Sfpe 2012

Uncertainty of Smoke Filling Calculations in a Large Atrium through Comparison to Experimental Results
Gabriele Vigne, Cndido Gutirrez-Montes, Guillermo Rein
Gabriele Vigne Msc MAst MSFPE ARUP The University of Jan
SFPEs 9th International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Methods Hong Kong June 2012
Presentation
Background Objectives Experimental Analysis Numerical Analysis Results Conclusions and future works
SFPEs 9th International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Methods Hong Kong June 2012 - Gabriele Vigne
Background
Engineers have a number of options available for evaluating the performance of a smoke management system and, depending on the country where he/she is based, different design guides are used. Often national guides are considered the only one valid in a given country, no matter if the approach used is out-of-date or simply wrong.
NFPA 92, PD 7974, BRE 368, CIBSE E, TM 19, UNE 23585, UNE 12101, NBN S21 208, etc.
Background
It may happen that the same designer needs make similar calculation in different countries encountering a non-homogenous approach to the smoke modelling. Instead of using international best practice on the latest research (e.g. Harrison et all) engineers often rely on national codes and prescribed/given methods.
NFPA 92, PD 7974, BRE 368, CIBSE E, TM 19, UNE 23585, UNE 12101, NBN S21 208, etc.
Objectives
A thorough understanding of the smoke filling techniques, from the more basics to the more sophisticated. This is necessary to prevent a misuse of them and in that way guarantee a certain level safety in the design of buildings and infrastructure. This has been possible through experimental data obtained by a 20m cubic test facility based in Spain
Experimental analysis
We had the chance to get experimental data from fire tests performed in a fairly large enclosure We used different air entrainment correlations to predict the smoke layer interface and comparing the results to the data obtained by the tests This research work has been divided in 2 main areas: Experimental research and data acquisition Comparison with the most diffused plume entrainment correlations
The Murcia Fire Atrium

The fire tests used in this analysis have been carried out in three different periods in the Centro Tecnolgico del Metal in Murcia from 2003 to 2008 by Cndido Gutirrez-Montes and Enrique Sanmiguel Rojas. The Fire Atrium characteristics turn it into an ideal and unique facility in Spain for this kind of research. The Murcia Fire Atrium is a full-scale facility consisting of a prismatic structure of 19.5 m x 19.5 m x 17.5 m and a pyramidal roof raised 2.5 m at the centre.

SETUP The atrium has been equipped with temperature, pressure and velocity sensors, in order to study the thermal and flow fields induced by the fire. Up to 61 sensors have been installed. Measurements of walls and roof metal temperature, and air temperature at several locations (next to the walls, at a central section, through the exhaust fans and through the inlet vents) have been recorded. Differential and absolute pressure sensors at the exhaust fans have been also installed to check, from the fan performance curves, the mass and volume flow rate evacuated
5 test cases
MFA1 Parameter Date Pool diameter (m) Fuel volume (l) Burning time (s) Extract rate (m3/s) Temperature (C) Pressure (mbar) Weather Wind speed (m/s) Calculated average HRR (MW) 17/11/03 0.92 44 837 15.2 16.7 1018 Cloudy 1.58 28/06/05 0.92 52 883 15.2 28.9 1008 Clear 1.77 01/07/05 0.92 52 1094 15.2 27.5 1007 Clear 1.43 03/04/08 0.92 52 909 7.6 26.5 1011 Clear 2.00 1.72 04/04/08 0.92 52 1010 7.6 13.0 1014 Cloudy Null 1.55 MFA2 MFA3 MFA4 MFA5
10
Numerical models
11
Approaches used
For the analysis of the Murcia Fire Atrium 2 approaches have been choose: Algebraic models (through empirical plume entrainment correlations) Zone models (CFAST, OZone and Branzfire)
It has to be noted that the dimension of the Murcia Atrium are within the limits of algebraic/zone models.
12
Algebraic models
Zukoski Heskestad
Thomas McCaffrey
13
Plume entrainment correlations

In order to estimate the transient behaviour of the smoke in filling the atrium, a simple transient model has been developed, with a time step of 5 s, that considers the volume of the smoke produced by the fire, the smoke exhausting and the smoke filling into the atrium. Heat transfers though the walls have been intentionally not considered since its commonly not taken into account when using basic correlations.
14
Zone models
Zone models are simple computer models that divide the considered fire compartments into separate zones, where the condition in each zone is assumed to be uniform. The theoretical background of zone models is the conservation of mass and energy in fire compartments. Basically, the models take into account of rate of heat release of combustible materials, fire plume, mass flow, smoke movement and gas temperatures. They rely on some assumptions concerning the physics of fire behaviour and smoke movement suggested by experimental observation of real fires in compartments.
15
Zone models
CFAST OZone BRANZFIRE
Model NIST
Author
Country USA
Plume entrainment correlations Heskestad McCaffrey Heskestad McCaffrey Thomas Zukoski McCaffrey Delichatsios
CFAST
OZONE
University of Lige
Belgium
BRANZFIRE
BRANZ
New Zealand
16
Zone models
17
Results
18
Results
Total extraction (m3/s) Test data N-30% Test data N-20% Test data N-10% Time required to reach 15m (s) OZone McCaffr ey Zukoski Thomas (Hinkle y) Heskest ad BRAN ZFIRE McCaffr ey CFAST McCaffr ey 40 35 55 55 55 Heskest ad 60 60 75 75 75
Test
HRR (kW)
Test data
MFA1 MFA2 MFA3 MFA4 MFA5
1580 1770 1430 1720 1550
15.2 15.2 15.2 7.6 7.6
99.5 164.3 164.9 173.2 101.6
72.3 107.5 118 117.3 75.6
47.8 78 79.3 76.5 54.6
68 65 70 58 42
75 72 65 62 45
152 150 162 120 78
35 35 35 32 28
20 20 20 20 20
Because of the assumption of the smoke filling calculations that the smoke reaches instantaneously the ceiling, it is not easy to rely on the results in the first period of the fire (i.e. when smoke reaches 15m).
19
Results
MFA2
20.00
20.00
McCafrrey Zukoski Thomas
McCafrrey Zukoski Thomas N-Precent 20% CFAST Heskestad Branzfire Ozone Heskestad Ozone Zukoski
MFA3
MFA2
Smoke layer height (m)
18.00 16.00 14.00 12.00

