Ian Kiaer

February 17April 22, 2012

Directors Foreword Long has there waged a dialogue surrounding what is art? Like many criticisms the idea is posed as a question. There is additionally some implication that there is a standard by which to make this evaluation. Traditionally I have come down on the side of artist intention: that is, if the person who made the object claims it as art, then so be it. The application of this methodology inherently provides for a subsequent ascription of a value judgmentit is art, but is it good art? It begs the question, What art is worthy of our time, attention, concern, and investment (psychological, spiritual, financial, or otherwise)? For me the best art teaches us (the viewer) something about lifeculture, ourselves, and societywithout knowing that the teaching is happening or has happened. The best art allows us to look, learn, and be in a seamless fashion. Ian Kiaers work was put to this test for me in Venice this summer as I took a few friends who happen to be contemporary art collectors to see his installation at Fondazione Querini Stampalia. Kiaers work is decidedly obtuse, at least upon an initial encounter, and not surprisingly they all looked to me for an explanation of what we were seeing. Kiaer often works from a very specific topical (usually historic) subject mater and filters narratives, circumstances, and facts into personal physical expressions. While I was not aware of this source for his Venice project, I led my friends through what I saw installed, verbalizing my visual impressions and making observations and connections along the way. My willingness to do so seemed to empower them to do the same. When we left we noticed a text panel hanging outside the room that we had missed upon our entry. The text confirmed what we had collectively learned. The experience reinforced one of the things I value most about artit not only allows us but encourages us to trust ourselves and what we see and know. The truism that life is what we make of it may be clich, but it also applies to art. We all know what we know, but it is through art that we may come to know it a bit differently. Heidi Zuckerman Jacobson CEO and Director, Chief Curator

