WELLCOME TO THE PRESENTATION

SELECTION OF MINIMUM COST INPUTS FOR BORO RICE CULTIVATION

PRESENTED BY

Anisur Rahman
Assistant Professor Department Of Farm Power and Machinery Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh Email: arsojol@gmail.com

Prof. Dr. Md. Monjurul Alam

Supervisor

INTRODUCTION
More than 77 percent of population in Bangladesh live in rural areas and agriculture is the major occupation of the people. At present Bangladesh is thriving as self-sufficient country in cereal production. Appropriate mechanization strategy formulation is an urge of the time for efficient use of agricultural inputs available at farmers level. This study would be helpful for the farmers involved in Boro rice production to select appropriate inputs, thereby speed up the agricultural mechanization in Bangladesh.

Why Input Minimization?

Traditional land preparation requires 4-5 passes by Country plough but using Tractor mounted implements require 1-2 number of ploughing for Rice cultivation. In minimum or zero tillage require less machinery & labour, save water about 25 to 35%, improve soil fertility by conserving soil organic matter & natural ploughing by Earthworm. Some Rice variety require less fertilizer, less crop duration, high yield. High dose of N-fertilizer (Urea) increase production cost of BORO Rice. Use of Leaf Color Chart (LCC) can reduce the extra cost of Nfertilizer (Urea). Input optimization can play an important role in harnessing financial benefits to the farmers.

Objectives
Considering the problems stated above the following specific objectives were formulated to give proper direction of the study. 1. To identify the most important inputs of Boro rice cultivation. 2. To determine the minimum cost input options for Boro rice cultivation. 3. To develop a computer simulation model for determining the minimum cost input options for Boro rice cultivation.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Alam et al (1996) appraised financial suitability of four on farm tillage system namely owned CP (Country plough), owned PT (Power tiller), hired CP, hired PT in view to select appropriate tilling system for small farm holding of Bangladesh. The study suggested that, the ownership of PT for tilling was economical viable for farm sizes over 3 hectares at a cropping intensity of 171 percent and farmers having farm holding sizes less than 3 hectares were likely to be benefited by custom hire service of PT. Sarker (1997) observed that owing of power tiller was financially beneficial over owned or hired DAP for farm over 5 hectares. Where timeliness of field operation was critical hiring of power tiller for farm less than 5 hectares could be beneficial and save yield losses due to timeliness. Talukder et al, (1995) conducted a study in Noagaon site under Mymensingh district on problems associated with DTW and STW irrigation. The study revealed that cost of irrigation was 3356 Tk/ha and 3263 Tk/ha for DTW and STW respectively while, the average command area for each set was found to be 11.60 ha and 7.82 ha respectively.

METHODOLOGY
Data collection
Secondary data collected from various sources:
1. Scientific Journal papers. 2. Published and unpublished reports and theses. 3. Booklets, Leaflets. 4. Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh. 5. National Minor Irrigation Census. 6. Internet etc. Some essential data will be collected from primary sources though interview of key informants from BAU, BARI, BRRI, BADC, DAE, Farmers, Seed-Fertilizer & insecticide Dealer, Machine manufactures and Extension personnel etc.

METHODOLOGY

Rice Variety Selection: The selection of rice variety is based onPopularity of variety, Minimum crop duration. Production per unit area.

METHODOLOGY
Leaf Color is generally used as a visual and subjective indicator of the rice crops need for nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Leaf color intensity is directly related to leaf chlorophyll content and leaf N status.

Figure: Leaf Colour Chart (LCC)

METHODOLOGY
# Machinery cost:
(a) Fixed cost :depreciation, interest, taxes,

insurance, shelter. Annual depreciation,

D =
Where, D=Depreciation, Tk/yr P=Purchase price of machine or implement, Tk S=Salvage value, Tk L=Life of machine or implement, yr

P S L

METHODOLOGY
Interest on investment,
I = P + S i 2 Where,
i = Interest rate, %

(b) Variable cost:

Variable cost elements are hourly labour cost, fuel,oil, repair

and maintenance cost and the required working hours for each field operations. Primary data of variable cost will be collected though interview of key informants.

