Algebra

Tuesday, August 16, 2011 6:57 PM

System of Linear Equations: It is possible to solve system of equations only if all equations are linearly independent. If they are dependent, there will be infinite number of solutions. If no. of variables= no. of equations, then we can find values of all variables. If no. of variables > no. of equations. It maybe possible to find all variables except two, if ratio of coefficients of those variables is same in all equations. There will be infinite solutions for those two variables. Else, there will be infinite solutions for all variables. Special Equations: These are exceptions where no. of equations< no. of variables, but can be solved by imposing certain conditions.

Quadratic Equations: Given ax+bx+c=0 with roots , Equation with roots 1/,1/ cx+bx+a = 0 Equation with roots +k,+k a(x-k)+b(x-k)+c=0 Equation with roots k,k a(x/k)+b(x/k)+c=0 A quadratic expression ax+bx+c is Minimum when a>0 at x=-b/2a value= (4ac-b)/4a Maximum when a<0 at x=-b/2a value= (4ac-b)/4a For an nth degree equation f(x), if f(a), f(b) has opposite signs, then there exists a root for f(x) between a and b. Descartes Rule of Signs : For an equation f(x)=0 , maximum number of positive roots it can have is the number of sign changes in f(x) ; maximum number of negative roots it can have is the number of sign changes in f(-x) . Hence the remaining are the minimum number of imaginary roots of the equation Common Formulae: (a + b + c) = a + b + c + 2(ab + bc + ca) (a + b + c) = a + b + c + 3(ab(a+b) + bc(b+c) + ca(c+a)) + 6abc a + b = (a + b) (a ab + b) a b = (a b) (a + ab + b) an - bn = (a b) ( an-1 + an-2 b+ .......+ bn-1 ) a + b + c = (a + b + c) (a + b + c ab bc ca) + 3abc a + b + c ab + bc + ca If x > y > 0, then logax > logay, if a > 1 and logax < logay, if 0 < a < 1. A.M G.M H.M => (a+b+c)/3 abc 3/(1/a + 1/b + 1/c) Ratio and Proportion: If a/b = c/d then (a+b)/b = (c+d)/d Componendo (a-b)/b = (c-d)/d Dividendo (a+b)/(a-b) = (c+d)/(c-d) Componendo-Dividendo Thus a/b=c/d=e/f= . . . = (a+c+e+. . .)/(b+d+f+. . . ) If a : b= b : c then b is called mean proportional or third proportional of a and c. Duplicate ratio of a:b is a:b Divisibility Rules: Test for divisibility by 7 Subtract two times the unit digit from the remaining number. Test for divisibility by 11 iff the sum of every other digit minus the sum of the rest of the digits is divisible by 11.
Test for divisibility by 13 Add four times the unit digit to the remaining number

Test for divisibility by 17 Subtract five times the unit digit from the remaining number. Test for divisibility by 19 Add two times the unit digit to the remaining number.
Test for divisibility by 23 Add seven times the unit digit to the remaining number.

Remainder theorem: If f(x) is divided by(x a), the remainder is f(a). Factor theorem : If (x a) is a factor of f(x), then f(a) = 0.

Algebra Page 1

Progressions
Tuesday, August 16, 2011 8:08 PM

Arithmetic Progression: nth term= tn = a + (n1)d = n/2[First-Term + Last-Term] The sum of the first (n) terms = Sn = n/2*2a + (n1)d+ Arithmetic Mean of AP = 1/2[2a + (n-1)d]

Geometric Progression:
nth term= tn = arn-1 The sum of the first (n) terms: Sn = a(1 rn)/(1 r) = a(rn-1)/(r-1) = an if r < 1 if r>1 if r = 1

Sum of infinite terms : a/1-r Sum of infinite squares : a/1-r2 Geometric Mean : n a1*a2*a3*a4*a5 If in a GP summation, if every term is n times the sum of all successive terms then, the ratio of the GP is 1/(n+1).

