Computer organization is how operational attributes are linked together and contribute to realise the architectural specifications.

Computer architecture is the architectural attrributes like physical address memory,CPU and how they should be made and made to coordinate with each other keeping the future demands and goals in mind. Computer architecture comes before computer organiation.Its like building the design and architecture of house takes maximum time and then organisation is building house by bricks or by latest technology keeping the basic layout and architecture of house in mind.

Computer organization is basic knowledge units which gives support to various parts of computer. (hardware, software, various languges.). Computer architecture is advanced tool to present your visulization on the base of client's thinking thought with keeping mind of all regulation of Country, science. Computer architecture gives you future outlook of your project. Computer organization gives you trainning to handle various aspect of computer, to help upgrade your knowlege to higher level. computer organization is an organization in which we organize all hardwares into a system where as architecture is explain about the functions of hardware devices

A computer's architecture is its abstract model and is the programmer's view in terms of instructions, addressing modes and registers. A computer's organization expresses the realization of the architecture. Architecture describes what the computer does and organization describes how it does it. Architecture and organization are independent; you can change the organization of a computer without changing its architecture. For example, a 64-bit architecture can be internally organized as a true 64-bit machine or as a 16-bit machine that uses four cycles to handle 64-bit values. The difference between architecture and organization is best illustrated by a non-computer example. Is the gear lever in a car part of its architecture or organization? The architecture of a car is simple; it transports you from A to B. The gear lever belongs to the car's organization because it implements the function of a car but is not part of that function (a car does not intrinsically need a gear lever).

The Difference Between Computer Organization and Computer Architecture

Computer organization
Deals with all physical components of computer systems that interacts with each other to perform various functionalities The lower level of computer organization is known asmicroarchitecture which is more detailed and concrete. Examples of Organizational attributes includes Hardware details transparent to the programmer such as control signal and peripheral.

Computer architecture

Refers as a set of attributes of a system as seen by programmer Examples of the Architectural attributes include the instruction set,the no of bits used to represent the data types,Input Output mechanism and technique for addressing memories

The difference between architecture and organization is best described by a non-computer example. Is the gear level in a motorcycle part of it is architecture or organization? The architecture of a motocycle is simple; it transports you from A to B. The gear level belongs to the motorcycle's organization because it implements the function of a motorcycle but is not part of that function
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Funtions The main and also basic function of a computer is to run programs. The programs they run can help to improve humans' every day lives. But, there are four basic functions of a Computer. They are: 1. INPUT- you input data i.e. you provide data; set of instuctions. You input data through input devices which are keyboard, mouse, scanner,etc 2. PROCESSING- the computer processes it i.e. it manipulates the data which is done by the C.P.U 3. OUTPUT- After processing the data the computer displays the result , it gives an output. Output devices are the monitor, in the case of visual output. speakers, in the case of audio output, printers, etc 4. STORAGE- You can save your data for future use in the CPU itself which is stored in the computer's ROM. There are several other storage devices also like removeable disks , CDs, etc Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_functions_of_a_computer#ixzz1ybd3DZuy

What is a Process? A process is a computer program running on a computer. A computer program in simple terms is an executable set of commands for the computer to perform. A process is an actively running program which may or may not be running in the background. A program running in the background is one that the computer user may not be aware of, but it may be providing useful services such as an ability to connect to other computers. Processes are usually associated with your operating system or a program that is installed on your computer. Identifying Processes

It is useful to identify processes running on your computer to determine whether your system has any malware or other undesired processes running on it. Also some processes use up valuable resources and can be shut down.

