aminate (l m -n t ) v. laminated, laminating, laminates v.tr. 1. To beat or compress into a thin plate or sheet. 2. To divide into thin layers.

3. To make by uniting several layers. 4. To cover with thin sheets. v.intr. To split into thin layers or sheets. adj. (-n t, -n t ) Consisting of, arranged in, or covered with laminae. n. (-n t , -n t) A laminated product, such as plywood. lam ina tor n. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

laminate vb [lmnet] 1. (tr) to make (material in sheet form) by bonding together two or more thin sheets 2. to split or be split into thin sheets 3. (tr) to beat, form, or press (material, esp metal) into thin sheets 4. (tr) to cover or overlay with a thin sheet of material n [lmnet -nt] (Engineering / General Engineering) a material made by bonding together two or more sheets adj [lmnet -nt] having or composed of lamina; laminated [from New Latin lmintus plated] laminable [lmnbl] adj laminator n Collins English Dictionary Complete and Unabridged HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003 ThesaurusLegend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms

Noun 1. laminate - a sheet of material made by bonding two or more sheets or layers lamination - a layered structure layer, bed - single thickness of usually some homogeneous substance; "slices of hard-boiled egg on a bed of spinach" plastic laminate - a laminate made by bonding plastic layers plyboard, plywood - a laminate made of thin layers of wood flat solid, sheet - a flat artifact that is thin relative to its length and width Verb 1. laminate - create laminate by bonding sheets of material with a bonding material produce, create, make - create or manufacture a man-made product; "We produce more cars than we can sell"; "The company has been making toys for two centuries" 2. laminate - press or beat (metals) into thin sheets flatten - make flat or flatter; "flatten a road"; "flatten your stomach with these exercises" laminate - split (wood) into thin sheets 3. laminate - cover with a thin sheet of non-fabric material; "laminate the table" laminate - split (wood) into thin sheets cover - provide with a covering or cause to be covered; "cover her face with a handkerchief"; "cover the child with a blanket"; "cover the grave with flowers" 4. laminate - split (wood) into thin sheets laminate - cover with a thin sheet of non-fabric material; "laminate the table" laminate - press or beat (metals) into thin sheets cleave, rive, split - separate or cut with a tool, such as a sharp instrument; "cleave the bone" Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.

material

Stress-strain relationships for a lamina

Fibre reinforced plastic composites will usually be constructed of layers or lamina orientated in different directions. Each can in most cases be treated as being orthotropic, with three mutually perpendicular planes of material symmetry. It is convenient from to point of view of analysis to use a set of axes, 1-2-3, aligned as determined by the planes of symmetry as these define the principal material directions. It is usual to align the 1 axis with the direction of maximum stiffness, the 3 axis through the thickness of the layer and it then follows that 2 is mutually perpendicular. For a unidirectional layer, 1 would then correspond to the fibre direction, 2 the transverse direction and 3 the through thickness direction (see the figure below). For a woven fabric layer 1 and 2 would lie in the plane of the material, aligned with the fabric warp and weft directions respectively and 3 would correspond to the through thickness direction. For a random mat type layer (which is isotropic in plane) 1 and 2 are perpendicular and can be conveniently

aligned (by reference to structural features for example) while 3 remains the through thickness direction.

A number of elastic properties are required in order to analyse the stress-strain behaviour of a single layer. These include E1 Young's modulus in direction 1 E2 Young's modulus in direction 2 G12 The in-plane shear modulus

12 The major Poisson's ratio for the layer

The major Poisson's ratio is determined as strain ratio - 2/ 1 when stress is applied in direction 1. The minor Poisson's ratio ( 21 ) is determined by the strain ratio - 1/ 2 when stress is applied in direction 2. Back to top Stress-strain relationship in terms of principal material directions Stress-strain relationships can be developed taking into account different levels of detail. In many cases it is possible to get sufficiently accurate results by assuming plane-stress behaviour for the layer. Under plane-stress conditions, the stress-strain relationship in terms of the principal material directions is given by

The matrix Q is referred to as the reduced stiffness matrix for the layer and its terms are given by

Note that the minor Poisson's ratio can be calculated from

Back to top Stress-strain relationship in terms of reference directions In practice the layer may be aligned at an angle to the stress, strain or structural reference axes that the designer may have chosen to work with. For a lamina at an angle to the reference axes (x-y), as shown in the figure below, the stresses in the principal material directions are related to the stresses in the reference directions by use of the transformation matrix.

