Equation and Inequation

Chapter 2 : Equations and Inequations
2.1 Quadratic Equation 04

2.2 Roots and Coefficients 08
2.3 Formation of Equations 14
2.4 Common Roots 16
2.5 Graphs 21
2.6 Rational Functions 26
2.7 Position of Roots of a Quadratic Equation 27
2.8 Equations that can be Solved by Converting
into Quadratic 35
Solved Examples 41
Exercises 48
Previous Years IITJEE Questions 54
Answer Key 55
2
Equations
and
Inequations
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Mathematician
Diophantus
Interesting Fact
The first known solution of a quadratic equation is
given in the Berlin papyrus from the Middle King-
dom in Egypt. This problem reduces to solving
2 2
100 x y + =
3
4
y x =
The Greeks were able to solve the quadratic equa-
tion by geometric methods, and Euclid's Data
contains three problems involving quadratics. Infact,
in his work Arithmetica, the Greek mathematician
Diophantus solved the above quadratic equation
by the help of Geometry, though giving only one
root.
It is the
supreme art of
the teacher to
awaken joy in
creative
expression and
knowledge.
Albert Einstein
Diophantus of Alexandria, sometimes called "the father
of algebra", was an Alexandrian Greek mathematician
and the author of a series of books called Arithmetica.
These texts deal with solving algebraic equations, many
of which are now lost. In studying Arithmetica, Pierre de
Fermat concluded that a certain equation considered by
Diophantus had no solutions, and noted without elabora-
tion that he had found "a truly marvelous proof of this
proposition," now referred to as the very well known
Fermat's Last Theorem.
This led to tremendous advances in number theory, and
the study of Diophantine equations ("Diophantine geom-
etry") and of Diophantine approximations remain impor-
tant areas of mathematical research. Diophantus was
the first Greek mathematician who recognized fractions
as numbers; thus he allowed positive rational numbers
for the coefficients and solutions. In modern use, Diophan-
tine equations are usually algebraic equations with inte-
ger coefficients, for which integer solutions are sought.
Diophantus also made advances in mathematical nota-
tion.
EQUATIONS AND INEQUATIONS IITJEE COURSE
4 |MATHEMATICS IIT STUDY CIRCLE
Section - 2.1 Quadratic Equations
2.1.1 Quadratic Equations
An equation of the form
2
0 ax bx c + + = .....(1) where 0 a and , , a b c R is called a quadratic equation.
The quadratic equation
2
0 ax bx c + + = is called incomplete if at least one of the coefficients b or c is zero.
The quantity
2
4 D b ac = is known as the discriminant of the equation (1).
2.1.2 Roots of Quadratic Equation
Roots of the quadratic equation
2
0 ax bx c + + = ( 0 a , , , a b c R ) are given by
2
4
,
2
b b ac
a

=
Sum of the roots

b
a
= + =
Product of the roots

c
a
= =
Factorised form of ( )
2
( ) ax bx c a x x + + = .
If S be the sum and P be the product of the roots, then the quadratic equation is :
2
0 x Sx P + = .
2.1.3 Nature of roots of a Quadratic Equation
1. Nature of quadratic equation ( )
2
0 0, , , ax bx c a a b c R + + = means whether the roots are real or complex (no
real roots).
(a) The quadratic has real and distinct roots if and only if D > 0.
(b) The quadratic has real and equal roots if and only if D = 0.
(c) The quadratic has complex roots with non-zero imaginary parts if and only if D < 0.
2. If ( , , 0) p iq p q R q + is a root of quadratic then p iq is also a root of quadratic.
3. If , , a b c Q (the set of rational numbers) and D is a perfect square of a rational number, then quadratic has rational
roots.
4. If , , a b c Q and ( ) , , p q p q Q + is an irrational root of quadratic , then p q is also a root of quadratic .
5. If 1, , a b c I = and the roots of quadratic are rational numbers, then these roots must be integers.
6. If quadratic is satisfied by more than two distinct roots then quadratic becomes an identity, that is 0 a b c = = = .
IITJEE COURSE EQUATIONS AND INEQUATIONS
IIT STUDY CIRCLE MATHEMATICS| 5
2.1.4 Properties, related to nature of roots of Quadratic Equation
1. If
1
D and
2
D are discriminant of two quadratic equations and
1 2
0 D D + .
At least one of
1
D and
2
0 D .
At least one of the equation has real roots.

2.
1 2
0 D D + <
At least one of
1
D and
2
0 D < .
At least one of the equation has imaginary roots.

3. If
1 2
0 D D < .
1
0 D > and
2
0 D < or
1
0 D < and
2
0 D > .
Then one of the equations has real root and other equation has imaginary roots.
4. If
1 2
0 D D >
Case I :
1
0 D > and
2
0 D > .
Then the equations has four real roots.
Case II :
1
0 D < and
2
0 D < .
Then the equations has no real roots.
5. If
1 2
0 D D = .
Case I :
1
0 D > and
2
0 D = or
1
0 D = and
2
0 D > .
Then the equations has two same real roots and two distinct real roots.
Case II :
1
0 D < and
2
0 D = or
1
0 D = and
2
0 D < .
Then the equations has two same real roots & two imaginary roots solution.
6. If the sum of the coefficients of equation
2
0 ax bx c + + = is zero i.e., 0 a b c + + = then 1 is a root of this equation.
Illustration 1:
Comment upon the nature of the following equations :
(a)
2 2
( ) 0 x a b x c + + = (b)
2
( ) 2( ) ( ) 0 a b c x a b x a b c + + + + + =
(c)
2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 b c x c a x a b + + =
Solution :
To comment the nature of quadratic equation we have to find D (Discriminant)
(a) Find Discriminant (D).
2 2 2 2
( ) 4(1)( ) ( ) 4 D a b c a b c = + = + +
0 D , hence the roots are real.
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(b)
2
4( ) 4( )( ) D a b a b c a b c = + + + +
2 2 2
4[( ) ( ) ] a b a b c = + + +
2 2
4 (2 ) c c = =
0 D and also a perfect square, hence the roots are rational.
(c)
2
( ) 4( )( ) D c a b c a b =
2 2 2
2 4 4 4 4 c a ac ab b ac bc = + + +
2 2 2
(2 ) 4 4 2 c a b ab bc ac = + + +
2
( 2 ) c a b = +
0 D and also a perfect square, hence the roots are rational.
Illustration 2:
Solve for x :
( ) ( )
2 2
3 3
5 2 6 5 2 6 10
x x
+ + =
Solution :
Put
( )
2
3
5 2 6
x
t
+ =
( )( )
2
3
5 2 6 5 2 6
5 2 6
x
t
| |
+
|
=
|
\
2
3
1
5 2 6
x
t
| |
=
|
\
( )
2
3
1
5 2 6
x
t
=
then given equation becomes
1
10 t
t
+ =
2
10 1 0 t t + =
10 100 4
2
t

=
5 2 6 t =
Thus ( ) ( )
2
3 1
5 2 6 5 2 6
x
=
2
3 1 x =
2 2
3 1 or 3 1 x x = =
2 2
4 or 2 x x = =
2, 2 x =
Illustration 3:
Find all roots of the equation
4 3 2
2 16 22 7 0 x x x x + + = if one root is 2 3 + .
Solution :
All coefficients are real, irrational roots well occur in conjugate pairs.
Hence another root is 2 3
Product of these roots
( )( )
2 3 2 3 x x = +
( )
2
2 3 x =
2
4 1 x x = +
Dividing
4 3 2
2 16 22 7 x x x x + + by
2
4 1 x x + then the other quadratic factor is
2
6 7 x x + + .
then the given equation reduce in the form
( )( )
2 2
4 1 6 7 0 x x x x + + + =
2
6 7 0 x x + + =
then
6 36 28
2
x

=

3 2 =
Hence roots are 2 3, 3 2 .
Illustration 4:
The condition that the equation has real roots that are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign is
(a)
2 2
b m = (b)
2 2
2 b m =
(c)
2 2
2b m = (d) None of these
Solution : (b)
Clearly x = == = m is a root of the equation.Therefore, the other root must be m. That is,
1 1 1 1
m m b m m b
+ = +
+ +
1 1 2
b m b m m
=
+
2 2
2 b m b m
b m m
+ +
=
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 or 2 m b m m b = =
Illustration 5:
Let 0, 0 a b > > and 0 c > . Then both the roots of the equations
2
0 ax bx c + + = can
(a) be real and negative (b) have negative real parts
(c) be rational numbers (d) None of these
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Solution : (a, b, c)
We have
2
4 D b ac = . If 0 D , then the roots of the equation are given by
2
b D
x
a

=
As
2 2
4 ( 0, 0), D b ac b a c = < > > Q it follows that the roots of the quadratic equation are negative.
In case D < 0, then the roots of the equation are given by
2
b i D
x
a

=
which have negative real parts. (Q Both a and b are positive)
Roots will be rational numbers when D = 0.
Illustration 6:
If 2( ) pr q s = + , show that at least one of the equation
2 2
0; 0 x px q x rx s + + = + + = has real roots.
Solution :
2 2
1
Discriminant of 0 is 4 D x px q p q = + + =
2 2
2
Discriminant of 0 is 4 D x rx s r s = + + =
Now,
2 2
1 2
4( ) D D p r q s + = + +
also 4( ) 2 q s pr + = (Given)
Hence,
2 2 2
1 2
2 ( ) 0 D D p r pr p r + = + =
Thus, as
1 2
0 D D + atleast
1
D or
2
D must be 0 .
Hence, atleast one of the two equations will have real roots.
Section - 2.2 Roots and Coefficients
2.2.1 Relation between Roots and Coefficients
If
1 2
, ,......,
n
are roots of the equation
1
1 1 0
( ) ......
n n
n n
f x a x a x a x a
= + + + + ..... (1)
then
1 2
( ) ( )( )......( )
n n
f x a x x x =
1 2
1 2 1 0 1 2
...... ( )( )......( )
n n n
n n n n n
a x a x a x a x a a x x x

