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Engineering Fluid Mechanics

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The Stability of Floating Bodies

This Section deals with the Stability of Floating Bodies. The Terms Metacentric Height and Centres of Buoyancy are introduced View other versions (4) Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Centre Of Buoyancy And Stability. The Stability Of Fully Submerged Bodies. The Stability Of Partially Submerged Bodies. The Determination Of Metacentric Height. The Metacentric Height For A Vessel With Liquid Ballast. Divided Ballast Tanks. The Righting Couple With A Liquid Ballast. The Period Of Oscillation Of A Floating Body. Page Comments

Centre Of Buoyancy And Stability.

The Buoyancy Force act through the Centre of Gravity of the Displaced Fluid and is called The Centre of Buoyancy. There are three Types of Equilibrium:

Stable. The body returns to it's original position if given a small angular displacement. Neutral. The body remains in a new position if given a small angular displacement. Unstable. The body heals further over if given a small angular displacement.

The Stability Of Fully Submerged Bodies.

Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by some closed boundary, for example, the space that a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or contains. Weight is the name given to the force on an object due to gravity.(It is often used to mean mass.) Centre of gravity is the point in or near a body at which the gravitational potential energy of the body is equal to that of a single particle of the same mass located at that point and through which the resultant of the gravitational forces on the component particles of the body acts.

Let

= Volume of Body = Specific weight of the fluid. = Weight of the Body is the Centre of Gravity and is the centre of Buoyancy

If

and are coincident then the Body will be in Neutral Equilibrium. is below then the Body is in Unstable equilibrium. is above then the body is in Stable equilibrium. This last case has a righting couple of . Where is the angle of tilt. Note that the Position of and relative to the Body does not change when the body is rotated.

The Stability Of Partially Submerged Bodies.

The metacentric height is the distance between the centre of gravity of a ship and its metacentre.

is the C of G. is the C. of B and the line is the original water surface. After tilting is the new water line and the angle of Tilt is . remains in the same position relative to the ship but the Centre of Buoyancy moves to is the Metacentre and is defined as the point where the vertical through the new Centre of Buoyancy meets the original vertical through the Centre of Gravity after a very small angle of rotation. is called the Metacentric Height.

Therefore for stable equilibrium for a floating Partially Submerged Body the Metacentre must be above the Centre of Gravity . If the Metacentric height is zero the Body will be in Neutral equilibrium. The Righting couple

The Determination Of Metacentric Height.

Experimentally
Let be the weight of the Boat plus it's Load.

A small load is moved a distance and causes a tilt of angle . The Boat is now in a new position of equilibrium with ' and ' lying along the Vertical through . The Moment due to the movement of the load is given by: = moment due to movement of C. of G.

Theory

The Ship tilts from it's old waterline to a new waterline ' ' as it moves through an angle . Due to the movement of the wedge of water from ' to ' , the Centre of Buoyancy moves from to '. The Change in the moment of the buoyancy Force = ' (where is small) The Volume of the Wedge ' Therefore, the Moment of the Couple due to the movement of the wedge, . Therefore,

Where is the Second Moment of Area of the Water Plane Section and is the volume of water Displaced. Thus if the positions of and are known or can be calculated , then the distance can be determined since:

There are in fact two Metacentric heights of a ship. One for Rolling and the other for Pitching. The former will always be less than the latter and unless otherwise stated, the Metacentric given will be for Rolling. Example:

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Example - Example 1

Problem

A Pontoon measuring 20ft.by 12ft. and 4ft deep, weighs 12 tons. It carries a load of 8 tons. The Pontoon sits in sea water with a density of 64 lb/cu. ft. Find it's Metacentric height and establish the angular tilt which will result if the load is moved by one ft. sideways. Workings Taking Moments about the Base:

The Volume of water displaced, The Depth of immersion,

Therefore, the height

And,

But the Metacentric height = The Moment due to the Movement of the Load = 8 ft. tons The Moment due to the movement of the C. of G. =

The Metacentric Height For A Vessel With Liquid Ballast.

is the original Waterline is the Centre of Gravity of the Ship and Ballast. is the Centre of Buoyancy.