Harmonic Progression:
Reciprocals are in A.P. Tn=1/(a+(n-1)d)

Arithmetic-Geometric Progression:
The sum of first n terms Sn =(1/(1-r))[a+dr(1-rn)/(1-r))-(a+(n-1)d)(rn)] AP*HP=GP (a+b)n= an+ n an-1 b + nC2 an-2 b+. . .

Series:
Sum of consecutive integers from n1 to n2 = (n2+n1)(n2-n1+1)/2 Sum of cubes of natural numbers = n2 (n+1)2 /4

Progressions Page 2

Number Theory
Tuesday, August 16, 2011 8:40 PM

Factors: If a number N is written as N = a p bq cr , where a, b, c are prime numbers, or as a product of n prime factors then = (p + 1) (q + 1). . . Number of factors = (ap+1-1)(aq+1-1). . ./(a-1)(b-1). . . Sum of factors = (1/2) (p + 1)(q + 1) N as a product of 2 factors = (3n+1+1)/2 N as a product of 3 factors = N(1-1/a)(1-1/b). . . Number of co-primes less than N Perfect numbers: Sum of all the factors excluding itself (but including 1) is equal to the number. E.g. 6, 28 Indexes: To find highest power of n in x! Successively divide x by n -> highest power= sum of quotients. The number of zeros at the end of n! is determined by the number of 5s.

Bases: Decimal to base a Decimal to octal Binary to octal Binary to hexadecimal

: Successively divide x by a-> required number= reminders in reverse order. : Successively divide by 8. Append reminders in reverse. : divide into groups of 3 and calculate. : divide into groups of 4 and calculate.

Prime Numbers: Every prime number is of the form 6k+1 or 6k-1. if x is prime, px -p is always divisible by x.

Reminders: Remainder for the numbers of the form a n + bn or an bn.

If n is even
n n

If n is odd divisible by (a + b) Number/ an bn an + bn /divisible by a-b a+b always Never Even n Odd n

(a b )/n divisible by (a b) and (a + b) divisible by (a b) (an + bn )/n (a-1)n/a (a+1)n/a 1 1 a-1 1

Models: MODEL Find the smallest number, which when divided by x, y, z, leaves a remainder r in each case.
Find the smallest number, which when divided by x, y leaves remainders a, b respectively. LCM (x, y, z) k Smallest number of the form x*k + a, where (x*k + a -b) is divisible by y. Find the largest number, with which when x, y, z are divided leaves respective remainders a, b, c. Find the largest number, with which when x, y, z are divided leaves the same reminder for each. LCM of Fractions= LCM of Numerators/ HCF of Denominators. HCF of Fractions = HCF of Numerators/ LCM of Denominators. Values: (1 + 1/x)x always lies between 2 and 2.8 . Cube roots of unity : 1++=0 and =1... =(-1+3i)/2 =(-1-3i)/2 HCF [ x-a, y-b, z-c ] HCF [ x-y , y-z ]

SOLUTION LCM (x, y, z) + r

if x - a = y - b otherwise

Number Theory Page 3

Geometry
Monday, August 22, 2011 12:23 PM

Polygons: Sum of all the exterior angles of any regular polygon Sum of the interior angles of a polygon having n sides Each exterior angle of an n sided regular polygon Each interior angle of an n sided equiangular polygon Area of a regular polygon No of diagonals