+ + + + + =
Comparing the coefficient of like powers of x on both sides, we get
1
1 1 2
1
.....
n
n
i n
i
n
a
S
a
=
= = + + + =
1
coefficient of
coefficient of
n
n
x
x
=
2 1 2 1 3
.....
n
i j
i j
S
= = + +
2 2
( 1)
n
n
a
a
=
2
2
coefficient of
( 1)
coefficient of
n
n
x
x
=
3 1 2 3 2 3 4
.....
n
i j k
i j k
S

= = + +
3 3
( 1)
n
n
a
a
=
3
3
coefficient of
( 1)
coefficient of
n
n
x
x
=
M
1 2 3
.....
n n
S a a a a =
0
constant term
( 1) ( 1)
coefficient of
n n
n
n
a
a x
= =
(A) Quadratic Equation
2
0 ax bx c + + =
Let its roots be and
;
b c
a a
+ = =
(B) Cubic Equation
3 2
0 ax bx cx d + + + = and
Let its roots be , and
b
a
++ =
c
a
+ + =
d
a
=
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(C) Biquadratic Equation
4 3 2
0 ax bx cx dx e + + + + =
Let its roots be , , and
b
a
+ + + =
c
a
+ + + + + =
d
a
+ + + =
e
a
=

Following formulas are useful in finding the expression
1.
2 2 2
( ) 2 + = +
2.
3 3 3
( ) 3 ( ) + = + +
3. (i)
4 4 3 3 2 2
( )( ) ( ) + = + + +
(ii)
4 4 4 2 2 2 2
( ) 6 ( ) 4 + = + +
4. (i)
5 5 3 3 2 2 2 2
( )( ) ( ) + = + + +
(ii)
5 5 5 3 3 2 2
( ) 5 ( ) 10 ( ) + = + + +
5.
2
( ) = +
6.
2 2
( )( ) = +
7.
3 3 2
( )[( ) ] = +
8.
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
( )( ) + + = + + +
9.
4 4 2 2
( )( )( ) = + +
Illustration 7:
If and are the roots of equations, make the coefficient of
2
common and then subtract the two equations.
(i)
2 2
+ (ii)
3 3
+ (iii)
4 4
+
(iv)
( )
2
(v)
4 4

Solution :
In such type of problems, try to represent the given expression in terms of + (sum of roots) and (product of roots).
In the given problem :
,
b c
a a
+ = =
(i) ( )
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
b c b ac
a a a
| |
+ = + = =
|
\
(ii)
( ) ( )
3
3
3
3 3
3
3
3 3
b c b b abc
a a a a
+ | | | || |
+ = + + = =
| | |
\ \ \
(iii) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
4 4 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
(
+ = + = +

( )
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 4
2 2
2
2
b ac c a
b ac c
a a a

| |
= =
|
\
(iv) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
4 4
4
b c b ac
a a a
= + = =
(v)
( ) ( )( )
2
4 4 2 2
= + +
2 2
2 2
2 4 b ac b b ac
a a a
| |
| || |
= |
| |
|
\ \
\
using (i) and
D
a
( | |
= ( |
|
( \
( )
2 2
4
2 4
b
b ac b ac
a
=
Illustration 8:
If and are the roots of equations
2
0, ax bx c + + = form an equation whose roots are :
(i)
1 1
, + +

(ii)
1 1 1
, +
+
Solution :
We know that to form an equation whose roots are known we have to find sum and product of the roots.
(i) Sum (S)
( )
( ) 1 1 ( ) b a c
ac
+ | | + | |
= + + + = + + =
| |

\ \
Product (P)
2
1 1 1 ( )
2
c a
ac
| | + | |
= + + = + + =
| |

\ \
The equation :
2
0 x Sx P + =
2
2
( ) ( )
0
b a c c a
x x
ac ac
+ + | |
+ =
|
\
2 2
( ) ( ) 0 acx b c a x c a + + + + = is the required equation.
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(ii) Sum (S)
( )
2
1 1 1 1 ( ) ac b
ac
+ | | | | | | +
= + + = + =
| | |
+ +
\ \ \
Product (P)
1 1 1 1 a
c
| || | | |
= + = =
| | |
+
\ \ \
The equation :
2
0 x Sx P + =
2
2
( )
0
ac b a
x x
bc c
+ | |
+ =
|
\
2 2
( ) 0 bcx ac b x ab + + + = is the required equation.
Illustration 9:
Form an equation whose roots are squares of the sum and the difference of the roots of the equation
2 2 2
2 2( ) 0 x m n x m n + + + + = .
Solution :
Let , are the roots of the given equation
( ) m n + = + and
2 2
( )
2
m n +
=
Now we have to make an equation whose roots are ( )
2
+ and ( )
2
.
Sum (S) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 4mn
(
= + + = + = + =

Product ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
. . 4
(
= + = + +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 P m n m n m n m n
(
= + + + =

The equation :
2
0 x Sx P + =
The required equation is
2 2 2 2
4 ( ) 0 x mnx m n =
Illustration 10:
If is a root of
2
4 2 1 0 x x + = . Prove that
3
4 3 is the other root.
Solution :
Let other root is
then
2 1
4 2
+ = =
1
2
= ..... (1)
and
2
4 2 1 0 + = , because a is a root of
2
4 2 1 0 x x + = .
Now
( )
3 2
4 3 4 3 =
(1 2 3) =
{ }
2
4 2 1 0 + = Q
2
2 2 =
( )
2
1
4 2
2
=
( )
1
1 2 2
2
=
2
{ 4 1 2 } = Q
1
2
=
= {from (1)}
Hence
3
4 3 is the other root.
Illustration 11:
If , are the roots of the equation
2
( ) 5 0 x x x + + = . If
1
and
2
are two values of for which the roots , are
related by :
4
5

+ =

, find the value of
1 2
2 1

+

.
Solution :
The given equation can be written as
( )
2
1 5 0 x x + =
Q , are the roots of this equation
1
+ =
and
5
=
But given
4
5

+ =

2 2
4
5
+
=
( )
2
2 4
5
+
=
( )
2
2
1 10
4
5 / 5

( )
2
1 10 4
5 5

=
2
12 1 4 + =
2
16 1 0 + =
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It is quadratic in , let roots be
1
and
2
then
1 2
16 + = and
1 2
1 =
2 2
1 2 1 2
2 1 1 2
+
+ =

( )
2
1 2 1 2
1 2
2 +
=

2
(16) 2
1
=
= 256 2
= 254
Section - 2.3 Formation of Equations
We now list some of the methods to form an equation whose roots are given in terms of some other equation.
Let the given equation be :
1 2
0 1 2 1
..... 0
n n n
n n
a x a x a x a x a

+ + + + + = ..... (1)
Methods to Transform the Equations
Method 1 : To form an equation whose roots are ( 0) k times roots of the equation in (1), replace x by d/k in (1).
Method 2 : To form an equation whose roots are the negative of the roots in (1) replace x by x in (1). Alternatively change
the sign of the coefficients of
1 3 5
, , ,......
n n n
x x x

etc. in (1).
Method 3 : To form an equation whose roots are k more than the roots in (1) replace x by x k in (1).
Method 4 : To form an equation whose roots are reciprocals of the roots in equation (1) replace x by
1
x
in (1) and then
multiply both the sides by
n
x .
Method 5 : To form an equation whose roots are square of the roots of the equation (1), proceed as follows :
Step 1 : Replace x by x in (1).
Step 2 : Collect all the terms involving x on one side.
Step 3 : Square both the sides and simplify.
Method 6 : To form an equation whose roots are the cubes of the roots of the equation (1) proceed as follows :
Step 1 : Replace x by
1/3
x .
Step 2 : Collect all the terms involving
1/3
x on one side.
Step 3 : Cube both the sides and simplify.
Illustration 12:
Let , are the roots of the quadratic
2
0 ax bx c + + = . Find the quadratic whose roots are
(a) 2 , 2 (b) , (c) 1, 1 + +
(d)
1 1
,

(e)
2 2
,
Solution :
(a)
2
0 ax bx c + + = has roots , .
( )
2
/2 ( /2) 0 a x b x c + + = has roots 2, 2.
2
2 4 0 ax bx c + + =
(b)
2
( ) 0 ax bx c f x + + = = has roots , .
so, ( ) 0 f x = has roots , .
( ) ( )
2
0 a x b x c + + = has roots , .
2
0 ax bx c + =
2
0 ax bx c + =
(c)
2
( ) 0 f x ax bx c = + + = has roots , .
( 1) 0 f x = has roots 1, 1 + + .
2
( 1) ( 1) 0 a x b x c + = has roots 1, 1 + + .
2
(2 ) ( ) 0 ax a b x a b c + + + + =
(d)
2
1
0 f
x
| |
=
|
\
has roots
1 1
,

