move the tray so u dont have disorder shape of the impression 10. do special way to put the tray to avoid choking the patient

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