Rossita Radzak SASER CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS 1. (a) A student washed his socks which had oily stains.

Explain the cleansing action of soap on the oily stains. In water soap ionizes to form ions/anion CH3(CH2)x COO- and cation, sodium ions, Na+ The anions consists of hydrophilic part ( -COO -) and hydrophobic part (hydrocarbon) Hydrophilic part dissolve in water only but hydrophobic part dissolve in grease only The anions reduces surface tension of water, causing wetting of greasy surface. During washing and scrubbing, the anions pull the grease and lifted it off the surface and break it into a small droplets (Emulsifying agent) Rinsing away the dirty water removes the grease (the dirt) and excess soap and the surface is clean. Preparation of soap Procedure 1. pour 10 cm3 palm oil ( vegetable oil ) into a beaker 2. add 50 cm3 of 5.0 mol dm-3 NaOH / KOH solution 3. heat the mixture for (10 minutes) 4. stir 5. stop heating 6. add 50 cm3 distilled water and solid NaCl 7. boil the mixture for 5 minutes 8. cool 9. filter 10. wash / rinse 11. dry ( press the residue between filter papers Test 12. place a small amount of the residue into a test tube add distilled water, shake it well. produce a lot of lather ( very foamy) Observation : white solid, slippery and produce a lot of lather ( very foamy). (b) Another student carried out four experiments to investigate the cleansing effect of soap and detergent on oily stains in soft water and hard water respectively.

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Compare the cleansing effect between (i) Experiments I and II (ii) Experiment II and IV Explain the differences in the observation Exp. I and II The oily stain disappears in Experiment I but remains oily in Experiment II. Hard water contains Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions which reacts with soap ions to form scum (insoluble salt) The formation of scum makes anions less efficient for cleaning the oily stain on the sock In soft water, all anions are used to clean the oily stain Thus, soap is only effective as a cleansing agent in soft water and ineffective in hard water. Exp. II and IV The sock in Experiment II remains oily but is clean in experiment IV. The soap anions form scum when reacts with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in hard water. The formation of scum makes anions less efficient for cleaning The detergent anions CH3(CH2)x OSO3- / CH3(CH2)x SO3- do not form a O 2+ 2+ precipitate with Ca and Mg in hard water. Hence, detergent cleans effectively in hard water but soap does not clean effectively in hard water.

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Compare and contrast soap and detergent Soap

CH3 (CH2)15 COO- Na+

Detergent

Sodium carboxylate Material : fat, vegetable oil, NaOH / KOH, mol dm-3 Preparation Saponification

Sodium alkyl sulphate Petroleum fractions : long chain alcohol, NaOH / KOH, 5 mol dm-3 , H2SO4 Preparation 1. sulphonation 2. neutralization

Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate Petroleum fractions : long chain alkene, NaOH / KOH, 5 mol dm-3, H2SO4 Preparation 1. alkylation 2. sulphonation 3. neutralization

Food additive Type Preservatives Function To slow down/ prevent the growth of microorganism, therefore food can kept for longer periods of time Examples Salts/sugar: draws the water out of the cells of microorganism and retards the growth of microorganism Vinegar: provides an acidic condition that inhibits the growth of microorganism. NaNO3 (Burger) Benzoic acid / sodium benzoate: to slow down the growth of microorganism Ascorbic acid and vitamin E (Tocopherol)

Antioxidants

Flavourings

Stabilizers Thickeners Dyes

To prevent oxidation that can causes rancid fats and brown fruits To improve the taste of food and restore taste loss because of processing To prevent emulsion from separating out. Its use to thicken foods To add or restore the colour in food in order to enhance its visual appeal and match consumers expectations.

Sugar , salt, MSG, vinegar, aspartame and synthetic essences (ester) Lecithin, fatty acid Pectin, acacia gum, gelatine Natural dyes and artificial dyes: Azo compounds or triphenyl compound.

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Medicine Type Analgesic Function To relieve pain without affected consciousness Example Aspirin Effect on health -Internal bleeding and ulceration -can cause brain and liver damage to children Over dose can cause brain and liver damage Addiction, depression and nausea Antibiotics To treat infections cause by bacteria (tuberculosis, TB). Can kill or slow down the growth of bacteria. Psychotherapeutic To alter the abnormal thinking, feelings and behaviors. Divide into 3 categories : a) stimulant: to reduce fatigue b) antidepressant: to reduce tension and anxiety Penicillin, streptomycin

Paracetamol Codeine

-amphetamine

-High dose can lead to anxiety, hallucinations, severe depression, and psychological dependence. Overdose can lead to respiratory difficulties, sleeplessness, come, death. -dizziness, drowsiness, rapid heartbeat.

-barbiturate / tranquilizer

-chlorpromazine -haloperidol, c) antipsychotic: to treat clozapine psychiatric illness

Rossita Radzak SASER The additives in detergent Type Fragrances Biological enzymes Whitening agents Suspension agents Fillers Optical whitening Builder Function To add fragrance to both the detergent and fabrics To remove protein stains such as blood To convert stains into colourless substances To prevent the dirt particles removed from redepositing onto cleaned fabrics To add to the bulk of the detergent and enable it to be pour easily To add brightness and whiteness to white fabrics. To enhance the cleaning efficiency of detergent by softening the water Example

Amylases, proteases, celluloses, lipases Sodium perborate Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) Sodium sulphate, sodium silicate Fluorescent dyes Sodium tripolyphosphate