EIA Process Initial Envt Evaluation Report projects assigned to one of three categories A, B or C according to the expected degree

e of envt impact Project Proposal Report conclusions of IEE & project classification should be incorporated Envt Assessment depends on classification Project Appraisal the findings & recommendations of the EA should be clearly stated in the envt module of the report & briefly stated in the summary Project Implementation the Envt Mitigation & Management Plan developed during the EA should come into operation Project Monitoring the Envt Monitoring Plan is made operational esp. for cat A projects. Envt safeguards should have been implemented. The status of the monitoring program is assessed Completion Report final assessment of degree to which the project satisfied proposed envt requirements, the effectiveness of the mitigative measures & any unanticipated effects due to project activities Evaluation developed during the appraisal phase esp. for cat A projects & carried out by specialists for economic, social & envt aspects

EIA Practices in India Ministry of Envt & Forests, GOI, under the Envt. Protection Act, 1986 made envt clearance mandatory for expansion or modernization of any activity or for setting up new projects listed in schedule-I of its notification dated January 27, 1994 Till 1994 only big govt or public sector projects required EIA clearance

Now EIA clearance is required for 29 categories of industries like mining, thermal power plants, ports, airports, communication, atomic energy, transport, tourism, etc In 1997 EIA notification was amended making public hearing conducted by State Pollution Control Boards mandatory for envt clearance before being sent to MoEF

Future Trends in EIA People are demanding better envt & greater say in development decisions EIA is expected to play an increasing role in ensuring that projects meet the sustainability criteria EIA will have to make sure projects meet ISO 14000 criteria New approaches include Class Assessments, Programmatic EIA, Sectoral EIA, Regional Master Planning, Green Report Cards, etc

Environment Management Environment & Industry; ISO 14000 & EMS

Environment & Industry Industrial sector as a whole & chemical & pharmaceutical industries in particular do more damage to the envt than any other sector Regulating bodies, NGOs, consumers & even employees are putting increasing pressure on them Command & control approach relies on regulatory instruments like standards by SPCBs The economic approach relies on these as well as economic instruments like charges, marketable permits & subsidies Corporate Envt Responsibility waste mgmt, resource saving, reducing risks, communication, assessments & audits, adopting ISO 14000 standards, etc.

ISO 14000 & EMS Envt Mgmt System the part of the overall mgmt system that includes organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes & resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing & maintaining envt policy ISO 14000 builds a single global mgmt system that allows effective mgmt of envt responsibilities, liabilities, costs, document commitment to government, & promotes concern for the society Applicable to all types & sizes of organizations & accommodates diverse geographical, cultural & social conditions Uniform therefore increases trade (may become a primary requirement)

ISO 14000 The new ISO 14000 series covers EMS Envt Auditing Evaluation of Envt Performance Envt Labeling Life Cycle Assessment It is a mgmt standard which is comprehensive, proactive & has a systems approach ISO 14001 is a specification document & the rest are guidelines. It requires an organization to have an envt policy which gives direction to the mgmt systems, is available to the public & in compliance with envt legislation

Certification Process of ISO 14000

Creating an EMS Project committee established to learn about ISO 14000 & manage its creation Prepares a brief for top mgmt about the costs/benefits for their commitment Gap analysis is performed, presented & approved A draft envt policy is prepared with top mgmt Envt aspects & impacts of operation and legal & other requirements are identified

 Envt targets & objectives & programs to achieve them are created EMS is presented to top mgmt for approval, accepted & implemented Final gap analysis is performed to judge readiness for registration audit Organization applies for certification by outside auditors Getting registered Establish scope of registration (specific site, several sites or entire co.) Apply for registration through written application Outside auditors perform full assessment Certification body grants registration based on findings & organization receives a certificate To maintain registration activities required are: Monitoring & Measuring EMS; Handling Non-conformances; Implementing Corrective & Preventive Action; Maintaining Envt Records; Establishing & Maintaining ISO 14000 Standard & Programme

Benefits of ISO 14000 Intangible benefits Clear objectives & targets Clear job procedures, responsibilities & accountability Continued operations Increased communication Envt reviews of suppliers

 High quality workforce Improved goodwill Tangible benefits Potential cost savings Reduced raw material usage Reduced waste disposal costs Recoverable resources Reduced penalties Lower insurance premiums Lower capital repayment rates

Environment Management Resource Management

Classification of Resources Renewable & non renewable Recyclable & non recyclable Depletable Storable Private & common

Renewable Resources Solar energy, water, food grains, fish, etc Replenishable & Depletable Water - surface & ground water Reproducible Private Resource - Agriculture - FAO 4% increase in agricultural production possible more than population growth if Developed countries share technology & open markets and Developing countries adopt pricing policies which do not restrict output - With technology & credit even small scale farming can be competitive Renewable & Storable Forests Provide food, shelter to animals, timber, other products, maintain watersheds & balance in the atmosphere Deforestation causes global warming, reduces biodiversity, desertification Renewable Common Resources - Fisheries & other species Facing overexploitation, even extinction - Pacific salmon & whales have received protection Through raising of cost of fishing, quotas, fixing 200 mile limit, etc.

Depletable & Recyclable Resources Minerals, paper, glass, etc. Scarcity of new materials & high disposal costs have increased the demand for recycling Industry not producing durable goods Technology & fashion leading to obsolescence Recycling not 100% Aluminum recycling more efficient than plastic Stamping ingredients on alloys part of the recycling initiative

Depletable & Non-Recyclable Resources Energy sources Oil & gas main - Coal is polluting - Uranium has the problems of storage of radioactive waste & nuclear accidents Alternatives Hydropower Biomass Solar energy photovoltaics Wind energy but only few sites favorable Hydrogen water, natural gas, hydrocarbons NASA uses liquid hydrogen & fuel cells Geothermal

Resource Scarcity Depletable & Non-Recyclable Resources - will eventually become zero Exploration & discovery, technological progress and substitution to fight scarcity Are we willing to pay the price to extract & use them? Other Resources - Localized scarcity already observed