. (provided 0 & 0 )
2
1 1
0 a b c
x x
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ \
2
0 cx bx a + + =
(e)
2
( )
0 f x = has roots
2 2
,
( ) ( )
2
0 a x b x c + + =
0 ax c b x + + =
( )
( )
2
2
ax c b x + =
2 2 2 2
(2 ) 0 a x ac b x c + + =
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Section - 2.4 Common Roots
Suppose the quadratic equations
2
1 1 1
0 a x b x c + + = ...... (i) and
2
2 2 2
0 a x b x c + + = ...... (ii) where
1 2
0, 0 a a and
1 2 2 1
0 a b a b .
2.4.1 One Common Root
Let the common root be
2
1 1 1
0 a b c + + = ...... (iii) and
2
2 2 2
0 a b c + + = ...... (iv)
solving (iii) and (iv), we get
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
c a c a
a b a b
Required condition is
2
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
( )( ) ( ) a b a b b c b c c a c a =
How to obtain a common root :
The equations same and subtract one equation from the other to obtain a linear equation in x. Solve it for x to obtain the common
root.
2.4.2 Both roots are common
If two quadratic has both roots in common, then their coefficients are in proportion.
Condition : If
2
1 1 1
0 a x b x c + + = and
2
2 2 2
0 a x b x c + + = have both roots in common then
1 1 1
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
= =
Illustration 13:
Find the value of k, so that the equations
2
2 5 0 x kx + = and
2
3 4 0 x x = may have one root in common.
Solution :
Let be the common root of two equations.
Hence
2
2 5 0 kx + = and
2
3 4 0 =
Solving the two equations :
2
1
4 15 8 5 6 k k

= =
+
2
( 3) (4 15)(6 ) k k = + +
2
4 39 81 0 k k + + =
3 or 27/4 k k = =
Illustration 14:
If the equations
2
0 x ax b + = and
2
0 x cx d + = have one root in common and second equation has equal roots, prove
that 2( ) ac b d = + .
Solution :
The equation
2
0 x cx d + = has equal roots.
0 D =
2
4 0 D c d = = ...... (i)
Also, the equal roots are
2
b
x
a
= (for
2
0 ax bx c + + = having equal roots)
2
c
x = is the equal root of this equation.
Now this should be the common root.
2
c
x = will satisfy the first equation.
2
0
4 2
c c
a b
| |
+ =
|
\
2
4 2 c b ac + =
4 4 2 d b ac + =
using (i)
2( ) d b ac + =
Hence 2( ) ac b d = +
Illustration 15:
If , are the roots of
2
0 x px q + + = and , are the roots of
2
0 x rx s + + = , evaluate the value of ( )( )
( )( ) in terms of p, q, r, s. Hence deduce the condition that the equations have a common root.
Solution :
Let , be the roots of
2
0 x px q + + =
p + = and q = ..... (i)
, are the roots of
2
0 x rx s + + =
r + = and s = ..... (ii)
Expanding
( )( )( )( )
( ) ( )
2 2
= + + + + ( (

[using (i) and (ii)]
( )( )
2 2
r s r s = + + + +
As is a root of
2
0 x px q + + = ,
We have
2
0 p q + + =
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And similarly
2
0 p q + + =
Substituting the values of
2
and
2
, we get ;
( )( )( )( )
( )( ) p q r s p q r s = + + + +
( ) ( ) r p s q r p s q = + + ( (

( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
2 2
r p s q s q r p = + + +
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2
r p q s q p s q r p = + +
( )( ) ( )
2
r p rq pq ps pq s q = + +
( )( ) ( )
2
r p qr ps s q = +
If the equations have a common root then either
or or or = = = =
i.e., ( )( )( )( ) 0 =
( ) ( )( )
2
0 s q r p qr ps + =
( ) ( )( )
2
s q r p qr ps =
2.4.3 Imaginary Roots
If the two equations
2
1 1 1
0 a x b x c + + = and
2
2 2 2
0 a x b x c + + = with real coefficients have an imaginary root common,
then both roots will be common.
Condition :
1 1 1
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
= =
2.4.4 Irrational Roots
If the two equations
2
1 1 1
0 a x b x c + + = and
2
2 2 2
0 a x b x c + + = with rational coefficients have an irrational root common,
the roots will be common.
Condition :
1 1 1
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
= =
Illustration 16:
Find all the roots of the
4 3 2
4 24 57 18 45 0 x x x x + + = equation
4 3 2
4 24 57 18 45 0 x x x x + + = if one root is
3 6 i + .
Solution :
As the coefficients are real, complex roots will occur in conjugate pairs. So the other root is 3 6 i .
Let , be the remaining roots.
the four roots are 3 6, i and
Hence the factors are :
( )( )
( )( ) 3 6 3 6 x i x i x x =
( ) ( )( )
2
3 6 x x x
(
= +

( )( )( )
2
6 15 x x x x = +
Dividing
4 3 2
4 24 57 18 45 x x x x + + by
2
6 15 x x + or by inspection we can find that the other factor of given equation
is
2
4 3 x .
( )( )
4 3 2 2 2
4 24 57 18 45 6 15 4 3 x x x x x x x + + = +
, are roots of
2
4 3 0 x =
, 3 / 2 = Hence roots are 3 6, 3 / 2 i
Illustration 17:
If equations
2
0 ax bx c + + = and
2
2 3 0 x x + + = have a common root, show that : : 1: 2 : 3 a b c = .
Solution :
Since roots of
2
2 3 0 x x + + = are imaginary and equations
2
2 3 0 x x + + = &
2
0 ax bx c + + = have a common root,
therefore both roots will be common. Hence both equations are identical.
1 2 3
a b c
= =
: : 1: 2 : 3 a b c =
Illustration 18:
Find the minimum value of ( ) m n p + + where , , m n p
+
. Given that
2
0 mx nx p + + = and
2
4 1 0 x x + + = has a
common root.
Solution :
Roots of
2
4 1 0 x x + + = are 2 3 .
And irrational roots occur in conjugate pair.
Hence, the equations have both not in common.
1 2 3
a b c
= =
So,
1 4 1
m n p
= =
4 6 m n p + + = + + = , where .
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for minimum value of ( ) m n p + + , 1 = .
so minimum value of ( ) m n p + + is 6.
Illustration 19:
The values of 'a' for which the equations
3 2
6 (6 ) 6 0 x x a x + + = and
2
4 0 x ax + = have a common root.
Solution :
Let '' is the common root.
3 2
2
6 (6 ) 6 0
4 0
a
a
+ + =
+ =
Adding
3 2
5 6 2 0 + =
1 = is one solution of above equation.
3 2
3 2
2
2
2
4 2
5 6 2
1
4 6 2
4 4
2 2
+
+

+
+
( )( )
2
1 4 2 0 + =
( )
( ) { } ( ) { }
1 2 2 2 2 0 + =
1, 2 2 or 2 2 = = = +
This common root can be 1, 2 2 , 2 2 + .
We can obtain values of 'a'.
1 = 1 4 0 5 a a + = =
2 2 =
( ) ( )
6 4 2 2 2 4 0 a + =
( ) ( )
10 4 2 2 2 a =
( )( )
( )
10 4 2 2 2
10 4 2
4 2 2 2
a
+
= =

( )( )
5 2 2 2 2 a = +
10 5 2 4 2 4 a = +
6 2 a = +
( ) ( )
2 2 6 4 2 2 2 4 0 a = + + + + =
( )( )
10 4 2 2 2
10 4 2
2 2 2
a
+
+
= =
+
( )( )
5 2 2 2 2 a = +
10 5 2 4 2 4 a = +
6 2 a =
Thus possible values of 'a' are 1, 6 2
In-Chapter Exercise - 1
1. If the roots of the quadratic equation
2
3
4 log 0 x x a = are real the least value of 'a' is :
(a) 81 (b) 1/81 (c) 1/64 (d) none of these
2. If x is an integer satisfying
2
6 5 0 x x + and
2
2 0 x x > then the number of possible integral values of x is:
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) Infinite
3. If a, b, c are non zero unequal rational numbers then the roots of the equation
2 2 2 2 2 2
(3 ) 6 2 0 abc x a b cx a ab b + + + = are :
(a) rational (b) imaginary (c) irrational (d) none of these
4. For x R , prove that the given expression
2
2
34 71
2 7
x x
x x
+
+
can not lie between 5 and 9 ?
Section - 2.5 Graphs
2.5.1 Quadratic Expression and its Graphs
In general quadratic expression is represented as
2
( ) f x ax bx c = + + or
2
, 0, , , R y ax bx c a a b c = + +
2
( )
b c
f x a x x
a a
= + +
(
(