10.00
Heskestad
18.00 16.00 14.00

Heskestad N-Precent 30% N-Precent 10% CFAST McCaffrey Ozone McCaffrey Ozone Thomas
MFA3
N-Precent 30% N-Precent 10%

CFAST McCaffrey
N-Precent 20% CFAST Heskestad

Branzfire
Ozone McCaffrey Ozone Thomas
Ozone Heskestad Ozone Zukoski
12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00
8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 0 100 200 300 400 500 Time (s) 600 700 800 900 1000
100
200
300
400
500 Time (s)
600
700
800
900
1000
MFA4
MFA4
20.00
McCafrrey Zukoski
Thomas N-Precent 20%
18.00 16.00
MFA1
20.00
McCafrrey Heskestad N-Precent 30%
N-Precent 10%
18.00 16.00 14.00 12.00

10.00
Heskestad N-Precent 30%
Zukoski Thomas N-Precent 20%

CFAST Heskestad
MFA5
N-Precent 10% CFAST McCaffrey Ozone McCaffrey

Ozone Thomas
CFAST Heskestad Branzfire

CFAST McCaffrey
Branzfire Ozone Heskestad Ozone Zukoski
Ozone Heskestad
Ozone Zukoski
14.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00
8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 0 100 200 300 400 500 Time (s) 600 700 800 900 1000
0.00 0 100 200 300 400 500 Time (s) 600 700 800 900 1000
20
Results
MFA1
20.00
McCafrrey Zukoski Thomas N-Precent 20%
CFAST Heskestad
MFA1
18.00 16.00
Heskestad N-Precent 30%

N-Precent 10%
CFAST McCaffrey
Branzfire Ozone Heskestad Ozone Zukoski
14.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 0 100 200 300 400
5m
500 Time (s)
600
700
800
900
1000
21
Summary
The Murcia facility has been used to perform large scale fire tests in order to obtain data to compare with numerical models.
Two different types of numerical models have been used for the analysis: Algebraic models Zone models
22
Conclusions
The analysis has shown a significant variability in the smoke layer height using different approaches. The average range of uncertainty is about 35% with peak of almost 100%. Most of the results are not conservative, i.e. the predicted smoke layer is higher than the measure one. The use of basic numerical models in the design of smoke control system in large enclosures need to be carefully considered before use.
23
Future work
Future worked aimed at improving Industry practice. Necessary to create an international best practice approach into the Fire Safety Industry. More research needed and in particular, alternative and more accurate ways to measure the smoke layer and its features are extremely important in the development of this work. New tests will be performed in Autumn 2012 with new more sophisticated equipment.
24
Acknowledgement
ARUP Universidad de Jan The University of Edinburgh Fundacin MAPFRE Universidad de Comilla ICAI
25
Thanks for your attention
Uncertainty of Smoke Filling Calculations in a Large Atrium through Comparison to Experimental Results Gabriele Vigne, Cndido Gutirrez-Montes, Guillermo Rein
SFPEs 9th International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Methods Hong Kong June 2012

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Uncertainty of Smoke Filling Calculations in a Large Atrium through Comparison to Experimental Results

Gabriele Vigne, Cndido Gutirrez-Montes, Guillermo Rein

Gabriele Vigne Msc MAst MSFPE ARUP The University of Jan

The Murcia Fire Atrium

The Murcia Fire Atrium

The Murcia Fire Atrium

Plume entrainment correlations

MFA1 MFA2 MFA3 MFA4 MFA5

1580 1770 1430 1720 1550

15.2 15.2 15.2 7.6 7.6

99.5 164.3 164.9 173.2 101.6

72.3 107.5 118 117.3 75.6

47.8 78 79.3 76.5 54.6

152 150 162 120 78

18.00 16.00 14.00 12.00

18.00 16.00 14.00

N-Precent 30% N-Precent 10%

N-Precent 20% CFAST Heskestad

Ozone McCaffrey Ozone Thomas

Ozone Heskestad Ozone Zukoski

12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00

500 Time (s)

18.00 16.00 14.00 12.00

Heskestad N-Precent 30%

Zukoski Thomas N-Precent 20%

N-Precent 10% CFAST McCaffrey Ozone McCaffrey

CFAST Heskestad Branzfire

Branzfire Ozone Heskestad Ozone Zukoski

14.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00

Ozone McCaffrey Ozone Thomas

Heskestad N-Precent 30%

Branzfire Ozone Heskestad Ozone Zukoski

Smoke layer height (m)

Ozone McCaffrey Ozone Thomas

500 Time (s)

Thanks for your attention

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