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Models and Fragments: Ian Kiaers Studio On a rainy day just after the turn of the new year I visited Ian Kiaer in his studio, which is on an upper floor of what used to be part of a nunnery close to the ancient Church of St Mary le Bow at Cheapside in the East End of London. The studio is quite large, containing a table with books and wrapped parts of works stacked against a wall. The peeling paint of the ceiling seemed appropriate to the materials marked with traces of their past life that Kiaer favors. The room has the feeling of being a place of contemplation and study as much as of making. While the idea of the studio as a privileged locus for the mysterious process of artistic creation has been criticized, and indeed since the 1960s abandoned by many artists for the sake of social practice in the everyday world, for Kiaer the studio remains a place of disclosure, where objects and materials resonate with each other and provoke thinking. For all the research that goes into his work, Kiaers method is simple and straightforward. He finds things and materials and brings them to the studio, where they may or may not be altered. Often the alteration turns an object or bit of material into what could be called a painting or a sculpture. In addition he makes small models and has elements of his work, such as what he terms an inflatable, fabricated. In the studio, Kiaer explores relations between these things, moving back and forth to make an adjustment, sometimes a very tiny one. The process will be repeated when the elements are moved to the gallery, where the configuration of the space will present a different opportunity. So a work may go through a number of variations, just like a piece of music. Kiaers Melnikov Project is about the role of the studio as a place where things are subject to a particular kind of attention and take on new valences in relation to each other, thanks to the artists alterations or simply by being there. The studio as it has come to us involves the merging of the workshop, as a place of making where skills and conventions are exercised, and the studiolo, dating from the fifteenth century, as a place of withdrawal, an inner room where the duke or prince went to read, think, and write away from the hubbub of his public duties. Workshop and studiolo meet in the modern artists studio when subjective experience comes to be understood as the source of authenticity.1 The avant-garde idea that artists should leave the studio in order to transform the world originates in the Soviet Union of the 1920s: the artist is supposed to take part in the planning and execution of a total transformation of society for the sake of the people conceived as a collective. The last painting was announced when artists of this era were called upon to turn themselves into constructors, and it took the form of a monochrome. From the beginning two possibilities for the monochrome were evident. On the one hand, Kazimir Malevichs
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Black Square (1915) placed itself within the legacy of the icon, as is apparent from the way that it was hung high in a corner, just as icons traditionally were, in the First Suprematist Exhibition in St. Petersburg, thus evoking some notion of the absolute in its new beginning. The chair in Kiaers Melnikov Project, placed against the wall with pieces of fabric that become abstract paintings found monochromesechoes the famous documentary photograph of that exhibition. On the other hand, Aleksandr Rodchenko in his three monochromes made from red, yellow, and blue pure pigment roughly applied (1921) asserted the sheer materiality of paint and the labor of painting without any notion of transcendence. Even this was too retrograde for the critic Nikolai Tarabukin, for whom monochrome painting was a blind wall.2 As Tarabukin and his fellow revolutionaries argued, artists must abandon the making of objects of contemplation for the practical transformation of the social environment as a place for collective life. Melnikov is exemplary according to Kiaer in part because, in his private studio constructed like a fortress tower, he returned from architecture to painting after the announced end of painting. What would it be to make a painting after painting that would not be a return to what painting was before its purported end? Around the time Malevich was making paintings that effaced the past in the name of a radical new beginning, Marcel Duchamp was taking existing objects and designating them as readymade artworks. For Kiaer, to make a painting after painting is to make a painting as a readymadeto take an already existing piece of fabric and pin it to a stretcher, for example, or to hang a piece of card.3 Just as Duchamp altered his readymades, so Kiaer will sometimes add paint or some faint drawing to those surfaces that already constitute paintings before he begins to work on them. The things that Kiaer brings into the studio often bear a record through marks, stains, crinkles, and cracks of the times and places through which they have passed. One piece of fabric used for Melnikov Project is one half of a tablecloth, the other half of which had been burned, its embroidered flowers joined by the stains left from a meal. Kiaers activity is not to make it new but to allow the object to manifest itself as it is, sometimes contributing a further trace or track of paint to the marks that commemorate what it has undergone. As an artist, Kiaer acts as an enabler (though his interventions, discreet as they may be, are crucial) but he is also a producer, in the sense of bringing the thing into presence in a particular way. In our discussion at the studio, he mentioned the classical Greek distinction between praxis and poiesis. Praxis involves a willed making or doing that produces a determinate result. It depends on a linear idea of time where effect follows cause. Poiesis, or production as bringing into presence, involves a disclosure in which the human participates but does not necessarily will.4