2 2
2
4
2 4
b ac b
a x
a a
= + +
(
| |
|
(
\

2
2
2 4
b D
a x
a a
= +
(
| |
|
(
\

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2
2 4
b D
y a x
a a
= +
| |
|
\
2
1
2 4
b D
x y
a a a
+ = +
| | | |
| |
\ \
To draw the graph of ( ) f x , proceed according to following steps.
Step - I : Shape of Curve :
The shape of the curve ( ) y f x = is parabolic with following conditions.
For a > 0, the parabola opens upwards.
For a < 0, the parabola opens downwards.
a > 0
a < 0
x-axis
Step - II : Intersection with axes :
(i) With x-axis
For D > 0, parabola cuts x-axis in two points.
a
D
> 0
> 0
a D > 0, > 0
The points of intersection are ,
2
b D
a
=
(ii) For D = 0
Parabola touches x-axis in one point.
a D > 0, = 0
a D < 0, = 0
The point of intersection is
2
b
a
=
(iii) For D < 0
Parabola does not cut x-axis at all i.e., no point of intersection with x-axis.
a D > 0, < 0
a D < 0, < 0
(iv) With y-axis
The point of intersection with y-axis is (0, 0), {Put x = 0 in the quadratic polynomial}
Step - III : Maximum and Minimum Value of
2
( ) f x ax bx c = + + = + + = + + = + +
V is called the vertex of parabola.
The coordinates of V, for the quadratic
2
y ax bx c = + + is ,
2 4
b D
a a
| |

|
\
The line passing through the vertex and parallel to the y-axis is called as axis of symmetry.
O
axis of symmetry
a D < 0 and < 0
vertex
y
( ,0) ( ,0)
O
axis of symmetry
a D > 0 and > 0
vertex
y
( ,0) ( ,0)
( ) f x has minimum value at vertex if 0 a > and
min
4
D
f
a
= at
2
b
x
a
= .
max .
(not defined) f = .
( ) f x has maximum value at vertex if
0 a <
and
max
4
D
f
a
= at
2
b
x
a
= .
min .
(not defined) f = .
Illustration 20:
Show that the graph of the polynomial :
2
9 y x kx x = + + is above X-axis, if and only if 5 7 k < < .
Solution :
Let '' is the common root.
2
y ax bx c = + + has its graph above x-axis if : a > 0 and D < 0
Given ( )
2
1 9 y x k x = + +
Coefficient of
2
1 x a = = i.e., positive
5 7 k
( )
2
1 36 0 D k = < , for graph to lie above x-axis.
( )( ) 7 5 0 k k + <
5 7 k < <
{For graph to lie above x-axis}
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Illustration 21:
Find f (max) or f (min) in the following polynomials over x R .
(i)
2
( ) 4 12 15 f x x x = + (ii)
2
( ) 3 5 4 f x x x = +
Solution :
(i)
2
( ) 4 12 15 f x x x = +
As 4 0 a = >
( ) f x has minimum value at vertex.
2
( 12) 4 4 15 144 240 96 D = = =
min
4
D
f
a
= at
2
b
x
a
min
( 96) 96
6
4 4 16
f

= = =
at
12 3
2 4 2
x

= =
min
6 f = at
3
2
x =
max
f =
(ii)
2
( ) 3 5 4 f x x x = +
As 3 0 a = <
( ) f x has maximum value at vertex.
2
( 5) 4( 3)( 4) 25 48 23 D = = =
max
4
D
f
a
= at
2
b
x
a
=
max
( 96) 23
4( 3) 12
f

= =
at
(5) 5
2( 3) 6
x

= =
max
23
12
f

= at
5
6
x =
min
f =
Illustration 22:
If ( )
2
2
log 1 ax x a x R + + , then exhaustive set of values of 'a' is :
(a)
5
0,1
2
| |
+
|
|
\
(b)
5 5
1 ,1
2 2
| |
+
|
|
\
(c)
5
0,1
2
| |
|
|
\
(d)
5
1 ,
2
|
+
|
|

Solution :
(d) ( )
2
2
log 1 ax x a x R + +
2
2 ax x a x R + +
( )
2
2 0 ax x a x R + +
coefficient of
2
0 x > and 0 D
0,1 4 ( 2) 0 a a a >
2
0, 4 8 1 0 a a a >
5 5 5
0, ,1 1 , 1 ,
2 2 2
a a a
| ( | |
> + +
| | (
| |
\
Sign of a Quadratic Polynomial
Let
2
( ) , , , and 0 f x ax bx c a b c R a = + + .
Situation Graphical Representation Results
0, 0 a D > <
0, 0 a D < <
0, 0 a D > >
0, 0 a D < >
0, 0 a D > =
0, 0 a D > <
x
( ) 0,
for all
f x
x R
>
0, 0 a D < <
x
( ) 0,
for all
f x
x R
<
0, 0 a D > >
x

( ) 0,
for all ( , ] [ , )
and ( ) 0 for all ( , )
f x
x
f x x

<
<
0, 0 a D < >
x

<
( ) 0 for all
( , ] [ , )
and ( ) 0 for all ( , )
f x
x
f x x

>
x
=
0, 0 a D > =
( ) 0 for
all
f x
x R
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Section - 2.6 Rational Functions
2.6.1 Introduction to Rational Functions
The ratio of two polynomials of x say ( ) P x and ( ) Q x where ( ) 0 Q x is called a rational function :
If
( )
( ) ; ( ) 0
( )
P x
f x Q x
Q x
=
then ( ) f x is a rational function of x.
Example :
(a)
2
2
2
, 2, 3
5 6
x x
x
x x
+ +

+
(b)
2
1
3 4
x
x x
+
+ +
2.6.2 Maximum and Minimum Value of a Rational Function
Consider
2
2
( )
ax bx c
f x y
px qx r
+ +
= =
+ +
; where x R
2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 a py x b qy x c ry + + =
As x is real, 0 D
2
( ) 4( )( ) 0 b qy a py c ry ..... (1)
This relationship is an inequality in y.
On solving the inequality we will get the values of y can take.
Case I : If [ ] , y A B
max min
, y B y A = =
Case II : If ( , ] [ , ) y A B
max
y = i.e., not defined
min
Case III: ( , ) y , i.e., y R
max
min
Section - 2.7 Position of Roots of a Quadratic Equation
Let
2
( ) , f x ax bx c = + + where , , a b c R be a quadratic expression and
1 2
, , k k k be real numbers such that
1 2
k k < . Let , be
the roots of the equation ( ) 0 f x = .
i.e.,
2
0 ax bx c + + = , then
2
b D
a

= and
2
b D
a
+
=
where D is the discriminant of the equation.
Situation Graphical Representation Required Condition
k < <
k < <
a > 0
y
k
,
2 4
b D
a a

x
a < 0

k
x
2
b
a
/2 , /4 b a D a
a > 0
y

k
x
a < 0

k
x
b a /2
b a /2
y
( ) 0
( ) ( ) 0
( ) /2
i D
ii af k
iii k b a
>
>
( ) 0
( ) ( ) 0
( ) /2
i D
ii af k
iii k b a
>
<
Some More Results on Roots of Quadratic Equations
(a) Both roots of ( ) 0 f x = are negative
(i) Sum of the roots < 0
Product of the roots > 0
and 0 D
i.e.,
2
0, 0, 4 0
b c
b ac
a a
< >
(b) Both roots of ( ) 0 f x = are positive
(i) Sum of the roots > 0
Product of the roots > 0
and 0 D
i.e.,
2
0, 0, 4 0
b c
b ac
a a
> >
(c) Roots of ( ) 0 f x = are of opposite in sign.
Product of the roots < 0, i.e., 0
c
a
<
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k < <
1 2
k k < < <
1 2
k k < < <
1 2
k k < < <
a < 0
x

k
y
a > 0
y

x
k
a > 0

x
k
1 k
2
a < 0

x
k
1
k
2
a > 0

x
k
1
k
2
b a /2
a < 0

x
k
1 k
2
b a /2
a > 0
x
k
1
k
2
a < 0

x
k
1
k
2
( ) 0
( ) ( ) 0
i D
ii af k
>
>
1 2
1 2
0
( ) 0, ( ) 0
/2
D
af k af k
k b a k
> >
< <
1
2
0
( ) 0
( ) 0
D
af k
af k
>
>
<
1 2
0
( ) ( ) 0
D
f k f k
>
<
Illustration 23:
The least integral value of 'k' for which
2
( 2) 8 4 0 k x x k + + + > for all , x R is :
(a) 5 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) none of these
Solution : (a)
( )
2
2
log 1 ax x a x R + +
Let
2
( ) ( 2) 8 4 f x k x x k = + + +
( ) 0 0 and 0 f x a D > > <
2 0 k > and 64 4( 2)( 4) 0 k k + <
2 k > and
2
16 ( 2 8) 0 k k + <
2 k > and
2
2 24 0 k k + >
2 k > and ( 6 or 4) k k < >
As it can be observe that k can take values greater than 4.
4 k > .
least integral value of 5 k = .
Illustration 24:
If a < b, then solution of
2
( ) 0 x a b x ab + + + < is given by
(a) or x b x a < < (b) a x b < < (c) or x a x b < > (d) b x a < <
Solution : (d)
2
( ) 0 x a b x ab + + + <
( )( ) 0 x a x b + + < b x a < <
Illustration 25:
Let , , a b c R be such that 0, 0 a b c a b c + + < + < and c > 0. If '' and '' are roots of the equation
2
0, ax bx c + + =
then value of [ ] [ ] + is (where [] denotes greatest integer of x)
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 0
Solution : (c)
Let
2
( ) 0 f x ax bx c = + + =
Now as 0 a b c + + < (1) 0 f < ..... (i)
0 a b c + < ( 1) 0 f < ..... (ii)
0 c > (0) 0 f > ..... (iii)
combining (i), (ii) and (iii), to get
( 1) (0) 0 f f < and (0) (1) 0 f f <
Hence one of the root lies between (1,0) and other root lies between (0, 1).
[ ] [ ] 1 0 1 + = + = .
Illustration 26:
The adjoining figure shows the graph of
2
y ax bx c = + + . Then
(a) 0 a < (b)
2
4 b ac >
0
( ,0) x
1
( ,0) x
2
x
y
(c) 0 c > (d) a and b are of opposite signs
Solution : (a) & (d)
As it is clear from the figure that it is a parabola opens downwards
i.e. a < 0. (c) is correct.
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It is
2
y ax bx c = + + i.e. degree two polynomial.
Now, if
2
0 ax bx c + + = It has two roots
1
x and
2
x as it cuts the axis at two distinct point
1
x and
2
x .
Now from the figure it is also clear that
1 2
0 x x + > . (i.e. sum of roots are positive)
0 0
b b
a a
> < a and b are of opposite signs. (d) is correct.