METHODOLOGY
# Gross output:
Gross output or gross revenue is one, which farmer earn through the renting of machine to users. For estimating gross outputs of tilling, irrigation, spraying activities hiring rates were considered but for threshing activities gross outputs were estimated differently

# Benefit-cost ratio:
Benefit-cost ratio (B/C) may be defined as the ratio of benefits to costs.

B C ratio =

Benefits ( Tk / ha ) Costs ( Tk / ha )

METHODOLOGY
# Methods of Economics Analysis :
In this study two major on farm financial measurement techniques have been considered. They are i) Gross Margin (GM) and Net Margin (NM) analysis

ii) Break-even analysis

Gross Margin (Tk/ha) = [Gross output] - [Total variable costs] Net Margin (Tk/ha) = [Gross Margin] - [Fixed costs]

METHODOLOGY
# Break-even analysis:
The following formula was used to estimate the appropriate break-even point between respective machine and other machines.

Total annual cos t for machines (Tk / yr ) ha / yr = Operating cos t of other machines (Tk / ha )

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The rice variety was selected BRRI dhan 28 and BRRI dhan 29 in terms of their crop duration, production per unit area and popularity in the country. The fertilizer could be applied by two techniques namely Leaf Color Chart (LCC) and traditionally. The fertilizer cost by using Leaf Color Chart (LCC) for BRRI dhan 28 and BRRI dhan 29 were found 5795 Tk/ha and 7000 Tk/ha, respectively. The cost of fertilizer by traditionally for BRRI dhan 28 and BRRI dhan 29 were found 6370 Tk/ha and 7585 Tk/ha, respectively.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table: Operating cost, Gross Revenue, Gross Margin (GM) and Net Margin (NM) of different tilling methods 1 Tilling methods 2 3=2+1 4 5=4-2 Gross Margin (Tk/ha) 2430 2188.31 2748.81 6=5-1 Net Margin (Tk/ha) 2050.65 2071.22 2703.9 7=4/3 Benefitcost ratio (Tk/ha) 1.53 2.07 3.71

Total Total Operating Gross Fixed Variable cost Revenue Cost Cost (Tk/ha) (Tk/ha) (Tk/ha) (Tk/ha) 379.35 117.09 44.91 3500 1811.69 951.19 3879.35 1928.78 996.1 5930 4000 3700

Country Plough Power tiller Tractor

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

25000

20000

Hired CP Hired PT Hired Tractor Owned Tractor Owned CP Owned PT

15000

Cost of tilling, Tk/ha

10000

5000

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Farm size, ha Fig. Comparative cost of different tilling methods

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table: Operating cost, Gross Revenue, Gross Margin (GM) and Net Margin (NM) of different irrigation methods

1 Irrigation methods

3=2+1

5=4-2 Gross Margin (Tk/ha)

6=5-1 Net Margin (Tk/ha) 4218.91 4378.55

7=4/3 Benefitcost ratio (Tk/ha) 5.30 8.05

Total Total Operating Gross Fixed Variable cost Revenue cost cost (Tk/ha) (Tk/ha) (Tk/ha) (Tk/ha) 59.34 86.41 921.75 535.04 981.09 621.45

STW DTW

5200 4278.25 5000 4464.96

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

50000 45000 40000

Cost of irrigation, Tk/ha.

35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 0 5 10 15 Farm size, ha 20

Owned DTW Owned STW Hired DTW Hired STW

25

30

Fig. Comparative cost of irrigation methods

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5500 5000 4500 4000

Drum seeder Manual Transplanting

Cost of seeding, Tk/ha.