= 360. = (2n-4)90. = (360/n) . = *(n 2)/n+180 = (1/2)n*Sin(360/n)(s) = n(n-3)/2

Triangles: Area of the triangle A = rs = abc/4R = s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c) = (1/2)*b*h R-> circumradius, r-> inradius, s-> semi-perimeter = (3 / 4) a => Equilateral triangle = (c/4) (4a-c) => Isosceles triangle , c-> unequal side. = a/2 => Isosceles right triangle Similar triangles Ratio of (altitudes, medians, bisectors, inradii, circumradii)= ratio of corresponding sides. Ratio of Areas = Square of ratio of corresponding ( sides, altitudes, medians, bisectors). If a square is inscribed in an equilateral triangle, the side of the square is 3a(2+3). Medias, Altitudes and Angle Bisectors: Centroid divides the line joining the orthocentre and circumcentre in the ratio of 2 : 1. then AB + AC = 2(AD + BD) Apollonius theorem: If AD is the median then x + y + z = (a + b + c). If x, y, z are the lengths of the medians through A, B, C then DE = (1/2) BC and DE || BC. Mid Point Theorem: If D , E are mid- points of AB, AC then BD = AD.DC If BD is altitude in right angled triangle ABC then AB/AC = BM/MC Angle bisector theorem : If Angular Bisector of A meets BC at M then AI/IM=(b+c)/a If Angular Bisector of A meets BC at M and I is the incenter then AD/DB=AE/EC. If any line DE is drawn parallel to BC then Trigonometry: Sine Rule: a/SinA = b/SinB =c/SinC=2R Cosine Rule: a = b + c - 2bccosA a=b*CosC + c*CosB Pythagorean Triplets: 3 4 5 For Any Unique triplet: 5 12 13

6 7 8 9
h-1 h-2

8 24 15 40

10 25 17 41

First Side a Hypotenuse h Other side b

Odd Even (a+1)/2 (a/2)+1

Quadrilaterals: Area= (1/2)(length of one diagonal)(sum of perpendiculars to it from other vertices) Midpoint Hierarchy: Quadrilateral -> Parallelogram -> Rectangle -> Rhombus -> Square For a cyclic quadrilateral , area = ( (s-a) * (s-b) * (s-c) * (s-d) ) If two parallel lines are intersected by a traversal, then the bisectors of the interior angels so formed make a : rectangle If W is any point inside a rectangle ABCD then WA + WC = WB + WD AB+CD = AD+BC For an isosceles trapezium Other Polygons Area of a regular hexagon = (33)/2 * a If a regular hexagon is inscribed in a circle, side of hexagon = radius of circle. In a chessboard, No of rectangles = (9-m)(9-n) = n No of squares

Geometry Page 4

 Circles: Angle made by an arc at the center = 2(Angle made by the arc at any point on the remaining part of the circumference). d -> length of equal chords. The locus of the line joining mid-points of all equal chords of a circle is a circle of radius = (1/2)*(4r-d)] If chords AB, CD intersect at P (internally or externally) then AP*PB=PC*PD. If C=D=T (tangent) then AP*PB=PT. Length of direct common tangent= (OO)-(r - r) Length of transverse common tangent= (OO)-(r + r) In a cyclic quadrilateral, opposite angles are supplementary. If P is the midpoint of an arc APB of a circle, then the tangent at P is parallel to the chord AB. An angle with vertex on the circle formed by secant ray and a tangent ray has measure equal to : half the measure of the angle subtended by the intercepted arc at the center. A-> Angle subtended at the center. Length of Chord = 2rsin(A/2)
Co-ordinate Geometry: Internal division: P = [ (mx + nx )/(m + n) , (my + ny)/(m + n) ] External division: P = [ (mx - nx )/(m + n) , (my - ny)/(m + n) ] Straight Lines: Types of equations of straight lines are: Point-Slope Form : y - y = m( x - x ) Two-Point Form : y - y = ( y -y / x - x )( x - x ) General Form : ax + by + c = 0 Intercept Form : x/a + y/b = 1 Slope-Intercept Form : y = mx + c Pair of straight Lines : A(ax+by+c)+B(ax+by+c)=0 Point of intersection of two general straight lines : [(bc - bc)/(ab -ab) , (ca -ca)/(ab -ab)] Angle between two lines: If equations are given cos = (aa + bb) / ( a + b ) ( a + b ) If slopes are given tan = | (m - m) / (1 + mm)| if a/a = b/b or m = m Parallel lines aa + bb = 0 or mm = -1 Perpendicular lines if : | ax + by + c |/ a + b The distance from a point to a line : | c - c |/ a + b The distance between two parallel lines Foot of the perpendicular ( h, k ) from a point on a line : h - x /a = k - y / b = -(ax + by + c)/( a + b) : h - x /a = k - y / b = -2(ax + by + c)/( a + b) Image ( h, k ) of a point on a line Others : formed by (x,y) , (x,y) , (x,y) is (1/2) [( x -x ) ( y - y ) - ( y -y ) ( x - x )] The area of a triangle The area of a quadrilateral formed by (x,y) , (x,y) , (x,y) is (1/2) [( x -x ) ( y - y ) - ( y -y ) ( x - x )]

