RESEARCH MEANING Research is the systematic investigation into existing or new knowledge.

[citation needed] It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories. A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field. In order to test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects, or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, or the research and development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences.There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, etc. Q2)Problems encountered by researchers in India and Remedial measures for promoting and improving the quality of Tourism and Hotel research in India Tourism as an academic field and a research area is a recent phenomenon. Researchers in India, particularly engaged in empirical research are facing several problems: 1)The lack of a scientific training in the methodology of research is a great impediment for researchers in our country. There is paucity of competent researchers especially in tourism and hospitality where the research primarily is behavior based and spans across cross cultural boundaries thereby making it all the more important and imperative that researcher is competent and educated enough to understand the intricacies and nuances of this type of research. Many researchers take a leap without knowing research methods. Most of the work, which goes in the name of research, is not methodologically sound. Research to many researchers and even to their guides, is mostly a scissor and paste job without any insight shed on the collated materials. The consequences are obvious, viz, the research results, quite often, do not reflect the reality or realities. Thus, a systematic study of research methodology is an urgent necessity. Before undertaking research projects, researchers should be well equipped with all the methodological aspects. As such, efforts should be made to provide short-duration intensive course for meeting this requirement. 2)There is insufficient interaction between the university research departments on one side and business establishments, government departments and research institutions on the other hand. A great deal of primary data of non-confidential nature remain untouched by the researchers for want of proper contacts. Efforts should be made to develop satisfactory liaison among all concerned for better and realistic researchers. There is a need for developing some mechanics of a university- industry interaction programme so that academics can get ideas from practitioners on what needs to be researched and practitioners can apply the research done by the academics. 3)Most of the business units in our country do not have the confidence that the material supplied by them to researchers will not be misused and as such they are often reluctant in supplying the needed information to researchers. The concept of secrecy seems to be sacrosanct to business organizations in the country so much so that it proves an impermeable barrier to researchers. Thus, there is need for generating the confidence that the information obtained from a business unit will not be misused. 4)Research studies overlapping one another are undertaken quite often for want of adequate information. This results in duplication and fritters away resources. This problem can be solved by proper compilation and revision, at regular intervals, of a list of subjects on which and the places where the research is going on. Due attention should be given toward identification of research problems in various disciplines of applied science which are of immediate concern to the industries. 5)There does not exist a code of conduct for researchers and inter-university and interdepartmental rivalries are also quite common. Hence, there is need for developing a code of conduct for researchers which, if adhered sincerely, can win over this problem. 6)Many researchers in our country also face the difficulty of adequate and timely secretarial assistance. This causes unnecessary delays in completion of research studies. All possible efforts be made in this direction so that efficient secretarial

assistance is made available to researchers and that too well in time. University Grants Commission must play a dynamic role in solving this difficulty. 7)Library management and functioning is not satisfactory at many places and much of the time and energy of researchers are spent on tracing out the books, journals, reports, etc., rather than in tracing out relevant material from them. 8)There is also the problem that many of our libraries are not able to get copies of old and new Acts/rules, reports and other governmental publications in time. This problem is felt more in libraries which are away in places from Delhi and other state capitals. Thus, efforts should be made for the regular and speedy supply of all governmental publications to reach our libraries. Internet has eased the way research journals, reports and abstracts were read and used earlier making this problem solved to a very great extent. Thus, researcher should be well versed with all that it takes to sort the best and most useful information thereby making the whole process efficient for reducing time, effort and money spent on it. 9)There is also the difficulty of timely availability of published data from various government and other agencies doing this job in our country. Researcher also faces the problem on account of the fact that the published data vary quite significantly because of differences in coverage by the concerning agencies. 10)There may at times, take place the problem of conceptualization and also problems relating to the process of data collection and related things. 11)There is one problem unique to tourism and hospitality research studies in India and that is of its size. India is a vast country with all the diversities and demographic differences like no other and that pose a great difficulty while researching because it becomes practically impossible to include everyone in its purview given all its differences. Choosing a sample becomes the biggest challenge. Hence, in India tourism studies are more region and area specific very unlike other countries where the studies are undertaken on national levels what is research problems Defining a Research Problem Defining a research problem is the fuel that drives the scientific process, and is the foundation of any research method and experimental design, from true experiment to case study .It is one of the first statements made in any research paper and, as well as defining the research area, should include a quick synopsis of how the hypothesis was arrived at. Operationalization is then used to give some indication of the exact definitions of the variables, and the type of scientific measurements used.This will lead to the proposal of a viable hypothesis. As an aside, when scientists are putting forward proposals for research funds, the quality of their research problem often makes the difference between success and failure.

STRUCTURING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM Look at any scientific paper, and you will see the research problem, written almost like a statement of intent. Defining a research problem is crucial in defining the quality of the answers, and determines the exact research method used. A quantitative experimental design uses deductive reasoning to arrive at a testable hypothesis.

Qualitative research designs use inductive reasoning to propose a research statement.

DEFINING A RESEARCH PROBLEM

Formulating the research problem begins during the first steps of the scientific process. As an example, a literature review and a study of previous experiments, and research, might throw up some vague areas of interest.Many scientific researchers look at an area where a previous researcher generated some interesting results, but never followed up. It could be an interesting area of research, which nobody else has fully explored.A scientist may even review a successful experiment, disagree with the results, the tests used, or the methodology, and decide to refine the research process, retesting the hypothesis.This is called the conceptual definition, and is an overall view of the problem. A science report will generally begin with an overview of the previous research and real-world observations. The researcher will then state how this led to defining a research problem.

THE OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS The operational definition is the determining the scalar properties of the variables. For example, temperature, weight and time are usually well known and defined, with only the exact scale used needing definition. If a researcher is measuring abstract concepts, such as intelligence, emotions, and subjective responses, then a system of measuring numerically needs to be established, allowing statistical analysis and replication. For example, intelligence may be measured with IQ and human responses could be measured with a questionnaire from 1strongly disagree, to 5 strongly agree. Behavioral biologists and social scientists might design an ordinal scale for measuring and rating behavior. These measurements are always subjective, but allow statistics and replication of the whole research method. This is all an essential part of defining a research problem.

EXAMPLES OF DEFINING A RESEARCH PROBLEM An anthropologist might find references to a relatively unknown tribe in Papua New Guinea. Through inductive reasoning, she arrives at the research problem and asks, How do these people live and how does their culture relate to nearby tribes? She has found a gap in knowledge, and she seeks to fill it, using a qualitative case study, without a hypothesis. The Bandura Bobo Doll Experiment is a good example of using deductive reasoning to arrive at a research problem and hypothesis. Anecdotal evidence showed that violent behavior amongst children was increasing. Bandura believed that higher levels of violent adult role models on television, was a contributor to this rise. This was expanded into a hypothesis, and operationalization of the variables, and scientific measurement scale, led to a robust experimental design.