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The extreme attention that the philosopher Simone Weil stated is what constitutes the creative faculty5 may be a good way of describing what for Kiaer is facilitated by the artists studio. Among the elements of Kiaers Melnikov Project we find part of a tablecloth and two mattress covers unaltered except for being stretched. A sheet of corrugated cardboard, painted white with touches of silver, is arguably a painting that is also an altered readymade. This is not painting as construction or Romantic creation from nothing. Rather, already existing objects and materials become the focus of a particular kind of attention, involving both thought and perception, by being arranged in relation to each other in a place that is somewhat set apart from life governed by function and instrumentality. Cast away, ruined, and discarded things become fragments of a whole that is not given in advance, which is a way of actively involving the reader or viewer in seeking or inferring what would complete the fragment.6 The incompletion of the fragment challenges the idea of totalitythe idea that lay behind Constructivism as the total transformation of society. The continuum of progressive realization, where what the future will be is anticipated and to be attained by construction, gives way in the Melnikov Project to the discontinuity of a present interrupted by both the contingency of the past and a future that is not determined by the present. The fragment carries three implications. It is a piece of something larger, a broken off part of a whole that it gestures towards, yet it is also a complete, singular thing with its particular characteristics, and therefore it raises the questiona social questionof the relation of the individual to the community. The fragment also involves a reference to a past when it may have been complete and pristine, whereas in the present it is a ruin and a palimpsest of traces, a record of the events that impacted it. And as incomplete the fragment gestures towards a future when it might achieve its wholeness. The fragment is united with the model under the rubric of the project. Kiaers model of the home studio in Melnikov Project is left incomplete, open to one side. It involves a reference to the pastthe home studio that was built in Moscowthat, rendered as an incomplete model, recovers in the form of potentialat our contemporary moment when the studio is once again being declared obsoletethe very idea of the studio in which Kiaers work finds its first dwelling. As something reduced in scale, even miniature, the model in the installation becomes at once something very distant and at the same time very close, indeed even internalized as a form of thinking. The model can come after something that it represents or before something that it proposes: it recedes into the past and also implies a projection into the future. Since Bruegel Project (1999), Kiaer has titled many of his installations with the word project, which says something about his method, which is, out of a combination of research and encounter, to bring together disparate elements that will stimulate a form of thoughtful,
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questioning seeing on the part of the viewer. Aided by the presence of the model, the other parts of the installation begin to assume aspects that diverge from their sheer materiality: for example, a piece of Styrofoam may suggest part of a ruin. It is as if the viewer becomes involved in looking for the question to which the exact way in which the elements are disposed is the answer. The model thus draws attention to the as in the Wittgensteinian seeing something as something that affects all perception, whether implicitly or explicitly, although in Kiaers installations what comes after the as is left open.7 Kiaers model of part of the Melnikov studio and house is left deliberately unfinished: the circle is not completed. What is disclosed in Kiaers studio is the potential of things.8 If the consideration of the artwork as a formal composition would imply that it necessarily has to be the way that it is as a bounded wholeas ideas of organic unity suggestKiaers work, rather, emphasizes openness and contingency. The things he uses have been marked by the events that have befallen them: stains, scratches, abrasions, folds, crumples, tears, and all the impressions of their circumstances and histories. There is no necessity to these marks, they could have been otherwise, which is precisely what is meant by the word contingent. Contingency thus involves potentiality.9 The very materiality of the work is allowed to emerge insofar as the elements brought into the studio are freed from the linear time of means and ends and released into a virtual multiplicity of possible configurations, echoed in the degree to which the installations may vary in different locations. Through the insertion of the model and other decisions and adjustments, the artist creates a work that is determinate and specific in its character while open to being seen and interpreted in ways that change as the viewer moves near to or back from a piece of fabric on the wall or bends down to take a closer look at an object on the floor. Indeed, in the encounter with the installation, embodied seeing and thinking are inseparable. Among the elements Kiaer has prepared for Melnikov Project are a pair of padded, striped, dirty white mattress covers, distantly resembling, once they are stretched, the Achrome paintings begun in 1957 by the Italian Piero Manzoni, which themselves have a somewhat medical connotation of bandages and plaster. In addition Kiaer had fabricated an inflatable using a reflective foil emergency blanket with a crumpled surface, which at the time of writing he is considering leaving flaccidly horizontal, like an air bed. These are allusions to Melnikovs Laboratory of Sleep, part of the utopian Green City where industrial workers would recover from the strain of the workload under Stalins plan. There scientists would control the temperature, humidity, and air pressure; the rustle of leaves and cooing of nightingales would be heard; and scents would waft through the building. If that did not work, the beds would start to gently rock to ease tension and anxiety.10