Geometry Page 5

Areas and Volumes

Tuesday, August 23, 2011 12:37 PM

AREAS
Polygon Triangle Area = (1/2)bh = rs = abc/4R = s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c) (3 / 4) a (c/4) (4a-c) a/2 lb a bh (1/2)dd (1/2)h(a + b) (1/2)AC(h + h) Perimeter a+ b+ c Solid

VOLUMES
Lateral Surface Area Total Surface Area Volume

Cuboid Cube
3a 2a + c 2a + d 2(l + b) 4a 2( l + b) 4a Sum of sides Sum of sides Cone Sphere Hemisphere Hollow Sphere Bucket

2h( l + b ) 4a 2rh (1/2)*Perimeter of Base * Slant Height

rl 4r 2r 4(R - r) -

2( lb + bh + lh) 6a 2r(r + h) Area of Base + LSA

r( r + l) 4r 3r 4(R - r) -

lbh a rh 1/3* Area of Base * Height

(1/3)rh (4/3)r (2/3)r (4/3)(R - r) h/3(R + r + Rr)

Equilateral Triangle Isosceles Triangle Isosceles Right Triangle Rectangle Square Parallelogram Rhombus Trapezium Quadrilateral

Right Circular Cylinder Right Pyramid

Circle Semi-circle Ring Sector

r r/2 ( R - r) (/360)2r + 2r

2r r + 2r 2(R - r) (/360)r

Areas and Volumes Page 6

Percentages
Wednesday, August 24, 2011 8:54 PM

Simple Interest: SI= Pnr/100. A= P + Pnr/100. Compound Interest: A= P(1 + r/100)n If compounding is done k times a year then, A = P(1 + r/100k) kn If payment is done in n regular installments, r being rate of interest per installment period then, Each installment X = Pr / 100{1-(100/100+r)n} Compound Interest Calculation: P=700,R=8%,N=3 Using Pascal's Triangle (8/100)*700=56 1 1 (8/100)*56=4.48 2 1 2 (8/100)*4.48=0.3584 3 1 3 So CI=(1*700+3*56+3*4.48+1*0.3584)-700=181.7984 4 1 4 Alligation: q/q = (p-p)/(p-p) Ratio A/Q = [1- (q/Q)]n

1 3 1 6 4 1

=> Quantity of Cheaper/ Quantity of Dearer = Rate of Dearer - Average / Average - Rate of Cheaper => Q -> volume of vessel, q -> quantity removed, => n -> number of times this operation is performed, A -> final quantity of wine

Other: If x% of a quantity is taken by the first person, y% of the remaining quantity is taken by the second person, and z% of the remaining is taken by the third person and if A is left, then initial quantity was = (100 x) (100 y) (100 z) A 100 100 100

Percentages Page 7

Permutations
Friday, September 02, 2011 6:33 PM

The number of ways to divide n things into different groups, one containing p things, another q things & so on is equal to (p + q + r + .....)! / p!.q!.r!...... where {n = p + q + r +}