The Ship is tilted through a small angle Clockwise giving a new waterline of ' '. Due to the movement of the water wedge the Centre of Buoyancy of the Ship. ( i.e. The C. of G. of the displaced liquid) moves to '.) By the Previous Theory Where is the second Moment of Area of the Water plane area and is the Total displacemeent by the Ship and it's contents. Due to the movement of the liquid in the Ballast tank the C. of G. of the Ship and Ballst moves to '. Now the vertical through ' cuts the old vertical centre line at . The Stability of the ship depends upon whether is above or below . The Metacentric Height is now .

Consider the Liquid in the Ballast Tank.

Let:

' = The second moment of area of the liquid surface about it's centre line = ' = the Volume of liquid in the Tank. ' = the specific weight of the liquid. = The movement of the C. of G. in the tank due to the tilting of the vessel.

The moment of the Couple due to the movement of the Wedge = The Moment of the Couple due to the movement of the C. of G.

. Therefore,

Thus the C. of G. of the ship and Contents moves from . Or,

to

' where

' is given by:

But . Therefore, Therefore the Metacentric Height

Thus the Metacentric Height has been reduced by the liquid ballast by an amount

Divided Ballast Tanks.

If the Ballast Tank is divided into two by a longitudinal Partition, then the above equation becomes.

and

Comparing the two separate cases: 1) Single Tank of width .

2) Same tank divided into two equal compartments.

This shows that the reduction in the Metacentric height that occurs in case two is a quarter that experienced in case one. For this reason the tanks in Oil Tankers are divided into small compartments.

The Righting Couple With A Liquid Ballast.

The Righting Couple due to the Buoyancy Force acting upwards through weight of the ship acting downwards through and .

and

and the

(where is small) This is the same as in the simple case without a liquid balance but it must be remembered that the Metacentric Height is now and NOT . Example:

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Example - Example 1

Problem Considering the following figure

Determine the righting couple and the angle. Workings Weight of Pontoon plus Ballast = 120 Tons. Volume of Water displaced =

Draft = Volume of Ballast Water =

. Therefore,

Taking Moments about the Base.

and

Metacentric Height, Two Tons of Deck cargo are moved ten feet laterally. Moment due to the movement of the load = The righting Couple. Thus, Solution Righting couple is

The Period Of Oscillation Of A Floating Body.

NOTE:

Torque = Moment of Inertia The Solution of

Angular Acceleration. is given by

For small angles of heel, the Body can be regarded as Oscillating about it's Metacentre, in a manner similar to a Pendulum about it's point of suspension. If,

= The weight of the Ship = The Metacentric Height = The Radius of Gyration of the Ship about a horizontal Axis through the C. of G. = The Rotation after a time .

Angular Acceleration =

(Direction towards equilibrium position) .

The Moment of Inertia of the ship about the C. of G. is The Moment of Inertia of the ship about Provided that is small compared with

is , these two can be regarded as equal

For small angles of heel , the Righting Couple =

The Solution of this Equation is given by:

When When

= 0 and therefore i.e.

and

= the time of a complete oscillation.

Since

The simplest solution:

Therefore, The Periodic Time, Example:

$71.87

$3.91

$7.91

$3.79

$7.35

$29.11

$8.85

$8.99

$53.60

$12.59

$71.87

$3.91 [imperial]
Example - Example 1

Problem A Solid Cylinder of Uniform material and with height equal to the Diameter is to float in water with it's axis vertical. Calculate the Metacentric hight and the specific gravity of the Cylinder so that it may have a Rolling Period of six seconds when the Diameter is 4 ft.

The Rolling Period is given by Where G. is the Metacentric Height and is the Radius of Gyration of the Body about it's C. of

Workings

To Find

To Find The Specific Gravity:

and

Solving the quadratic From which the Specific Gravity Solution

The Metacentric hight is The specific gravity of the Cylinder is Page Rendered: 2011-11-18 15:23:09

Last Modified: 2011-11-18 15:23:03

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