Similarly for the strains

Note that in the strain equation the shear strain terms are divided by 2 on both sides. The inverse of the transformation matrix is

This can be used to invert the transformation relationships, i.e. to determine the reference direction values in terms of the principal material direction values. The stress-strain relationship in terms of the reference directions is given by

where

and is referred to as the transformed reduced stiffness matrix. Its terms are given individually by

with c=cos and s=sin . The strain-stress relationship is arrived at after inversion of the transformed stiffness matrix, i.e.

Back to top Elastic constants The elastic properties for a single layer oriented at angle q are given by

Back to top

Laminate load-deformation behaviour In practice, laminates are commonly made up of plies at different orientations, stacked in an arrangement dictated by the applied loading conditions. In analysing such a laminate, the notation shown in the figure below applies.

The laminate is subject to in-plane force (N) and moment (M) resultants as shown in the diagram below. Force resultants are given by the force per unit width and moment resultants by moment per unit width.

The in-plane force and moment resultants are related to the laminate mid-plane strains and curvatures as follows

The terms in the [A], [B] and [D] matrices are obtained as follows

Note that the above equations are based on the following important assumptions:
i. ii. iii. iv. plane-stress behaviour within each layer; negligible through thickness shear deformation; the behaviour of each layer is linear elastic; strains, rotations and curvatures remain small.

While these assumptions do not often impose major restrictions on the use of the theory in practice, the designer should be aware of the circumstances in which they might be important. Further information is available in a number of texts. The above equation relies on knowledge of the laminate construction, i.e. thickness and position of each layer, and the prior calculation of the transformed reduced stiffness matrix for each layer. The [B] matrix introduces coupling between extension and bending, e.g. a laminate subject to inplane loads will tend to bend in addition to extending. In most cases this type of behaviour is undesirable. Extension-bending coupling can be eliminated through the use of laminates symmetric about their mid-plane. Hence for symmetric laminates the in-plane behaviour can be treated as independent of the bending behaviour, with the in-plane equation being

and the moment-curvature equation being

Note that existence of the A16 and A26 terms implies coupling between direct extension and shear, e.g. a laminate subject to a direct tensile load will deform in shear as well as in tension. This type of behaviour can be eliminated by the use of balanced laminates, i.e. for every layer at + within the laminate there is a corresponding layer at - . The existence of the D16 and D26 terms implies coupling between direct curvature and twisting, e.g. a laminate subject to a bending moment in one direction will twist in addition to bending. In theory the D16 and D26 terms will exist for any angle ply laminate but their effect becomes negligible as the number of layers is increased (provided that the layers at different orientations are distributed evenly through the laminate). In some cases the designer will know the in-plane forces or moments acting on the laminate. In these circumstances the mid-plane strains and curvatures are obtained by inversion of the loaddeformation or moment-curvature relationships. Having obtained the mid-plane strains and curvatures the designer will often be interested in determining the strains for each layer within the laminate. The strains at position z are given by

The stresses for this layer can then be obtained by use of the stress-strain relationships presented in the section on lamina analysis. It is possible to use the equations presented to calculate the stresses in the reference directions, stresses in the principal material directions and strains in the principal material directions. The designer will often require the stresses and strains in the principal material directions as the application of most failure criteria rely upon knowledge of principal material direction values. Back to top Strain-deflection relationships Stress analysis for some types of laminated structure depends on solution of the governing differential equations expressed in terms of deflections, i.e. in plane deformations and transverse deflections. Having obtained a deflection solution to a problem the designer can proceed to calculate in-plane loads and moments by determining the strains and curvatures in terms of the deflections and then using the appropriate load-deformation relationship. Letting the deformations in x, y and z be u, v and w respectively the relationship between mid-plane strain and deformation is given by

The relationship between curvature and transverse deflection is given by

Back to top Elastic constants The in-plane elastic constants for a balanced and symmetric laminate, with total thickness t, are given by