The total number of ways of dividing n identical items among r persons, each of whom can receive 0, 1, 2, or n+r-1C more items ( n) is r-1 Sum of all permutations of n digits = (n-1)!*(sum of the n digits)*(1111..n times) = (n-2)!*(sum of n digits)*[(n-1)(1111.. n times) - (111 n-1 times)] If x1 + x2 + . . . . + xn = s then No of positive integral solutions No of non-negative integral solutions if all digits are non-zero if one digit is zero

= =

s-1C

n-1 n+s-1C n-1

Given n points

No of lines
nC

No of Triangles

nC 2 3 All N are non-collinear points nC mC nC m M points are collinear 22+1 3 - C3

Given an m*n chessboard: No of squares = m*n + (m-1) * (n-1) + (m-2) * (n-2) + . . . + 1*1 No of rectangles = m+1C2 * n+1C2

// No of rectangles formed by m parallel lines and n parallel lines.

Given n numbers, if k numbers are to chosen such that they are in ascending order, then just choose k numbers from n and find the no of permutations. Only one of them will be in ascending order.. So probability= 1/no of permutations. Here, do not caluculate probability for selection, only permutation after selection matters.

Permutations Page 8

Time, Distance and Work

Saturday, November 05, 2011 5:40 AM

Average Speed = (m+n)pq/(mq+np)

where m,n are distances travelled at speeds p and q.

Trains:
Distance covered while passing a stationary point = length of the train Distance covered while passing a platform = length of the train + length of platform Distance covered while passing another train = length of one train + length of other train

Boats:
If u,v are upstream and downstream speeds then, Boat speed = (u+v)/2 Current speed = (u-v)/2

Circular Tracks:
Two people running in the same direction = Time take for First meeting Time take for First meeting at starting point = Two people running in the opposite direction = Time take for First meeting Time take for First meeting at starting point = Three people running in the same direction = Time take for First meeting Time take for First meeting at starting point = L/(a-b) LCM{L/a, L/b} L/(a+b) LCM{L/a, L/b} LCM{ L/(a-b) , L/(b-c) } LCM{ L/a , L/b , L/c }

Clocks:
Speed of minute hand = 6 / min Speed of hour hand = 0.5 / min = 30 / hour Relative Speed = 5.5 / min i.e. 55 min / hour. In 12 hours 11 times. Angle of 0 is made Angle of 180 is made 11 times. Any other angle is made 22 times.

Time And Work :

If A can finish work in X time and B can finish work in Y time then both together can finish work in If A can finish work in X time and B in Y time and C in Z time then they all working together will finish the work in If A can finish work in X time and A + B together can finish work in S time then B can finish work in If A can finish work in X time and B in Y time and A + B + C together in S time then : (XYS)/ (XY-SX-SY) C can finish work alone in (SX)/(X-S) B+C can finish in (SY)/(Y-S) A+ C can finish in (X*Y)/ (X+Y) (XYZ)/ (XY +YZ +XZ) (XS)/(X-S) time. time time.

Time,Distance and Work Page 9

Techniques
Wednesday, September 14, 2011 12:54 PM

What is the remainder, when 2256 is divided by 17? Sol. We can write 17 as 24 + 1 and 2 256 as (24)64. [If f(x) is divided by (x a), the remainder is f(a)] The remainder is ( 1)64 = 1. CALENDAR:

Liquids US 1 Gallon = 3.78 Litres = 4 Quarts

Distance 1 Yard = 3 feet = 91.44 cm 1 foot = 12 inches 1 inch = 2.54 cm

In a normal year 1st January and 2nd July and 1st October fall on the same day. In a leap year 1st January 1st July and 30th September fall on the same day. Example: To calculate 27/09/1990 01/01/1901- Tuesday. 1990-1901=89. 89/4=22 89+22=111. 111/7=15 reminder=6 Tuesday+6=Monday. => 01/01/1990=Monday. 1990 is not leap year. => 1st oct is also a Monday. =>27th sept= Thursday.

Currency 1 Pound = 20 Shillings 1 Shilling = 12 Pennies

Techniques Page 10