The first counting device was the abacus, originally from Asia. It worked on a place-value notion meaning that the place of a bead or rock on the apparatus determined how much it was worth. 1600s : John Napier discovers logarithms. Robert Bissaker invents the slide rule which will remain in popular use until 19??. 1642 : Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invents the first mechanical digital calculator using gears, called the Pascaline. Although this machine could perform addition and subtraction on whole numbers, it was too expensive and only Pascal himself could repare it. 1804 : Joseph Marie Jacquard used punch cards to automate a weaving loom. 1812 : Charles P. Babbage, the "father of the computer", discovered that many long calculations involved many similar, repeated operations. Therefore, he designed a machine, the difference engine which would be steam-powered, fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program. In 1833, Babbage quit working on this machine to concentrate on the analytical engine. 1840s: Augusta Ada. "The first programmer" suggested that a binary system shouled be used for staorage rather than a decimal system. 1850s : George Boole developed Boolean logic which would later be used in the design of computer circuitry. 1890: Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical, punched-card data-processing machine which was used to compile information for the 1890 U.S. census. Hollerith's tabulator became so successful that he started his own business to market it. His company would eventually become International Business Machines (IBM). 1906 : The vacuum tube is invented by American physicist Lee De Forest. 1939 : Dr. John V. Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry build the first electronic digital computer. Their machine, the Atanasoff-Berry-Computer (ABC) provided the foundation for the advances in electronic digital computers. 1941 : Konrad Zuse (recently deceased in January of 1996), from Germany, introduced the first programmable computer designed to solve complex engineering equations. This machine, called the Z3, was also the first to work on the binary system instead of the decimal system. 1943 : British mathematician Alan Turing developped a hypothetical device, the Turing machine which would be designed to perform logical operation and could read and write. It would presage programmable computers. He also used vacuum technology to build British Colossus, a machine used to counteract the German code scrambling device, Enigma. 1944 : Howard Aiken, in collaboration with engineers from IBM, constructed a large automatic digital sequence-controlled computer called the Harvard Mark I. This computer could handle all four arithmetic opreations, and had special built-in programs for logarithms and trigonometric functions. 1945 : Dr. John von Neumann presented a paper outlining the stored-program concept. 1947 : The giant ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machine was developped by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. at the University of Pennsylvania. It used 18, 000 vacuums, punchcard input, weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot space. It wasn't programmable but was productive from 1946 to 1955 and was used to compute artillery firing tables. That same year, the transistor was invented by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Labs. It would rid computers of vacuum tubes and radios. 1949 : Maurice V. Wilkes built the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer), the first stored-program computer. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), the second storedprogram computer was built by Mauchly, Eckert, and von Neumann. An Wang developped magnetic-core memory which Jay Forrester would reorganize to be more efficient. 1950 : Turing built the ACE, considered by some to be the first programmable digital computer.

The First Generation (1951-1959)

1951: Mauchly and Eckert built the UNIVAC I, the first computer designed and sold commercially, specifically for business data-processing applications. 1950s : Dr. Grace Murray Hopper developed the UNIVAC I compiler. 1957 : The programming language FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator) was designed by John Backus, an IBM engineer.

 1959 : Jack St. Clair Kilby and Robert Noyce of Texas Instruments manufactured the first integrated circuit, or chip, which is a collection of tiny little transistors.

The Second Generation (1959-1965)

1960s : Gene Amdahl designed the IBM System/360 series of mainframe (G) computers, the first general-purpose digital computers to use intergrated circuits. 1961: Dr. Hopper was instrumental in developing the COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) programming language. 1963 : Ken Olsen, founder of DEC, produced the PDP-I, the first minicomputer (G). 1965 : BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) programming language developped by Dr. Thomas Kurtz and Dr. John Kemeny.

The Third Generation (1965-1971)

1969 : The Internet is started. (See History of the Internet) 1970 : Dr. Ted Hoff developed the famous Intel 4004 microprocessor (G) chip. 1971 : Intel released the first microprocessor, a specialized integrated circuit which was ale to process four bits of data at a time. It also included its own arithmetic logic unit. PASCAL, a structured programming language, was developed by Niklaus Wirth.