As D > 0 and (0) 0 f c = < , both (b) and (c) are wrong.
Illustration 27:
The diagrams shows the graph of
2
y ax bx c = + + . Then
(a) 0 a > (b) 0 b <
(c) 0 c > (d)
2
4 0 b ac =
0
( ,0) x
1
( ,0) x
2
x
y
x'
Solution : (b) & (c)
As it is clear from the figure that it is a parabola opens downwards i.e. a < 0.
It is
2
y ax bx c = + + i.e. degree two polynomial.
Now if
2
0 ax bx c + + = it has two roots
1
x and
2
x as it cuts the axis at two distinct point
1
x and
2
x .
Now from the figure it is also clear that
1 2
0 x x + < (i.e., sum of roots are negative)
0 0 0
b b
b
a a
< > <

(b) is correct.
As the graph of ( ) y f x = cuts the +y-axis at (0, c) where c > 0 (c) is correct.
Illustration 28:
Prove that for all real x, y the value of
2 2
2 3 6 2 x xy y x y + + cannot be less than 11.
Solution :
We have to prove that
2 2
2 3 6 2 11 x xy y x y + + ..... (i)
i.e.,
2 2
2 3 6 2 11 0 x xy y x y + + + for all , x y R .
or
2 2
2( 3) 3 2 11 0 x y x y y + + + for all , x y R .
This is true if 0 D and coefficient of x
2
is positive.
Clearly coefficient of
2
1 0 x = >
Now 0 D
Illustration 29:
Find the values of a for which one root of equation
2
( 5) 2 4 0 a x ax a + = is smaller than 1 and the other greater than
2.
Solution :
Let ( )
2
( ) ( 5) 2 4 5 f x a x ax a a = + as 1 and 2 lie between the roots of ( ) 0 f x = , we can take
0 D >
, ( 5) (1) 0 a f <
and ( 5) (2) 0 a f < .
I. Consider D > 0 :
2
( 2 ) 4.( 5).( 4) 0 a a a >
9 20 0 (20/9, ) a a > ..... (1)
II. Consider (a 5) f (1) < 0 : ( )( ) 5 5 2 4 0 a a a a + <
( )( ) 5 9 0 a <
5 0 a >
(5, ) a ..... (2)
III. Consider (a 5) f (2) < 0 : ( ) ( ) 5 4 5 4 4 0 a a a a + < (

( )( ) 5 24 0 a a <
(5, 24) a ..... (3)
Hence, the values of a satisfying (1), (2) and (3) at the same time are (5, 24) a .
Illustration 30:
For x R , prove that the given expression
2
2
34 71
2 7
x x
x x
+
+
can not lie between 5 and 9?
Solution :
Let
2
2
34 71
2 7
x x
y
x x
+
=
+
2
( 1) (2 34) 71 7 0 x y y x y + + =
For real values of x, discriminant 0
( ) ( )( )
2
2 34 4 1 71 7 0 y y y
2
8 112 360 0 y y +
2
14 45 0 y y +
( )( ) 9 5 0 y y
( ] [ ) ,5 9, y
Hence, y can never lie between 5 and 9.
Illustration 31:
Find the values of m so that the inequality :
2
2
1
3
1
x mx
x x
+ +
<
+ +
holds for all x R .
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Solution :
We know that
| | a b b a b < < <
Hence
2
2
1
3
1
x mx
x x
+ +
<
+ +
2
2
1
3 3
1
x mx
x x
+ +
< <
+ +
Case I :
2
2
1
3
1
x mx
x x
+ +
<
+ +
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
1 3 1
2 ( 3) 2
0 0
1 1 3
2 4
x mx x x
x m x
x x
x
+ + + +
+
< <
+ +
| |
+ +
|
\
Multiplying both sides by denominator, we get :
2
2 ( 3) 2 0 x m x + < (because denominator is always positive)
2
2 ( 3) 2 0 x m x + >
A quadratic expression in x is always positive if coefficient of
2
0 x > and D < 0.
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
2 2
2
3 4 2 2 0 3 4 0 7 1 0 1, 7 m m m m m < < + < ..... (1)
Case II :
2
2
1
3
1
x mx
x x
+ +
<
+ +
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
1 3 1
0 4 ( 3) 4 0
1
x mx x x
x m x
x x
+ + + + +
< + + + >
+ +
For this to be true for all , 0 x R D <
( ) ( )( )
2
3 4 4 4 0 m+ <
( )( ) 3 8 3 8 0 m m + + + < [using
2 2
( )( ) a b a b a b = + ]
( 5)( 11) 0 m m + <
( 11,5) m ..... (2)
We will combine (1) and (2) because both must be satisfied.
The common solution is ( 1,5) m .
Illustration 32:
Find all the values of p for which the roots of the equation
2
( 3) 2 5 0 p x px p + = are real and positive.
Solution :
The roots are real and positive if 0, D sum of the roots > 0 and product of the roots > 0.
0 D
:
2 2 2
4 20 ( 3) 0 4 15 0 4 15 0 [0, 15/4] p p p p p p p p + ..... (1)
Sum of the roots > 0 :
2
0 0
3 3
p p
p p
> >

( 3) 0 ( , 0) (3, ) p p p > ..... (2)
Product of the roots > 0 :
5
0 0 ( 3) 0 ( , 0) (3, )
3 3
p p
p p p
p p
> > >

..... (3)
Combining (1), (2) and (3) on the number line, we get :
(3,15/4] p
Illustration 33:
The values of 'a' for which both the roots of
2 2
4 2 3 5 0 x ax a a + + = are greater than 2, are :
(a) (1, ) a (b) 1 a = (c) ( ,1) a (d) (9/2, ) a
Solution :
Let
2 2
( ) 4 2 3 5 f x x ax a a = + + . The conditions for both the roots to exceed 2 are
(i)
0 D
(ii) (2) 0 f > and (iii) 2
v
x >
Now consider
0 D
2 2 2
16 4(2 3 5) 0 2 3 5 0 a a a a a + +
(2 5)( 1) 0 a a +
( , 5/2] [1, ) a
a R
..... (1)
Now consider (2) 0 f >
2 2
4 8 (2 3 5) 0 2 11 9 0 a a a a a + + > + >
(2 9)( 1) 0 a a >
( ,1) (9/2, ) a ..... (2)
Now consider 2
v
x >
4
2
2
a
>
a > 1 ..... (3)
on combining (1), (2) and (3), we get
(9/2, ) a
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Some Important Properties
Let ( ) 0 f x = be a quadratic equation.
(a) If ( ) f a and ( ) f b have opposite signs, then ( ) 0 f x = has one root between a and b and other root
outside the interval [a, b], where a < b.
(b) If ( ) f a and ( ) f b have same signs and roots of ( ) f x are real, then ( ) 0 f x = has either both roots
between a and b or both roots outside the interval [a, b].
Let ( ) 0 f x = be a polynomial equation.
(a) If ( ) f a and ( ) f b have opposite signs, then equation ( ) 0 f x = will have odd number of roots in a and b.
(b) If ( ) f a and ( ) f b have same sign then ( ) 0 f x = will have even number of roots between a and b (this also
includes the case of zero number of roots between a and b).
Illustration 34:
If the expression
2 2 2
2 2 2 ax by cz ayz bzx cxy + + + + + can be resolved into rational factors, prove that
3 3 3
3 a b c abc + + = .
Solution :
The given expression is
2 2 2
2 2 2 ax by cz ayz bzx cxy + + + + +
2 2
2
2 2 2
x y y x x y
z a b c a b c
z z z z z z
(
| | | | | | | | | || |
= + + + + +
(
| | | | | |
\ \ \ \ \ \ (

2 2 2
[ 2 2 2 ] z aX bY cXY bX aY c = + + + + + ..... (1)
where,
x
X
z
= and
y
Y
z
= .
The given expression can be resolved into rational factors if the expression within brackets in (1) is expressible into
rational factors, the condition for which is
2 2 2 3 3 3
2 . . . 0 3 abc abc a a bb c c a b c abc + = + + =
Section - 2.8 Equations that can be solved by converting into Quadratic
2.8.1 Equations of Degree 4
4 2
0 ax bx c + + =
2
Put x y =
eg. :
4 2
3 4 0 x x = , Let
2
x y =
we get
2
3 4 0 y y =
( )( ) 4 1 0 y y + =
2
4 x =
2
4 0 x = 2 x =
2
1 x =
2
1 0 x + = i x =
Thus
4 2
3 4 0 x x = has four roots i + , i , 2, 2.
4 3 2
0 + + + + = ax bx cx bx a
2
Divide by x
eg. :
4 3 2
2 11 2 0 x x x x + + + =
dividing by
2
x (as 0 x ) ......... (why?)
2
2
1 2
2 11 0 x x
x x
+ + + =
2
2
1 1
2 11 0 x x
x x
| | | |
+ + + =
| |
\ \
2
1 1
2 2 11 0 x x
x x
(
| | | |
+ + + =
( | |
\ \
2
1 1
2 15 0 x x
x x
| | | |
+ + + =
| |
\ \
Put
1
x y
x
| |
+ =
|
\
we get
2
2 15 0 y y + =
2
2 6 5 15 0 y y y + =
( )( ) 2 5 3 0 y y + =
5
, 3
2
y =
1 5
2
x
x
+ =
2
2 5 2 0 x x + =
1
2,
2
x =
1
3 x
x
+ =
2
3 1 0 x x + + =
3 5
2
x