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 2 4

Farm size, ha

10

12

Fig. Comparative cost of seeding/transplanting methods

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3600

3000

Japanese rice weeder Manual weeding

2400

18 0 0

12 0 0

600

0 0 2 4

Farm size, ha

10

12

Fig. Comparative cost of weeding methods

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

14 0 0

12 0 0

10 0 0

800

BAUzia Fertilizer Distributor

600

Manual Distribution

400

200

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Farm s ize , ha

Fig. Comparative cost of fertilizer distribution methods

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table: Operating cost, Gross Revenue, Gross Margin (GM) and Net Margin (NM) of different spraying methods
1 Spraying methods Total Fixed cost (Tk/ha) 22.36 54.38 105.75 2 Total Variable cost (Tk/ha) 583.33 437.5 291.67 3=2+1 Operating cost (Tk/ha) 4 Gross Revenue (Tk/ha) 5=4-2 Gross Margin (Tk/ha) 6=5-1 Net Margin (Tk/ha) 7=4/3 Benefitcost ratio (Tk/ha) 1.06 1.28 1.41

Hand sprayer Compression sprayer Knapsack sprayer

605.69 491.88 397.42

645 630 560

61.67 192.5 268.33

39.31 138.12 162.58

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1600 1400 1200 Cost of spraying, Tk/ha. 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 2 4 6 Farm size, ha 8 10 12

Knapsack sprayer Compression sprayer Hand sprayer

Fig.Comparative cost of different spraying methods

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

20000 18000 Co st o f h arv estin g , T k /h a. 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 2 4 6 Farm size, ha 8 10 12 Reaper Manually harvesting

Fig. Comparative cost of harvesting methods

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table: Operating cost, Gross Revenue, Gross Margin (GM) and Net Margin (NM) of different Threshing methods
1 2 3=2+1 4 5=4+3 6 7=6(4+ 2) Gross Margin (Tk/ha) 8=7-1 9=6/5

Threshing Methods

Total Fixed cost (Tk/ha)

Total Variable cost (Tk/ha)

Total Operating cost (Tk/ha)

Threshing loss cost (Tk/ha)

Threshing cost (Tk/ha)

Gross Revenue (Tk/ha)

Net Margin (Tk/ha)

Benefit cost ratio (Tk/ha)

Traditional Threshing Pedal Threshing Open drum Threshing Closed drum Threshing

1357.5

1682.69

3039.74

6381.00

9420.74

5543.75

-2519.94

-3876.99

0.59

86.81

2512.25

2598.96

1881.00

4479.96

11700.0

7306.85

7220.04

2.61

48.60

1774.09

1822.69

1881.00

3703.69

11700.0

8044.91

7996.31

3.16

88.17

468.37

556.54

2413.00

2969.54

11295.0

8413.63

8325.46

3.80

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

15000

13500

Paddle Thresher Closed Drum Thresher Open Drum Thresher Traditional Threshing

12000

Cost of threshing, Tk/ha.

10500

9000

7500

6000

4500

3000 0 3 6 9 12 15

Farm size, ha Fig.4.8 Comparative cost of different threshing methods

CONCLUSIONS
BRRI dhan 29 was found profitable among Boro rice variety. Leaf Colour Chart (LCC) appeared as best option for determining the amount of fertilizer requirement for Boro rice cultivation. For tilling operation, custom hire service of Tractor appeared profitable for a yearly operational farm holding of 8.29 hectares and above 8.29 hectares ownership of Tractor is profitable. For irrigation options, Hire DTW was found profitable for the farm size less than 2 hectares and own STW was found profitable for the farm size from 2 to 3 hectares.

CONCLUSIONS
Drum seeder and Japanese Rice Weeder were found significantly superior for all farm holdings. BAUzia fertilizer distributor was found profitable to the farmers when the annual use exceeded 1.12 hectares. For spraying options, compression sprayer and knapsack sprayer could be beneficial to the farmers when the annual use exceed 2.05 hectares and 5.71 hectares, respectively. Reaper was found profitable to the farmers when the annual use exceeded 2.88 hectares. For threshing options, closed drum power thresher was found profitable to the farmers when the annual use exceed 7.32 hectares.

THANKS ALL