WAN Two of the most common serial line Layer 2 encapsulations are HDLC and PPP.

They work when there is direct connection between two routers through serial cable. there has to be same encap method on both routers or they wont work. hdlc is the default encaps method applied on the interface. ppp uses link control protocol LCP to establsh , maintain ,test and terminate th e point to point link. PPP uses the Network Control Protocol (NCP) component to encapsulate multiple Ne twork Layer protocols

PPP offers following features that hdlc does not: 1.Authentication through the use of the Password authentication protocol PAP, an d Challenge Handshake Authenticaation protocol CHAP. 2. Compression capabilities through the use of Stacker or Predictor 3. the ability to bundle multiple physical channels into a single logical channe l. chap is more secure over pap. since chap use hashing but pap sends pw in clear t ext. encapsulation ppp : to set ppp as encapsu method (run on interface mode) ppp authentication chap : it enables chap authentication method for ppp. ppp authentication chap pap: If both methods are configured on the same line, th en only the first method will be used, the second acts as a backup just in case the first method fails note: for chap or pap to work a username and password has to be defined on both routers & pw iis to be same debug ppp authentication: to check authen process debug ppp negotiation: Displays packets transmitted during PPP startup debug ppp ? show interfaces serial: Displays the encapsulation and the states of the Link Co ntrol Protocol (LCP). ************************************** Frame relay: It is common Layer 2 WAN encapsulation. Frame Relay is a nonbroadc ast multi-access network. The router, normally connects to ISP via a leased line by using a Frame Relay switch, or DCE device.Frame Relay uses packet switching technology DLCI:In Frame Relay, the layer 2 address is the data-link connection identifier (DLCI). It is locally significant. Inverse ARP: The process of Mapping the DLCI to a remote IP address either manua lly or dynamically

CIR committed information rate: is the minimum bandwidth rate guaranteed by the

provider for data on a VC Local Management Interface (LMI): is a signaling standard between the DTE and th e Frame Relay switch.They periodically report the existence of new PVCs and the deletion of existing PVCs HOW FRAME relay switch notifies the DTE of congestion problems, and address them . Following are three congestion bits DE:Frames transmitted above the speed of the CIR are uncommitted. These extra fa mes are marked as discard eligible (DE). If congestion occurs, the provider firs t drops frames with the DE bit set. FECN forward explicit congestion notification: Used to inform the receiving dev ice that congestion was experienced. BECN backward explicit congestion notification: Used to inform sending device t hat congestion has occured

CONFIGURATION encapsulation frame-relay :(from int mode) to set encapsulation type as frame re lay multipoint configuration: (run from serial int mode) frame-relay map <layer 3 protocol e.g ip> <ip add of remote router> <local dlci no> broadcast frame-relay map <layer 3 protocol e.g ip> <ip add of remote router> <local dlci no> ietf or frame-relay map <layer 3 protocol e.g ip> <ip add of remote router> <local dlci no> broadcast ietf Above are static map statements and we have to use that for every neighbor that we have on our FR nw. We need to configure map statements on every router on FR nw. If we have non-cisco router at remote site then we use ietf option. Broadcast option is used so that router can send broadcast or multicast. e.g rou ting protocol needs to send broadcast.

By default dynamic mapping on router in enabled. so we need to disable it before doing static mapping, bcz it is not recommended to run static and dynamic mappi ng simultaneously. Static mapping is recommended. no frame-relay inverse-arp: to disable dynamic mapping (run from int mode) Note: Split Horizon problem is observed in hub spoke design in multipoint config

uration. Note: In hub-spoke design, if we need to communicate bw two spoke routers then a nother map statement need to be define on both routers e.g fram-relay map ip 1.1.1.1 100 broadcast diagram of hubspoke nw

POINT TO POINT CONFIG Do not configure anything on serial interface except enabling frame relay by fol lowing command. encapsulate frame-relay We use one sub interface for connection to each remote router. int s0/0/0.100 point-to-point : create a sub interface frame-relay interface-dlci 102: (run from sub int mode) :Assigns a DLCI of 102 t o the subinterface and enters Frame Relay DLCI configuration mode. if line protocol doesnot come up then to troubleshoot use: show frame-relay lmi: displays the signalling information between local router a nd ISP show frame-relay map: shows the mapping information on router show frame-relay pvc: shows a list of all configured PVCs and DLCI numbers. It p rovides the status of each PVC connection and traffic statistics too.