=
Thus,
4 3 2
2 11 2 0 x x x x + + + = has four roots 2,
1
2
,
3 5
2
+
,
3 5
2

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( )( )( )( )
=
2
& (ab = cd) x a x b x c x d Ax
2
Multiply the factors for which product of constant terms are equal and divide by x
eg. :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 2 3 6 3 x x x x x + + + + =
( (( ( ) )) )
. .
1 6 2 3 = == =
( )( )
2 2 2
7 6 5 6 3 x x x x x + + + + =
( ) ( )
2 2
7 6 5 6
. 3
x x x x
x x
+ + + +
=
6 6
7 5 3 x x
x x
| | | |
+ + + + =
| |
\ \
Put
6
x y
x
| |
+ =
|
\
we get ( )( ) 7 5 3 y y + + =
2
12 32 3 y y + + =
( )( ) 4 8 0 y y + + =
4, 8 y =
6
4 x
x
+ =
2
4 6 0 x x + + = 2 2 i x =
6
8 x
x
+ =
2
8 6 0 x x + + = 4 10 x =
Thus,
( )( )( )( )
2
1 2 3 6 3 x x x x x + + + + = has four roots 2 2 i + , 2 2 i , 4 10 + , 4 10
( ) ( )
4 4
x a x b k + =
( ) ( )
put or
2 2
a b x a x b
x t
+ +
=
eg. :
( ) ( )
4 4
2 4 16 x x + =
Let
2 4
3
2
x x
x t
+
= =
we get
( ) ( )
4 4
1 1 16 t t + + =
4 2
6 7 0 t t + =
Put
2
t y = ,
we get
2
6 7 0 y y + =
( )( ) 1 7 0 y y + =
1 y = , 7 y =
2
1 t = 1 t = , 3 1 x = , x = == = 4, 2
2
7 t =
7 i t = , 3 7 i x = , 3 7 i x =
Thus,
( ) ( )
4 4
2 4 16 x x + = has four roots 2, 4, 3 7 i .
2.8.2 Irrational Functions
If roots are even (i.e.,
6 4
, ,
) then
2n
y implies two conditions, i.e., 0 y and 0 y . This should
be kept in mind before solving.
If roots are odd (i.e.,
3 5
, ) then there is no such restriction.
Square (or cube or take higher power), one or more time to form a quadratic.
eg.: (i) 4 5 x = (no solution)
(ii)
( ) ( )
1/ 2 1/5
2 7 x x = (no solution)
(iii)
( )
2
6 4 4 x x x = +

2
4 0 4
6 4 0
x x
x x
+ > >
`
>
)
Two conditions that should be kept in mind because of
Squaring
2 2
6 4 8 16 x x x x = + +
2
2 12 10 0 x x + + =
2
6 5 0 x x + + =
( )( )
5 1 0 x x + + = 5, 1 x x = =
5 x as 4 0 x + > (from Ist condition)
Thus only solution is x = 1 (as it satisfies both the conditions)
(iv)
1/3 1/3
1 1
1
2 2
x x
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ \
(for cube root, we can cube directly)
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2/3 1/3 1/3 2/3

1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
x x x x x x
| | | | | | | | | | | |
+ + + + =
| | | | | |
\ \ \ \ \ \
1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3

1 1 1 1
3 0
2 2 2 2
x x x x
(
| | | | | | | |
+ + =
( | | | |
\ \ \ \
1/3
1
0
2
x
| |
+ =
|
\

1
2
x

=
1/3
1
0
2
x
| |
=
|
\

1
2
x =
1/3 1/3
1 1
0
2 2
x x
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ \
No solution (why .........?)
Thus real solutions of x are
1
2
.
1. The set of values of p for which the roots of the equation
2
3 2 ( 1) 0 x x p p + + = are of opposite signs is
(a) ( , 0) (b) (0, 1) (c) (1, ) (d) (0, )
2. If
2
( 3) 0 x a x a + = has atleast one positive root then :
(a) ( , 0) [7, 9] a (b) ( , 0) [7, ]
(c) ( , 0) [9, ) a (d) None of these
3. If the roots of
2
( 3) 0 x a x a + = are such that both of them are greater than 2, then
(a) [7,9] a (b) [7, ) a (c) [9,10) a (d) [7,9)
4. The equation
2 2
0 x ax b + + = has two roots each of which exceeds a number c, then
(a)
2 2
4 a b < (b)
2 2
0 c ac b + + > (c)
2
a
c
< (d) None of these

5. If the equation
2
2( 1) 9 5 0 x k x k + + + = has only negative roots, then :
(a) 0 k (b) 0 k (c) 6 k (d) 6 k
6. If a and b ( 0 ) are the roots of the equation
2
0 x ax b + + = , then the least value of
2
( ) x ax b x R + + is :
(a) 9/4 (b) 9/4(c) 1/4(d) 1/4
7. If x R , the least value of the expression
2
2
6 5
2 1
x x
x x
+
+ +
is :
(a) 1 (b) 1/2(c) 1/3(d) None of these
8. The number of values of k for which
2 2
(16 12 39) (9 2 11) x x k x x + + + + is perfect square is :
(a) two (b) zero(c) one (d) None of these
9. Let
( 1)( 5)
.
3
x x
y
x
+
=
Find all x R for which y is a real function of x.

10. Solve :
2
2
5 4
1
4
x x
x
+
.
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Solved Examples
Example 1:
If , be the roots of the equation
2
0 x px q + = and 0, 0 > > , then find the value of
(i)
5 5
+ (ii)
1/ 4 1/ 4
+
Solution :
Given equation is
2
0 x px q + = ..... (1)
has roots and
then p + = ..... (2)
and q = ..... (3)
(i) ( )
5
5 4 3 2 3 4 5
5 10 10 5
2
+ = + + + + + (By Binomial theorem or by actual multiplication)
( ) ( ) ( )
5 5 3 3 2 2
5 10 = + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
( )
3
5 5 2 2
5 3 10 = + + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5 3
5 5 2 2 2 2
5 15 10 + = + + + + +
5 3 2 2
5 15 10 p qp q p q p = + {from (2) and (3)}
5 3 2
5 5 p qp q p = +
(ii)
( )
4
1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4 4 1/ 4 3 1/ 4 1/ 4 2 1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4 3 1/ 4 4
( ) 4( ) ( ) 6( ) ( ) 4( )( ) ( )
2
+ = + + + +
(By Binomial theorem or by actual multiplication)
3/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 4 3/ 4
3 6 4 = + + + +
1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
( ) 4 ( ) 6 = + + + +
1/ 4 1/ 2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2
( ) 4( ) ( ) 6( ) = + + + +
1/ 4 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
( ) 4( ) ( 2 ) 6( ) = + + + + +
1/ 4 1/ 2 1/ 2
( ) 4( ) ( 2( ) ) 6( ) = + + + + +
1/ 4
4 ( 2 ) 6 p q p q q = + + +

1/ 4
1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4
4 ( 2 ) 6 p q p q q + = + + +
(
(

Example 2:
If the equation
2
2 0 ax bx c + + = has real roots, a, b and c being real numbers and if m and n are real numbers such that
2
0 m n > > then prove that the equation
2
2 0 ax mbx nc + + = has real roots.
Solution :
Since roots of the equation
2
2 0 ax bx c + + = are real
2
(2 ) 4 0 b ac
2
0 b ac ..... (1)
and discriminant of
2
2 0 ax mbx nc + + =
is
2
(2 ) 4 D mb anc =
2 2
4 4 D m b anc = ..... (2)
From (1)
2
b ac ..... (3)
and given
2
m n > ..... (4)
from (3) and (4)
2 2
b m anc
2 2
4 4 0 b m anc
0 D
{from (2)}
Hence roots of equation
2
2 0 ax mbx nc + + = are real.
Example 3:
Find a quadratic equation whose roots
1
x and
2
x satisfy the condition
2 2 5 5 3 3
1 2 1 2 1 2
5, 3( ) 11( ) x x x x x x + = + = + . (Assume that
1
x and
2
x are real)
Solution :
We have
5 5 3 3
1 2 1 2
3( ) 11( ) x x x x + = +
5 5
1 2
3 3
1 2
11
3
x x
x x
+
=
+
2 2 3 3 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
3 3
1 2
( )( ) ( ) 11
( ) 3
x x x x x x x x
x x
+ + +
=
+
2 2
2 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) 11
( )
( )( ) 3
x x x x
x x
x x x x x x
+
+ =
+ +
2 2
1 2
1 2
11
5
5 3
x x
x x
=
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2 2
1 2
1 2
4
3 5
x x
x x
=
2 2
1 2 1 2
3 20 0 x x x x + =
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
3 10 6 20 0 x x x x x x + =
1 2 1 2
( 2)(3 10) 0 x x x x + =
1 2
10
2,
3
x x =
We have
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) 2 x x x x x x + = + +

1 2
5 2x x = +
2
1 2
( ) 5 4 x x + = + {if
1 2
2 x x = }
= 9
1 2
3 x x + =
2
1 2
( ) 5 2( 10/3) x x + = + {if
1 2
10 / 3 x x = }
which is not possible
1 2
, x x are real
Thus required equations are
2
3 2 0 x x + =
Example 4:
If , are the roots of
2
0, x px q + + = and , are the roots of
2
0 x rx s + + = , evaluate
( )( )( )( ) in terms of p, q, r and s. Deduce the condition that the equations have a common root.
Solution :
, are the roots of
2
0 x px q + + =
, p q + = = ..... (1)
and , are the roots of
2
0 x rx s + + =
, r s + = = ..... (2)
Now, ( )( )( )( )
[ ][ ]
2 2
( ) ( ) = + + + +
2 2
( )( ) r s r s = + + + + {from (2)}
2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) r r s sr s = + + + + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2
( ) {( ) 2 } ( ) r r s sr s = + + + + + + + +
2 2 2 2
( 2 ) ( ) q pqr r q s p q sr p s = + + + +
2 2 2
( ) q s rpq r q sp prs = + +
2
( ) ( ) ( ) q s rq p r sp p r = +
2
( ) ( )( ) q s p r sp rq = +
..... (3)
For a common root (Let = or = )
then ( )( )( )( ) 0 = ..... (4)
From (3) & (4), we get
2
( ) ( )( ) 0 q s p r sp rq + =
2
( ) ( )( ), q s p r qp sp = which is the required condition.
Example 5:
Show that the roots of the equation
4 4 2 4 4
( ) 4 0 p q x pqrsx r s + + + + = , can not be different, if real.
Solution :
The discriminant of the given equation

