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69.8
71.3
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65.9

71.6
63.9
74.5
77.1
72.0
69.3
72.5
77.1

73.0
77.3
69.7
72.0
73.6
74.5
70.4
68.1

76.4
66.7
73.7
68.4
66.0
70.9
70.2
68.9

67.4
68.5
72.9
71.9
70.7
68.4
68.0
71.4

74.6
69.5
72.3
70.5
70.7
69.0
80.0
69.9

76.8
70.1
73.2
68.2
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75.5
69.3

73.0
68.1
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73.6
75.7
76.8
76.5
73.8

76.8
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66.6
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68.5
64.4
61.8

69.1
72.1
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68.4
70.7
60.7
68.5
75.2

mean (arithmetic) "x-bar"

71.438
Set of possible daily yields of the plant forms a statistical population ( )
The population mean is often unknown and has to be estimated from the data.
Mean represents the center of the data.
Median is the second quartile
( x )

Variance ( V(X) or 2 ) is the average of the squared differences from the mean
Standard deviation ( ) is a measure of how spread out numbers are. It is the square root of variance.
The Variance and standard deviation of x are measures of the spread of the data.
uppercase X denotes the names of variables and lowercase x denotes values that the variable actually take.
For any observation x i , the quantity dev x i = x i - is deviation of the i th observation from the population mean.
When is known, the variance is estimated from the sample by population variance

Usually, we don't know , so we redefine dev x i as x i - , the deviation from the sample mean.
Then the variance is estimated by sample variance

Nonsymmetrical distribution
280,000
154,900
129,000
110,000
93,000
79,950
74,000
69,000
61,000
54,950
48,950

275,000
149,500
125,000
104,950
92,000
79,900
73,950
67,900
60,950
53,900
39,900

225,000
144,950
124,500
96,000
89,500
77,950
71,500
66,500
59,900
52,950

195,000
139,500
122,500
95,500
88,200
76,900
71,000
65,450
57,500
51,950

178,500
134,950
119,950
94,900
87,500
74,950
70,500
62,950
56,950
51,900

156,500
129,500
114,500
94,500
85,000
74,950
69,500
62,500
55,000
49,950

Dotplot is a simple graphical device that is rather like a quick histogram


Steam-and-leaf diagram
The last digit of each trimmed observation is called a leaf.
The other digits form the stems.
Splitting stems
If there are too many leaves on a stem, the diagram may not have room for them.
Tukey has a method for splitting stems into five smaller stems
Each yield is rounded down to an integer by trimming the last digit.
Box-and-whisker plots
This plot emphasizes the spread of the data.
It shows the median, the quartiles , which Tukey calls hinges , and the high and low values.
The box is the rectangle in the middle of the diagram.
The two vertical ends of the box are the quartiles, or hinges. The median is denoted by +.
The Asterisk (*) at the far left denotes the lowest value
The horizontal lines coming out from either side of the box are called whiskers .
The whiskers protrude in either direction untill they reach the next observed value before the fence.

Pareto diagrams
The Pareto principle (also known as the 80-20 rule , the law of the vital few and the trivial many, the priciple of
factor sparsity) states that, for many events, roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes.
The essence of this analysis is to record the number of each type of defect found in the nonconforming items that
were rejected and then to make a chart rather like a histogram that will emphasize clearly the important types.

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60.7
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68.0
68.1
68.1
68.2
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69.9
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71.3

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71.4
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72.0

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122,500

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72.0
72.1
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72.7
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73.0
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73.2
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73.8

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80.0

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124,500
125,000
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178,500
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280,000

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