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As Kiaer reminds us, Melnikov also designed the sarcophagus for Lenins tomb and in his home created great concrete slabs on which to sleep.11 The little yellow transparent plastic dome as a possible element of the installation may have a double allusion to the greenhouse of this garden city and the crystalline cover of Lenins sarcophagus. It is as if Kiaer is hinting that the renewal of sleep involves more than a natural cycle of refreshment, but rather an awakening that passes through death, just as painting takes on a potential after its end. In the Melnikov Project this is reflected in the play between the horizontal and the vertical: bedcovers stretched and raised to the vertical on the wall; a broken sheet of polystyrene placed horizontally on the floor abutting a wall; and in the studio, where the exhibit is being prepared, the serendipity of an inflatable containing a foil emergency blanket that wouldnt stand erect but sank to the floor looking like nothing other than an air mattress. Kiaers relation to his materials could be seen as acts of salvage. Crumpled foil, corrugated cardboard, a broken slab of Styrofoam, a piece of colored lighting gel, a half-burned tablecloth, and old high chair are cherished. If the work consisted of formal arrangements of these elements, its beauty would be too easily won, as if the studio or gallery were to become the surface for a poignant collage. Rather, the way the work is disposed summons questions concerning why the pieces or fragments matterhow the insignificant, the marginal, the used-up, the abject, and the tiny are no less important than the monumental, and perhaps infinitely more so. This cannot be brought about by monumentalizing the small or the ordinary. As Walter Benjamin writes in his essay on Franz Kafka, the coming of the Messiah will not be an overwhelming force, brought about by an act of will resulting in a total transformation, but will rather conform to the words of a great rabbi who once said that he did not wish to change the world by force, but would only make a slight adjustment in it.12 A slight adjustment that makes all the difference. Michael Newman

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NOTES See Mary Jane Jacob and Michelle Grabner, eds., The Studio Reader: On the Space of Artists (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2010).
1

For a discussion of Tarabukins essay, see Maria Gough, The Artist as Producer: Russian Constructivism in Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 12149.
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See Thierry de Duve, The Monochrome and the Blank Canvas, in Kant After Duchamp (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996), 199279.
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For the account of poiesis and praxis that Kiaer referred to in conversation with the author, see Giorgio Agamben, The Man Without Content, trans. Georgia Albert (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999), 5993.
4

Simone Weil, Gravity and Grace, trans. Emma Craufurd, quoted in Simone Weil: An Anthology, ed. Sin Miles (London: Penguin Books, 2005), 212.
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For the philosophical and poetic implications of the incompletion of the Romantic fragment, see Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe and Jean-Luc Nancy, The Literary Absolute: The Theory of Literature in German Romanticism (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988), 3958.
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For seeing as see Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, trans. G. E. M. Anscombe, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1958), 193214.
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See Umberto Eco, The Open Work (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989).
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For the relation of contingency to potentiality, see Giorgio Agamben, Potentialities: Collected Essays in Philosophy, trans. Daniel Heller Roazen (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999), 24371.
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S. Frederick Starr, Melnikov: Solo Architect in a Mass Society (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978), 179.
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See Ian Kiaer, Cylindrical House Studio, 1929, in this publication.