2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4
16 4( )( ) D p q r s p q r s = + +
4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2
4 ( )( ) 4 p q r s p q r s = + + (

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2
4 4 p r p s q r q s p q r s = + + + (

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 ( ) ( ) p r q s p s q r = + (

If roots of the given equation are real then
0 D
or
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 ( ) ( ) 0 p r q s p s q r + (

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 ( ) ( ) 0 p r q s p s q r + (

But
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 ( ) ( ) 0 p r q s p s q r + </ (

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 ( ) ( ) 0 p r q s p s q r + = (

from (1), D = 0
Hence roots of the given equation are equal.
Example 6:
If each pair of the following three equations
2 2 2
0, 0, 0 x ax b x cx d x ex f + + = + + = + + =
has exactly one root in common, then show that
2
( ) 4( ) a c e ac ce ea b d f + + = + + .
Solution :
Given equations are
2
0 x ax b + + =
..... (1)
2
0 x cx d + + = ..... (2)
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2
0 x ex f + + = ..... (3)
Let , be the roots of (1), , be the roots of (2) and , be the roots of (3).
, a b + = = ..... (4)
, c d + = = ..... (5)
, e f + = = ..... (6)
L.H.S.
2
( ) a c e = + +
2
( ) = {from (4), (5), (6)}
2
4( ) = + + ..... (7)
R.H.S. ( ) ac ce ea b d f = + +
{ } 4 ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) = + + + + + + + + {from (4), (5), (6)}
( )
2 2 2
4 2 2 2 = + + + + +
2
4( ) = + + ..... (8)
From (7) & (8),
2
( ) 4( ) a c e ac ce ea b d f + + = + +
Example 7:
Find all values of 'a' for which the equation ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 1 1 0 x a x a a + + = has roots and satisfying the
condition < a < .
Solution :
Q Number 'a' lies between the roots of the given equation then
2 ( ) 0 f a <
( ) 0 f a <
2
2 2(2 1) ( 1) 0 a a a a a + + <
2
3 0 a a <

a
( 3) 0 a a + >
From wavy curve method.
( , 3) (0, ) a
Example 8:
Solve the inequation
72
1 1
3 1
3 3
x x
>
| | | |
| |
\ \
.
Solution :
The given inequation is valid only when 0 x
The given inequation can be written in the form
72
3 1
x x
> .
72 0 x x > (Q 3 > 1)
72 0 x x + <
( 9)( 8) 0 x x + <
But 9 0 x + > for all 0 x
8 0 x <
8 x <
0 64 x < {from (1)}
Thus the interval [0, 64) x is the set of all solutions of the given inequation.
Example 9:
Find the real roots of the equation 2 2 ...... 2 2 3 x x x x x x + + + + + =
( radical signs) n
Solution :
Rewrite the given equation
2 2 ...... 2 2 3 x x x x x x + + + + + =
On replacing the last letter x on the L.H.S. of equation (1) by the value of expressed by (1) we obtain.
2 2 ...... 2 x x x x x x = + + + + +
(2 radical signs) n
Further, let us replace the last letter x by the same expression; again and again yields
2 2 ...... 2 x x x x x x = + + + + +
(3 radical signs) n

2 2 ...... 2 2 ... x x x x x = + + + + + =
(4 radical signs) n
We can write
2 2 ... x x x x = + + + =

lim 2 2 ...... 2 2
N
x x x x x
= + + + + +
( radical signs) N
It follows
2 2 ... x x x x = + + + =

( )
2 2 ... 2 x x x x x = + + + = +
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Hence
2 2
2 3 0 x x x x x = + =
0, 3 x = .
Example 10:
If
3 2
2 4 0 x ax bx + + + = (a and b are positive real numbers) has 3 real roots, then prove that
1/3
12(2 ) a b + > .
Solution :
Let , , be the roots of the given equation. Then,
2
a
+ + =
..... (1)
2
b
+ + =
..... (2)
and 2 = ..... (3)
Since all the coefficients of the given equation are positive, so its all roots are negative. Let
1 1
, = = and
1
=
from (1), (2) and (3), we obtain
1 1 1
2
a
+ + =
..... (4)
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
b
+ + =
..... (5)
and
1 1 1
2 = ..... (6)
Now A.M. G.M.
1/3 1 1 1
1 1 1
( )
3
+ +

1/3 1/3
2 6(2 )
6
a
a
..... (7)
Again A.M. G.M.
{ }
1/3
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
( )( )( )
3
+ +

1/3
6(2 ) b ..... (8)
From (7) and (8), we obtain
1/3 2/3
6(2 2 ) a b + +
1/3 1/3
6(2 2 ) a b + > +
1/3
12(2 ) a b + >
Exercises
Level - 1
Single Choice Questions
1. If
2
0 x ax b + + = and
2
0;( ) x bx a a b + + = have a common root, the numerical value of a + b is
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) None of these
2. If one root of
2
2 3 0 x x k + + = and
2
2 3 5 0 x x k + + = is common, then k is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 0 or 1 (d) None of these
3. If the equations
2
0 ax bx c + + = and
2
0 cx bx a + + = ( ) a c have a negative common root, then the value of (a b
+ c) is
4. If
2
21 0 x hx = and
2
3 35 0 x hx + = (h > 0) have a common root, then h is
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 35/21
5. The equation
2 2
1 2 x b bx + = and
2 2
1 2 x a ax + = have one and only one root common. Then
(a)
2 a b
(b)
2 0 a b +
(c) | | 2 a b (d) None of these
6. The equation
2 3 2
0, 2 2 1 0 ax bx a x x x + + = + = have two roots common. Then a + b must be equal to
7. If
2
21 0 x ax = and
2
3 35 0 x ax + = , a > 0 have a common root, then a is
8. If , , , p q r s R and 2( ) pr q s = + and
2 2
0, 0 x px q x rx s + + = + + = are two equations then which of the following
statement is true ?
(a) both the equation have real equal roots (b) both the equations have real and distinct roots
(c) at least one of the equations has real roots (d) None of these
9. If , , a b c R and 1 is a root of the equation
2
0 ax bx c + + = , the equation
2
4 3 2 0, 0 ax bx c c + + = has
(a) imaginary roots (b) real and equal roots
(c) real and unequal roots (d) rational roots
10. Let and
2
2 5 + = and
2
5 3 = . The quadratic equation whose roots are / and / is
(a)
2
3 31 3 0 x x + = (b)
2
3 19 3 0 x x + = (c)
2
3 19 3 0 x x + + = (d) None of these
Multiple Choice Questions
11. If
1 2 3 4 5 6
, a a a a a a < < < < < then the equation
1 2 3 4 5 6
( )( )( )( )( )( ) 0 x a x a x a x a x a x a = has
(a) three real roots (b) a root in
1
( , ) a (c) one root in
1 2
( , ) a a (d) one root in
5 6
( , ) a a
12. 0 < a < b < c and the roots a, b of the equation
2
0 ax bx c + + =
are imaginary, then
(a) | | | | = (b) | | 1 > (c) | | 1 < (d) None of these
S
O
L
V
E
D
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
S
13. If ( ) f x is divided by ( 1), ( 1) x x + gives remainder 4 and 8 respectively, the remainder when f(x) is divided by
( 1) ( 1) x x + is
(a)
2 6 x +
(b)
6 x +
(c)
6 x
(d)
12 x
14. The remainder when
3
3 x px q + + is divided by
2
( ) x a , is
(a)
2 3
3 2 x q a + (b)
2 3
3( ) 2 p a x q a + + (c)
3
2 q a (d) None of these
15. If one root of
2
14 8 0 kx x + =
may be six times the other. then, k is
Comprehension Type
Comprehension 1
Let
2
y ax bx c = + + be a quadratic expression having its vertex at (3, 2) and value of c = 10, then :
Answer the following questions :
16. Value of b is equal to
(a) 6 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 8
17. One of the roots of the equation
2
0 ax bx c + + = is
(a)
6 6
2
+
(b)
3 6
2
+
(c) 3 6 (d) 3 6 +
18. If
2
3
y , then
(a) ( , 2] [4, ) x (b) ( ,3] [4, ) x (c) ( ,1] [3, ) x (d) ( , 4] [6, ) x
19. If the equation ( ) 0 f x = has roots and , then the equation whose roots are
2
and
2
is
(a)
2
24 30 0 x x = (b)
2
24 30 0 x x + = (c)
2
4 44 225 0 x x + = (d)
2
4 84 225 0 x x + =
20. The graph of | ( ) | y f x = is
(a) (b)
(c) (d) None of these
Comprehension 2
Let
2 2
1 1 2 2
( ) , ( ) f x x b x c g x x b x c = + + = + + real roots of ( ) 0 f x = be a, b and real roots of ( ) 0 g x = be , + + . Least
value of ( ) f x be
1
4
. Least value of ( ) g x occurs at
7
2
x = .
21. The least value of g(x) is
(a) 1 (b)
1
2
(c)
1
4
(d)
1
3
22. The value of b

