ECE 3337

HOMEWORK 2
1) Sketch h(t)*x(t) where h(t)=5u(t)-5u(t-3) and x(t)=2u(t)-2u(t-6)

'

>
< <
< <
< <
<

9 t for 0
9 t 6 for 10t - 90
6 t 3 for 30
3 t 0 for 10t
0 t for 0
) t ( x ) t ( h
Figure 1 shows
) t ( x ) t ( h
2 0 2 4 6 8 10
0
10
20
30
40
40
1
chx t ( )
10 2 t
Figure 1
2) Sketch h(t)*x(t) where h(t)=r(t)u(2-t) and x(t)=3u(t)u(4-t)

'

>
< < +
< <
< <
<

6 t for 0
9 t 6 for 18 - 12t t
2
3
4 t 2 for 6
2 t 0 for t
2
3
0 t for 0
) t ( x ) t ( h
2
2
Figure 1 shows
) t ( x ) t ( h
2 0 2 4 6 8 10
0
2
4
6
8
8
1
chx t ( )
10 2 t
Figure 1
3) ZTF problem 2.6
A system is defined by the input output relationship
5 ) 2 t ( x 10 ) t ( y + +
(a) Is this system linear? Prove your answer.
The output of the system for input ) t ( x
1
is: 5 ) 2 t ( x 10 ) t ( y
1 1
+ +
The output of the system for input ) t ( x
2
is: 5 ) 2 t ( x 10 ) t ( y
2 2
+ +
The output of the system for input ) t ( x ) t ( x ) t ( x
2 2 1 1
+ is:
[ ] 5 ) 2 t ( x 10 ) 2 t ( x 10 5 ) 2 t ( x ) 2 t ( x 10 ) t ( y
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
+ + + + + + + +
We now make:
2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1
5 ) 2 t ( x 10 5 ) 2 t ( x 10 ) t ( y ) t ( y + + + + + +
The system is not linear, because
) t ( y ) t ( y ) t ( y
2 2 1 1
+
(b) Is it causal or noncausal? Why?
It is noncausal because its output depends on future values of the input.
4) ZTF problem 2.8
An echo system is defined by the input-output relationship
) t ( x ) t ( x ) t ( y
o
+
.
(a) Show that it is a linear system.
The output of the system for input ) t ( x
1
is:
( )
o 1 1 1
t x ) t ( x ) t ( y +
The output of the system for input ) t ( x
2
is:
( )
o 2 2 2
t x ) t ( x ) t ( y +
The output of the system for input ) t ( x ) t ( x ) t ( x
2 2 1 1
+ is:
[ ]
[ ] [ ] ) t ( y ) t ( y ) t ( x ) t ( x ) t ( x ) t ( x
) t ( x ) t ( x ) t ( x ) t ( x ) t ( y
2 2 1 1 o 2 2 2 o 1 1 1
o 2 2 o 1 1 2 2 1 1


+ + + +
+ + +
Therefore, the system is linear.
(b) Is it zero memory?
It is zero memory only if
0
o

.
(c) Show that it is causal if
0
o

.
If
0
o

the output of the system at time t depends only on the input at the same
time, while if
0
o
>
the output of the system at time t depends on the input at time t and
the input that occurred
o

units of time ago. For both cases the system is causal.

Now, for
0
o
<
the output of the system at time t depends on the input at time t
and the input that will occur
o

units of time later, therefore, the system is noncausal.

(d) Sketch its output for 5 . 0 and 1.5 if
) 1 t ( u ) t ( u ) t ( x
and
1
o

.
Figure 1 shows x(t)
0 2 4
0
2
2
1
x t ( )
4 1 t
Figure 1
Figure 2 shows the output for 5 . 0 and Figure 3 shows the output for 5 . 1
0 2 4
0
2
2
1
y t ( )
4 1 t
0 2 4
0
2
2
1
g t ( )
4 1 t
Figure 2 Figure 3
5) ZTF problem 2.13
For the given system:
(a) Show that it is linear.
The output of the system for input ) t ( x
1
is: ) t 100 cos( ) t ( x ) t ( y
1 1

The output of the system for input ) t ( x
2
is: ) t 100 cos( ) t ( x ) t ( y
2 2

The output of the system for input ) t ( x ) t ( x ) t ( x
2 2 1 1
+ is:
[ ]
) t ( y ) t ( y ) t 100 cos( ) t ( x ) t 100 cos( ) t ( x
) t 100 cos( ) t ( x ) t ( x ) t ( y
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1