Walter Benjamin, Franz Kafka: On the Tenth Anniversary of His Death, in Illuminations (New York: Schocken Books, 1986), 134.
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Cylindrical House Studio, 1929 The distinctive shape of Melnikovs two conjoined cylinders and strange hexagonal windows speak of a structure beyond everyday dwelling. Its geometry, white surface, and remote, singular poise appear designed to provoke rumor of more complex workings within; as if the circular solution and eclipsing diameters might conform to some mystical planetary alignment or map an overlapping design of halos for an icon of orthodox saints. There can be few buildings with this many windows, over sixty in all, that remain so insistently insular. It may even be the quantity that works to deny any notion of view and emphasize their alternative function as luminaries. They absorb light from outside but hardly provide an inward glimpse in return. There can be no looking in. It is somehow appropriate that their origin can be traced to a fortification surrounding Moscows ancient Belgorod district as they affect to alienate and repel the world. Its not only the windows honeycomb shape that might prompt the idea of bees but the way in which its smooth exterior wall, if sliced open, would reveal a complex of interlocking work and living spaces where the incubation of thought and sleep meet. The architect wanted to integrate sleeping and working, dwelling, and thinking throughout his building; hence living-room, studio, and bedroom alternate and dissect like a layered Venn diagram. It is said of the cylindrical motif that he had the Russian hearth in mind1the hearth as core of the house with the notion of warmth enclosed, its most interior part. To conceive this notion of hearth/heart is to turn the whole building inwards. To think of Melnikovs building is to think from its inside. In the house, work and sleep are curiously connected. The circular bedroom is directly below the circular studio. The walls are painted warm yellow, the beds are stone slabs that rise up from the floor like altars that render sleep an almost-sacred inactivity. For Melnikov sleep was an area of intense study.2 He wrote about a lifetime of sleep, twenty years of lying down without consciousness, without guidance as one journeys into the sphere of mysterious worlds to touch unexplored depths of the sources of curative sacraments, and perhaps of miracles.3 Here sleep becomes a means of passing from one world to another, mysterious and indeterminate, a place for works reserve to be restored and nourished. However, such spaces have a way of shifting tone, from sleeps place to deaths space. From the thirties on, sleeps curative sacraments turned to restless slumber as Stalins censure became the architects incubus, frustrating any possibility for practice. In such light the warm glow darkens into night, and those concrete beds come ever closer to mortuary slabs. Without course to sleep Melnikov turned to dreaming, closing inwards to past projects and painting pictures.
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The beginning of those concrete beds perhaps lay in the commission the architect received to design Lenins glass sarcophagus. In this, his first built structure, he had to provide a plinth of sleep for a cadaver forever preserved, a place of pilgrimage and peeringa windowed tomb. There is something determinedly circular in how this first work, which signals his professional birth, presents itself as a death work. As if somehow opportunity demanded he earn through experience what he had conceived through commission. He could not know his cylindrical house studio, designed with such optimism, as an ideal space for living and work, would become in time a place for sleep, a house for a corpse. Ian Kiaer

NOTES This essay first appeared in the Autumn 2010 issue (no. 4) of the quarterly journal Picpus and is reprinted here with the kind permission of its editors. A. A. Strigalev, The Cylindrical House-Studio of 1927, in Konstantin Melnikov, and the Construction of Moscow, eds. Mario Fosso and Maurizio Meriggi (Milan: Skira editore, 2000), 90.
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In 1929 Melnikov designed a Laboratory of Sleep for workers in the Green City. See S. Frederick Starr, Melnikov: Solo Architect in a Mass Society (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978), 179.
2 3

Ibid., 177.

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Biography Born 1971, London, England Lives and works in London Education 2008 Royal College of Art, London, PhD Painting Research 2000 Royal College of Art, London, MA Painting 1995 Slade School of Art, University College London, BA Fine Art Selected Solo Exhibitions * with catalogue 2012 Alison Jacques Gallery, London 2011 Il Baciamano (A Nobleman Kissing a Ladys Hand), Fondazione Querini Stampalia, Venice 2010 Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, New York Endnote, pink, Kunstverein Mnchen, Munich 2009 COMMA 15: Ian Kiaer, Bloomberg Space, London Three Proposals, SE8, London Project Room: Ian Kiaer, Alison Jacques Gallery, London What Where, Galleria Civica dArte Moderna e Contemporanea, Turin, Italy* 2007 Bruegel Project, Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, New York Ian Kiaer, Alison Jacques Gallery, London 2006 Erdrindenbau, Galleria Massimo De Carlo, Milan 2005 The Grey Cloth, Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, New York Art Statements, Alison Jacques Gallery, Art 36 Basel, Switzerland British School at Rome, Rome 2004 Galleria Massimo de Carlo, Milan Endless House Project, Alison Jacques Gallery, London* 2003 Art Now: Ian Kiaer, Tate Britain, London Art Statements, Art Basel Miami Beach Endless Theatre Project, Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, New York Interstice/Double Impact, W139, Amsterdam 2001 Asprey Jacques Gallery, London

