University of Lagos

DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING AND GEOINFORMATICS

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY (CEG304)

NAME: MAJEED HURAIRA BLESSING

MATRIC NO:

090405036

TOPIC: volcanic eruptions

LECTURER: MR E.O LONGE

DATE OF SUBMISSION:22 /2/2012

INTRODUCTION
The entire earth's surface is made up of rocks. Although in many places the rocks are covered with river, wind or glacially deposited materials, there are few places in British Columbia where rocks cannot be found. A large number of different rock types exist. The identification of common rocks may, however, be complicated by the fact that certain rock types grade into each other. Igneous rock is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic rock. Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Igneous rock may form with or without crystallization, either below the surface as intrusive-plutonic rocks or on the surface as extrusive-volcanic rocks. Extrusive igneous rocks are formed at the crusts surface as a result of the partial melting of rocks within the mantle and crust. Extrusive igneous rocks cool and solidify quicker than intrusive igneous rocks. Since the rocks cool very quickly they are fine grained. The melted rock, with or without suspended crystals and gas bubbles, is called magma. Magma rises because it is less dense than the rock from which it was created. When it reaches the surface, magma extruded onto the surface either beneath water or air, is called lava. Eruptions of volcanoes into air are termed sub aerial where as those occurring beneath the ocean are termed submarine. Black smokers and mid-ocean ridge basalt are examples of submarine volcanic activity.

ABSTRACT
A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magma, volcanic ash and gases to escape from below the surface.

Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. A midoceanic ridge, for example the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has examples of volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates pulling apart; the Pacific Ring of Fire has examples of volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates coming together. By contrast, volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust in the interiors of plates, e.g., in the East African Rift, the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and the Rio Grande Rift in North America. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of "Plate hypothesis" volcanism. Intraplate volcanism has also been postulated to be caused by mantle plumes. These socalled "hotspots", for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs from the core-mantle boundary, 3,000 km deep in the Earth.

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS IN THE WORLD

This is the list of various volcanic eruptions that took place in the world; Rank
1.

Death toll
33000

Event
Mount Vesuvius

location
Pompeii and Herculaneum, Italy

date
April 24, AD 79

Human consequence
Many of the victims have been found with the tops of their heads missingtheir brains having boiled and exploded.

Environment consequence
The eruption, which is said to have lasted 19 hours, buried Pompeii in ten feet of volcanic ash. The intense heat perhaps as much as 750 degrees carbonized much of the organic material in the area.

2. 3.

10000 6,000

Mount Kelut Mt. Vesuvius,

Indonesia Italy

1586 December 1631 The 1631 eruption killed as many as 6,000 people when lava flows consumed many of the surrounding The notorious Mt. Vesuvius has erupted more than a dozen times since it destroyed the towns of Pompeii and

4.

700

Komagatake

Japan

1640

5.

1,475,

Oshima,

Japan

1741

6.

2,957

Papandayan

Indonesia

1772

7.

9350

Laki

Iceland

June 8, 1783

8.

1,377

Asama

Japan

1783

9.

15000

Mount Unzen

Japan

1792

10.

1,200

Mayon,

Philippines

1814

11.

92000

Mount Tambora

Indonesia

April 10, 1815

towns. Boiling water ejected from the volcanos added to the destruction. It made a devastating effect on coastal cities and man It made a devastating effect on coastal cities and man Caused fire outbreaks killing 2957 persons. Killed about 25% of the population (33% were killed about 70 years before by smallpox) Caused fire outbreaks killing 1377 persons. The resulting avalanche created a tsuanami which killed 12,000 to 15,000 in nearby towns. Caused fire outbreaks killing 1200 persons. The eruption of Tambora killed an estimated 92,000 people, including 10,000 from explosion and ash fall, and

Herculaneum

Tsunami

Tsunami

Ash flows

Mud flows

Ash flows, mudflows

The eruption of Mt. Unzen was followed by an earthquake, which collapsed the east flank of the dome Mudflows

The concussion from the explosion was felt as far as a thousand miles away. Mt. Tambora , which was more than

82,000 from other related causes.

12.

700

ruiz,

Colombia

1845

13.

1,000

Cotopaxi

Ecuador

1877

Caused fire outbreaks killing 700 persons. Caused fire outbreaks killing 700 persons.

13,000 feet tall before the explosion was reduced to 9,000 feet after ejecting more than 93 cubic miles of debris into the atmosphere. The effects of the eruption were felt worldwide: 1816 became known as the year without a summer because of the volcanic ash in the atmosphere that lowered worldwide temperatures. It snowed in New England that June, and crop failures were common throughout Northern Europe and North America. As many as 100,000 additional deaths from starvation in these areas are thought to be traced to the eruption. Mudflows

Mudflows

14.

4,011

15.

36000

Mt. Galunggung, Java Krakatoa

Indonesia

1882

Indonesia

August 26 27 1883

Interestingly, its probable that no one died in the initial explosion. The casualties all came from the resulting tsunami.

The August 1883 of Mt. Krakatoa (Krakatua) destroyed 2/3 of the island, ejecting more than six cubic miles of debris into the atmosphere. The sound of the explosion was the loudest ever documented, and was heard as far away as Australia.

16.

40000

Mount Pele

Martinique

April 25 May 8, 1902

the primary eruption, on May 8 completely destroyed the city of St. Pierre, killing 25,000. Several ships also were destroyed with all hands.

17. 18.

6000 1,680

Santa Maria Soufriere,

Guatemala St. Vincent

1902 1902 Caused fire outbreaks killing 1680 persons. Caused fire outbreaks killing 1335 persons. Most of the casualties apparently were the result of mudslides. Caused fire outbreaks Ash flows

19.

1,335

Taal

Philippines

1911

Ash flows

20.

5115

Mount Kelut

Indonesia

May 19, 1919

21.

2,942

Lamington

Papua New Guinea

1951

Ash flows

22.

500

Hibok-Hibok

Philippines

1951

23.

1,184

Agung,

Indonesia

1963

24.

2,000

El Chichon

Mexico

1982

25.

23000

Nevado del Ruiz (Armero tragedy)

Colombia

November 13, 1985

26.

800

Pinatubo

Philippines

1991

killing 2942 persons. Caused fire outbreaks killing 500 persons. Caused fire outbreaks killing 1184 persons. Caused fire outbreaks killing 2000 persons. A small eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano melted part of the volcanos ice cap, creating an enormous mudslide that buried the city of Armero, killing 23,000. Disease

Ash flows

Ash flows

Ash flows

the Nevado del Ruiz volcano erupted, triggering mudslides.

27.

353

Mount Merapi

Central Java

30 November 2010

353 people were killed during the eruptions, many as a result of pyroclastic flows

blanketing 750 square kilometers with volcanic ash. The ash plumes from the volcano also caused major disruption to aviation across Java. It began, with 12 km (7 mi) high plumes accompanied by multiple earthquakes

28.

nill

Grmsvtn

iceland

21 May 2011 Resulting in cancellation of 900 flights in iceland

REFERENCE; www.wikipedia.com www.google/infoplease.com

The world's worst natural disasters Calamities of the 20th and 21st centuries CBC News'.' Retrieved 2010-10-29.