+ +
+
Therefore, the system is linear.
(b) Is it time varying? Why?
Yes, because its input-output relation involves the factor
) t 100 cos(
that
changes with time.
(c) Is it causal? Why?
Yes, because the output does not depend on future values of the input
(d) Is it instantaneous? Why?
Yes, because the output at time t depends only on the input at the same time.
6) ZTF problem 2.14
A fixed, linear system responds to the input ( ) [ ] 2 1 t ) t ( x with the output
( ) ( ) [ ] ) 1 t ( u 1 t 2 exp 1 t ) t ( y + + + .
(a) Is it causal? Why or why not?
No, because the input
0 ) t ( x
for t<0 while the output
0 ) t ( y
for t<-1,
therefore, the output is ahead of the input 1 unit of time.
(b) Write down the response to the input ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] 2 3 t 3 2 1 t 2 + . Sketch the
input and output signals.
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] 2 3 t 3 2 1 t 2 ) t ( x +
( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ] ) 1 t ( u 1 t 2 exp 1 t 3 ) 1 t ( u 1 t 2 exp 1 t 2 ) t ( y + + + +
Figure 1 shows x(t) while Figure 2 shows y(t).
2 0 2 4 6
0
2
4
4
1
x t ( )
6 2 t
Figure 1
2 1 0 1 2 3 4
0
5
.
10
4
1
.
10
5
1.5
.
10
5
2
.
10
5
2.5
.
10
5
3
.
10
5
300000
1
y t ( )
4 2 t
Figure 2
7) ZTF problem 2.16
If ) t ( x
1
, ) t ( x
2
and h(t) are arbitrary signals and is a constant, show the
following:
(a) [ ] ) t ( x ) t ( h ) t ( x ) t ( h ) t ( x ) t ( x ) t ( h
2 1 2 1
+ +
[ ] [ ]
) t ( x ) t ( h ) t ( x ) t ( h d ) t ( h ) ( x d ) t ( h ) ( x
d ) t ( h ) ( x ) ( x ) t ( x ) t ( x ) t ( h
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
+ +
+ +

(b) [ ] [ ] ) t ( x ) t ( x ) t ( h ) t ( x ) t ( x ) t ( h
2 1 2 1

[ ]

1
]
1

d d ) t ( x ) ( x ) ( h ) t ( x ) t ( x ) t ( h
2 1 2 1
If we make
d d +
, we obtain

[ ]
[ ] [ ] ) t ( x ) t ( x ) t ( h d ) ( x ) ( h ) t ( x
d d ) ( h ) ( x ) t ( x
d d ) t ( x ) ( x ) ( h ) t ( x ) t ( x ) t ( h
2 1 1 2
1 2
2 1 2 1

1
]
1

1
]
1

(c) [ ] ) t ( x ) t ( h ) t ( x ) t ( h
1 1

[ ] ) t ( x ) t ( h d ) t ( h ) ( x d ) t ( h ) ( x ) t ( x ) t ( h
1 1 1 1

(d) If h(t) is time-limited to (a,b) and x(t) is time-limited to (c,d), then
) t ( x ) t ( h

is time-limited to (a+c,c+d).

d ) ( x ) t ( h ) t ( x ) t ( h
Considering the integrand components as functions of ; x()=0 for <c and >d,
and h(t-)=0 for t-<a and t->b. Therefore, there will be no overlap of the two signals if:
c a t or c a t + < <
and if:
d b t or d b t + > >
In other words, the result of the convolution will be zero for both conditions.
(e) If
1
A is the area under h(t) and
2
A is the area under x(t), then the area under
) t ( x ) t ( h
is
2 1
A A .

1
A dt ) t ( h and

2
A dt ) t ( x
[ ]

1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

d dt ) t ( x ) ( h
d dt ) t ( x ) ( h dt d ) t ( x ) ( h dt ) t ( x ) t ( h
If we let
dt d t
, then
[ ]
2 1 1 2 2
2
A A A A d ) ( h A
d A ) ( h d d ) ( x ) ( h d dt ) t ( x ) ( h dt ) t ( x ) t ( h


1
]
1

1
]
1

8) ZTF problem 2.17 (a), (c) & (e) using Mathcad or Matlab
Find and sketch the signal y(t), which is the convolution of the following pairs of
signals.
(a)
) t ( u ) t 10 exp( 2 ) t ( x
and ( ) 2 t ) t ( h (Figure 1)
t 4 3.9 , 10 .. :
h t ( ) 2exp 10 t ( ) t ( ) :
x t ( ) 1 t 1 < if
0 otherwise
:
chx t ( )
4
t
u h u ( ) x t u ( )

d :
1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.2
chx t ( )
3 1 t
Figure 1
(c)
) t ( u ) t 10 exp( 2 ) t ( x
and
) 2 t ( u ) t ( h
(Figure 2)
t 4 3.9 , 10 .. :
h t ( ) 2exp 10 t ( ) t ( ) :
x t ( ) t 2 ( ) :
chx t ( )
4
t
u h u ( ) x t u ( )

d :
0 2 4 6 8 10
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.2
chx t ( )
10 0 t
Figure 2
(e)
) t ( r ) t ( x
and
) t ( u ) t 2 exp( 2 ) t ( h
(Figure 3)
t 4 3.9 , 10 .. :
x t ( ) t t 0 if
0 otherwise
:
h t ( ) 2exp 2 t ( ) t ( ) :
chx t ( )
4
t
u x u ( ) h t u ( )

d :
2 0 2 4 6 8 10
0
5
10
12
1
chx t ( )
10 2 t
Figure 3
9) ZTF problem 2.18
Given the signals
) 5 . 0 t ( ) t ( x
and
( )

n
n 2 t ) t ( h
Write down an expression for their convolution. Sketch the result.
( )

,
_

1
]
1

- n
n
)
2
1
n 2 t
d ) 5 . 0 t ( n 2 d ) t ( x ( h ) t ( h ) t ( x
Figure 1 shows the result
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
0
0.5
1
1.5
1.5
0
y t ( )
10 10 t
Figure 1
10) ZTF problem 2.2 (b), (d) & (e)
What is the order of each system defined by the following equations?
(b) ) t ( x d ) ( y ) t ( y 3
t
+

First order
(d)

+
t
2
d ) ( x ) t ( y t
dt
) t ( dy

First order
(e) ) t ( x 5 ) t ( y
dt
) t ( dy
) t ( y
dt
) t ( y d
2
2
+ +
Second order