Selected Group Exhibitions * with catalogue 2012 Utopia GESAMTKUNSTWERK, Galerie Belvedere, Vienna* 2011 Au loin, une le!, FRAC Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France* Arte Essenziale, Collezione Maramotti, Reggio Emilia, Italy; Frankfurter Kunstverein, Frankfurt* British Art Show 7: In the Days of the Comet, Nottingham Contemporary, Nottingham Castle Museum and New Art Exchange, UK; traveled to Hayward Gallery, London; Centre for Contemporary Art, Gallery of Modern Art and Tramway, Glasgow; Peninsula Arts, Plymouth Arts Centre, Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery and Royal William Yard, UK* All of This and Nothing: 6th Hammer Invitational, Hammer Museum, Los Angeles* Nothing Personal, Marcelle Alix, Paris Painting Expanded, Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, New York 2010 The Responsive Subject, Mu.Zee, Ostend, Belgium* The Mystics, Civic Room, London Everynight, I Go to Sleep, Stuart Shave/Modern Art, London 2009 Concrete Island, Tate Britain, London The Spectacle of the Everyday, 10th Lyon Biennale, France* Material Intelligence, Kettles Yard, Cambridge; traveled to Huddersfield Art Gallery, UK 2008 Ian Kiaer and Sara MacKillop, International Project Space, Birmingham, UK* No Information Available, Gladstone Gallery, Brussels Nineteenthirtysix, Pullman Court, London Social Diagrams, Kunstlerhaus Stuttgart, Germany* Too Early for Vacation, ev+a, Limerick, Ireland* 2007 Not Only Possible but Also Necessary: Optimism in the Age of Global War, 10th Istanbul Biennial* Poor Thing, Kunsthalle Basel, Switzerland* Various Small Fires, Royal College of Art, London* Joke, Satire, Irony, and Serious Meaning, 3rd European Triennial of Small Sculpture, Galerija Murska Sobota, Slovenia* 2006 The Impossible Landscape, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA Satellites, Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, New York Street: Behind the Clich, Witte de With, Rotterdam, Netherlands* Highlights of the VAC Collection, Instituto Valencia dArt Modern, Madrid* Of Mice and Men, 4th Berlin Biennale of Contemporary Art, KW Institute of Contemporary Art* 2005 Music of the Future, Gasworks, London Contained, Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, New York London ARTfutures, Contemporary Art Society, Bloomberg SPACE, London The Way We Work Now, Camden Arts Centre, London Ordering the Ordinary, Timothy Taylor Gallery, London Bidibidobidiboo: Works from the Sandretto Re Rebaudengo Collection, Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo, Turin, Italy
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Fiction in Contemporary Art, Hatton Gallery, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Universal Experience: Art, Life, and the Tourists Eye, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago; traveled to Hayward Gallery, London* 2004 Material as Metaphor, Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, New York Empty Garden II, Watari-um Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo This is not a home this is a house, LObservatoire, Brussels Wild-Eyed Boy from Freecloud, Galleria Comunale dArte Contemporanea, Bologna* 2003 Ian Kiaer & Jeff Ono, Asprey Jacques Gallery, London Harmony, at Happiness: A Survival Guide for Art & Life, Mori Art Museum, Tokyo* Atto Primo, Galleria Massimo de Carlo, Milan Dreams and Conflicts: The Dictatorship of the Viewer, 50th Venice Biennale* The Straight or Crooked Way, Royal College of Art, London 2002 Building Structures, P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center, New York Artists Imagine Architecture, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston* The Bold and the Beautiful, The Pavilions, London; RMIT Project Space, Melbourne, Australia 2000 UBS Painting Prize, Whitechapel Art Gallery, London* EverydayImagesEvery Day, Rogaland Kunstnersenter, Stavanger, Norway* Manifesta 3: Borderline SyndromeEnergies of Defence, International Biennial of Contemporary Art, Ljubljana, Slovenia* Timothy Taylor Gallery, London (with Athanasios Argianas and Nick Laessing)