The Fourth Generation (1971-Present)

1975 : Ed Roberts, the "father of the microcomputer" designed the first microcomputer, the Altair 8800, which was produced by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS). The same year, two young hackers, William Gates and Paul Allen approached MITS and promised to deliver a BASIC compiler. So they did and from the sale, Microsoft was born. 1976 : Cray developed the Cray-I supercomputer (G). Apple Computer, Inc was founded by Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak. 1977 : Jobs and Wozniak designed and built the first Apple II microcomputer. 1970 : 1980: IBM offers Bill Gates the opportunity to develop the operating system for its new IBM personal computer. Microsoft has achieved tremendous growth and success today due to the development of MS-DOS. Apple III was also released. 1981 : The IBM PC was introduced with a 16-bit microprocessor. 1982 : Time magazine chooses the computer instead of a person for its "Machine of the Year." 1984 : Apple introduced the Macintosh computer, which incorporated a unique graphical interface, making it easy to use. The same year, IBM released the 286-AT. 1986 : Compaq released the DeskPro 386 computer, the first to use the 80036 microprocessor. 1987 : IBM announced the OS/2 operating-system technology. 1988 : A nondestructive worm was introduced into the Internet network bringing thousands of computers to a halt. 1989 : The Intel 486 became the world's first 1,000,000 transistor microprocessor. 1993s: The Energy Star program, endorsed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), encouraged manufacturers to build computer equipment that met power consumpton guidelines. When guidelines are met, equipment displays the Energy Star logo. The same year, Several companies introduced computer systems using the Pentium microprocessor from Intel that contains 3.1 million transistors and is able to perform 112 million instructions per second (MIPS)

Processes
On this page: [ batch | online/interactive | real-time | master & transaction files ] Processing methods - batch, online/interactive and real-time These refer to the basic data flow model we have seen before:

INPUT | PROCESS | OUTPUT Data Flow Model There are different ways of carrying out these tasks in a computer system; these have been broadly classified as follows:
Type Batch Description

The data is collected before any processing takes place; it is then entered into the system in one go (a batch of data) and processed.

Online/interactive The data is entered and processed right away. This is a subset of online processing - the data is entered and processed right away. This is done quickly, the processing of data must be completed and produce an output in time to affect the next input.

Real-time

Back to top Batch processing systems (including payroll cheque processing) As mentioned above, the key characteristic of batch processing is that all the data is collected first. In the simplest of payroll systems the hours worked by each employee need to be collected; similarly in cheque-processing systems a batch of cheques is collected to be input into the system in one go. A systems flow chart is often used to describe such processes:

In cheque processing the cheque data is not input by hand but a direct data entry method is used. This will either be Optical Character Recognition ( OCR ) or Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR ). In this case the amount of money on the cheque will be encoded and then the appropriate amount can be deducted from the payer's account and added to the payee's account. Again, this is a simple view of the process. Back to top Interactive (online) processing (including word processing & computer games) In normal usage on-line means that a device is under the control of a computer but online has come to mean connected to a network or other computer system (in particular online relates to internet usage by people). The two terms are commonly used interchangeably. Interactive or online processing means that data is processed by the system as it is entered - the user typically waits a short time for a response . Examples include booking systems (theatres, buses, airlines, hotels, etc) as well as applications like wordprocessing and games .

Because these applications respond right away to data input, the data files themselves are held on a fast-access medium such as a disc-drive. In addition, direct access would typically be used. Word-processing a document might be represented in a systems flow chart as follows:

Back to top Real-time processing (including air traffic control and patient monitoring) Real-time processing is fast ; however, speed alone is not the only requirement. Some online systems, like the stock control system at a supermarket appear to operate instantaneously in reading barcodes and looking up prices. The processing of input data and production of the output must take place in time to affect the next input to the system. For example, in the case of patient monitoring, a drug might be used to control the heartrate. The flow of this drug could be regulated by a computer system. Should the heartrate fall or stop, the drug flow must be altered immediately, before further readings are taken. In an air traffic control monitoring system, the display must be updated immediately the direction, speed, or height of the plane is altered. Real-time processing is often associated with automatic data entry , this is when data is read from a sensor or other input device without human interaction. The patient monitoring example might appear like this in a systems flow chart:

Back to top Master and Transaction files The Payroll processing demo shows the relationship between the transaction and master files. Basically, the master file contains all of the data relating to a particular application (account holder details, employee details). The transaction file contains the data which will be needed to update the data file. Updating is often one of three operations:

editing or changing data (eg a change of employee address) adding data (eg, a new employee is added to the master file) deleting data (am employee leaves or is fired)

A useful exercise would be to consider how each of these activities is carried out as a batch process.