2
is
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 0
23. The roots of ( ) 0 g x = are
(a) 3, 4 (b) 3, 4 (c) 3, 4 (d) 3, 4
Comprehension 3
Let
2
( ) 0 f x ax bx c = + + = be a quadratic expression and ( ) y f x = has graph as shown in figure.
24. Which of the following is false
(a) ab > 0 (b) abc < 0 (c) ac < 0 (d) bc < 0
25. Which of the following is true
(a) 0 a b c + + > (b) 0 a b c + > (c) 3 9 0 a b c + + < (d) 3 9 0 a b c + >
26. If ( ) f x is an integer whenever x is an integer, then which of the following is always correct ?
(a) a is an integer (b) 2a is an integer (c) b is an integer (d) c/2 is an integer
Matrix Match
27. Match the Columns
Column - I Column - II
(A)
2
2( 1) (9 5) 0 x k x k + + + = has (p) 2 < k < 4
only negative roots
(B)
2 2
2(4 1) 15 2 7 0 x k x k k + > for all k (q) 6 k
(C)
2
2( 1) (2 1) 0 x k x k + + = both positive roots (r) 1 k < or k > 0
(D)
2
2 2(2 1) ( 1) 0 x k x k k + + + = one root less (s) 4 k
then k, other greater than k.
(E) graph of
2
3 2 x x y = is strictly below y k = (e)
1
4
k =
E
X
E
R
C
I
S
E
S
Assertion and Reason Type
Some questions (Assertion-Reason type) are given below. Each question contains Statement I (Assertion) and Statement II
(Reason). Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. So, select the correct choice.
(a) Statement I is True, Statement II is True; Statement II is a correct explanation for Statement I
(b) Statement I is True, Statement II is True; Statement II is NOT a correct explanation for Statement I
(c) Statement I is True, Statement II is False
(d) Statement I is False, Statement II is True
28. Statement I : If
2
, 2 3 5 x R x x + + is positive.
Statement II : If
2
0, , ax bx c < + + a have same sign x R
29. Statement I : If 1 2 + is a root of
2
2 1 0 x x = , then 1 2 will be the other root.
Statement II : Irrational roots of a quadratic equation with rational coefficients always occur in conjugate
pair.
Level - 2
Single Choice Questions
1. If be a root of the equation
2
4 2 1 0 x x + = , then
(a)
3
4 3 + is the other root (b)
3
4 3 is the other root
(c)
2
4 2 + is the other root (d)
2
4 2 is the other root
2. If the quadratic equation
2
2 0 ax cx b + + = and
2
2 0, ( ) ax bx c b c + + = have a common root. Then 4 4 a b c + + is
equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1/2 (c) 2 (d) 1
3. If
2
1 0 ax mx + + = and
2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 a b x b c x c a + + = have both common root, then which of the following is false ?
(a) m = 2 (b) b, a, c are in A.P. (c) 2 3 1 a b c + = (d) a
2
+ a - ac = b
4. If equation
2
0 ax bx c + + = and
2
2 3 0 x x + + = have a common root, then a : b : c is
(a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 2 : 1 (c) 4 : 9 : 16 (d) None of these
5. If the equation
2
0 ax bx c + + = and
3 2
3 3 2 0 x x x + + + = have two common roots, then
(a) a b c = (b) a b c = = (c) a b c = = (d) None of these
6. The value of 'a' for which the equation
3
1 0 x ax + + = and
4 2
1 0 x ax + + = have a common root is
7. If every pair from among the equation
2 2
0, 0 x px qr x qx rp + + = + + = and
2
0, x rx pq + + = have a common root,
then
sum of roots
product of roots
| |
|
\
is
(a)
p
pqr
(b)
1
pq
(c)
2
( ) p q r + + (d) None of these
Multiple Choice Questions
8. If
3 2
( ) 2 f x x x k = + + is divisible by ( 1) x , then the value of k is
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
9. If , are the roots of the equation
2
1 0 x x + =
, then the equation whose roots are 2, + + 2 is
(a)
2
1 0 x x + + =
(b)
2
1 0 x x + =
(c)
2
3 1 0 x x + =
(d)
2
3 1 0 x x =
10. If
2 3 +
is one root of
2
0 x px q + + = , then p and q are
(a) 4, 1 (b) 4, 1 (c) 4, 1 (d) 4, 1
11. The number of solutions for 5 7 3 1 3 x x x + + = + is
12. The value of a for which the equation,
2 2
20 ( 4 ) 0 x x a a + = has roots of opposite sign, is
(a)
4 a >
(b)
4 a <
(c)
0 4 a < <
(d)
0 a <
Comprehension Type
Comprehension 1
If 2 3 x i = + is a root of
2
0 x px q + + = when p, q are real.
13. Value of p is
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d) 3
14. Value of q is
(a) 2 (b) 7 (c) 3 (d) 4
15. Graph of
2
y x px q = + + is
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Comprehension 2
If the only root of the equation
4 3 2
12 81 0 x x bx cx + + + = are positive, then
E
X
E
R
C
I
S
E
S
16. The value of b is
(a) 54 (b) 54 (c) 27 (d) 27
17. The value of c is
(a) 108 (b) 108 (c) 54 (d) 54
18. The roots of equation 2 0 bx c + = are
(a)
1
2
(b)
1
2
(c) 1 (d) 1
Matrix Match
19. Match the Columns
Column - I Column - II
(A) If
( ) ( )
log log
x y z x y z x y
x y
+ +
=
(p) 1
( )
log
y x z y
z x y z
and a x y b y z
z
+
= =
x y
c z z = then
a b
c
+
equals
(B)
10 10 10
1 1 1
1 log 1 log log
10 , 10 implies 10 , then
x y a b z
y z x a b
+
= = = equals (q) 2
(C) If
2 2 2
a b c + = log log log log ,
b c c b c b c b
a a k a a
+ +
+ = (r) 3
then k equals
(D) If , where 0, 0, 0 and , , 1 b ac a b c a b c = > > > and if (s) 0

log log
log ,
log log
a b
a
b c
N N
k c
N N
then k equals
Assertion and Reason Type
Some questions (Assertion-Reason type) are given below. Each question contains Statement I (Assertion) and Statement II
(Reason). Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. So, select the correct choice.
(a) Statement I is True, Statement II is True; Statement II is a correct explanation for Statement I
(b) Statement I is True, Statement II is True; Statement II is NOT a correct explanation for Statement I
(c) Statement I is True, Statement II is False
(d) Statement I is False, Statement II is True
20. Statement I : The roots of the equation
2
2 3 2 0 x ix + + = are always conjugate pair. .
Statement II : Imaginary roots of a quadratic equation with real coefficients always occur in conjugate pair.
21. Statement I : The number of real roots of
2
| | | | 2 0 x x + + = is zero.
Statement II : , | | 0 x R x .
Previous Years IITJEE Questions
1. Find the all integral values of x for which
2
19 92 x x + + is perfect square.
2. Find greatest value of
2 2
1
2 5 ax x a
in [3, 5] depending upon 'a'.
3.
2
9 x a x + < . Find 'a', so that the given inequation has at least one negative solution.
4. ( )( )
3 2 2 2
3 18 32 18 32 4 x x x x x x = + +
5. a, b, c be sides of , None of them are equal and R , if roots of equation
2
2( ) 3 ( ) 0 x a b c x ab bc ca + + + + + + = are real then
(a)
4
3
< (b)
5
3
> (c)
1 5
,
3 3
| |

|
\
(d)
4 5
,
3 3
| |

|
\
6. If , are the roots of
2
0 ax bx c + + = and
n n
n
s = + , show that
1 1
0
n n n
as bs cs
+
+ + = . Hence find
5
s .
7. Find integral values of 'x' for which
2
(5 ) 5 7 0 x a x a + + = for integral values of 'a'.
8. If equations
3 2
3 3 0 x px qx r + + + = and
2
2 0 x px q + + = have a common root, show that
2 2 2
4( )( ) ( ) p q q pr pq r = .
9. If each pair of the following three equation
2 2 2
0, 0, 0 x ax b x cx d x ex f + + = + + = + + = has exactly one
root in common, then show that
2
( ) 4( ). a c e ac ce ea b d f + + = + +
10. Find all values of 'a' for which the equation
3 2 2
1 1 a a a x a x + + + + = has not less than 4 different integer
solutions.
Answer Key
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a)
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b)
7. (b) 8. (a) 9. [ 1, 3) [5, ) 10.
5 5
0, ,
8 2
( |

|
(

Level - 1
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (c)
7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (a, b)
13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (a)
19. (d) 20. (d) 21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (b)
25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (A) - p, q, s; (B) - p; (C) - p, q, s; (D) - r; (E) - t
28. (a) 29. (a)
Level - 2
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. ( d) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (b)
7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (c)
13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (c)
19. (A) - p; (B) - q; (C) - q; (D) - p 20. (d) 21. (a)
Answer Key : Previous years IIT JEE Questions
1. No values of x 2. 2 2
1 (5) 1
; ( )
1 ( 3) 2 5
a f
f x
a f ax x a
<
=
>
3.
37
9,
4
a
| |

|
\
4. 3 7, 3 17 x i = 5. (a) 7. {11, 1} 10.
( , 3) (0, 1/ 2) a

Equation and Inequation

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Chapter 2 : Equations and Inequations

2.1 Quadratic Equation 04

Sum of the roots

Product of the roots

At least one of the equation has real roots.

At least one of the equation has imaginary roots.

> < a and b are of opposite signs. (d) is correct.

< > <

2/3 1/3 1/3 2/3

1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3

< (d) None of these

Find all x R for which y is a real function of x.

22. The value of b

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