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Works in the Exhibition

1. Melnikov project, small screen, 2012 Pencil on paper, acetate, and found wood frame 25 x 26 3/8 inches framed 2. Melnikov project, chair (yellow), 2012 Chair, acetate, acrylic on taffeta, oil on calico, and acrylic on linen Chair: 37 3/8 x 11 3/4 x 15 3/4 inches Yellow acetate: 48 1/8 x 38 5/8 inches Model 1: rubber band 12 5/8 x 5 1/2 x 4 inches Model 2: acetate dome 4 3/8 x 7 7/8 x 7 7/8 inches Painting 1: acrylic on taffeta 48 1/8 x 42 1/8 inches Painting 2: oil on calico 24 1/8 x 16 1/8 inches Painting 3: acrylic on linen (unstretched) 16 1/8 x 14 5/8 inches 3. Melnikov project, lab a (silver), 2011 Silver cloth, paper acrylic, and silver leaf Silver painting: silver cloth 59 7/8 x 54 inches Paper acrylic and silver leaf: 44 7/8 x 34 1/4 inches 4. Melnikov project, lab b (silver), 2011 Inflatable: silver foil, plastic 19 3/4 x 55 1/8 x 86 5/8 inches

5. Melnikov project, screen, 2011 Acrylic on taffeta, acetate, cardboard, pencil, and cement Painting: acrylic on taffeta 78 3/4 x 55 1/8 inches Model 1: acetate, cardboard, pencil 25 1/4 x 16 1/2 x 18 1/8 inches Model 2: cardboard, acetate, cement 19 3/4 x 9 7/8 x 8 1/4 inches 6. Melnikov project, sleep, 2011 Acrylic on found material Diptych, each painting 74 3/4 x 57 inches 7. Melnikov project, cloth, 2011 Wax and acrylic on linen 78 3/4 x 55 1/8 inches

All works courtesy the artist; Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, New York; and Alison Jacques Gallery, London.

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List of Illustrations
All works by Ian Kiaer unless otherwise noted. Cover: Melnikov project, screen, 2011 (detail). Installation view, Ian Kiaers studio, London, 2011. Photo: Louise O Kelly. pp. 315: Installation views, Aspen Art Museum, 2012. Photos: Jason Dewey. p. 3: Melnikov project, small screen, 2012. pp. 45: Melnikov project, chair (yellow), 2012. p. 6: Melnikov project, chair (yellow), 2012, and Melnikov project, lab a (silver), 2011. p. 7: Melnikov project, lab a (silver), 2011 (detail). p. 8: Melnikov project, chair (yellow) 2012; Melnikov project, lab a (silver), 2011; and Melnikov project, lab b (silver), 2011. p. 9: Melnikov project, lab b (silver), 2011 (detail). pp. 1011: Melnikov project, lab b (silver), 2011; Melnikov project, screen, 2011; and Melnikov project, sleep, 2011. pp. 1213: Melnikov project, screen, 2011 (details). p. 14: Melnikov project, sleep, 2011, and Melnikov project, cloth, 2011. p. 15: Melnikov project, cloth, 2011. pp. 1729: Installation views, Ian Kiaers studio, London, 2011. Photos: Louise O Kelly. Images courtesy of the artist; Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, New York; and Alison Jacques Gallery, London. p. 17: Melnikov project, lab b (silver), 2011. p. 18: Melnikov project, chair (yellow), 2012. p. 21: Melnikov project, cloth, 2011 (detail). p. 22: Melnikov project, screen, 2011. p. 25: Melnikov project, sleep, 2011 (detail). p. 26: Melnikov project, lab a (silver), 2011 (detail). p. 29: Konstantin Melnikov, Melnikov House, 19279. Photo: Robert Oerlemans. p. 31 above: Konstantin Melnikov, bed chamber of the architects home. Melnikov Family Archive, Moscow. p. 31 below: Konstantin Melnikov, preliminary variants of sarcophagus for V.I. Lenin, 1924. Melnikov Family Archive, Moscow.

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