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CHAPTER ONE

CLAUSE, SENTENCE AND PHRASE


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In trying to understand what is written in an article, it is very important to know where a sentence starts and where it ends.

Clause
A CLAUSE is a group of words containing a subject and a verb. Some examples are: a. Photosynthetic pigments were extracted according to Arnon method. Source:(Magnetic Fields Induce Changes in Photosynthetic Pigments Content in Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Seedlings)).
http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/18053h80u55612xg/fulltext. pdf,2009

b. The pastures were used to evaluate resource selection by deer. Source: (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four Annual Forages for Deer Pasture in North Central Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/18053h80u55612x
g/fulltext.pdf,2009

The analysis of which would be:

a. Photosynthetic pigments Subject Arnon method. b. The pastures were Subject deer.

were extracted according to verbal

used to evaluate resource selection by verbal

Sentence
A Sentence may consist of one more clauses. Some examples are:
a. Paper mulberry is commonly found growing on moist

alluvial soils, such as valley floors and stream banks, but it is also a common species in slash and burn fields during the fallow period. Source: (Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry): its growth, yield and potential as a fallow crop in slash-and-burn upland rice system of northern Laos.
http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.p df.2009 b. Chloroplast have magnetic moments and could be affected

by the absorbed energy at a high dose of MF which can distrub the pigments synthesis. Source: (Magnetic Fields Induce Changes in Photosynthetic Pigments Content in Date Palm (PhoenixdactyliferaL.)Seedlings.))http://springerlink.metapress.c
om/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pdf.2009

the analysis of which would be: a. Paper mulberry is commonly found Subject growing on moist verbal

alluvial soils, such as valley floors and stream banks, but it is also a common species in slash and burn fields Subject the fallow period. during Verbal

b. Chloroplast have magnetic moments and could be affected Subject verbal

by the absorbed energy at a high dose of MF which can subject distrub the pigments synthesis. Verbal

Phrase
A PHRASE is a group of words lacking either a subject or a verb. o Nominal phrase The highest level of photosynthetic pigments noticed at 1 min of AMF treatment. Photosynthetic pigments contents have shown a

significant increase in response to magnetic fields at low dose. Source: (Magnetic Fields Induce Changes in Photosynthetic Pigments Content in Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Seedlings)).
http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.p df.2009

o Verbal phrase The pole pieces cross section is made with 10 cm internal diameter toenable placing the 9 cm petri dish

horizontally.

A field study was conducted in 24 established paper mulberry stands during March and April of 2003 and 2004. Source :(Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry): its growth, yield and potential as a fallow crop in slash-and-burn upland rice system of northe Laos).
http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pdf.2 009

o Adjectival phrase Annual forages are commonly used in livestock production systems throughout the world and

complement or provide valuable alternatives to perennial forages. This paper evaluates the potential for using the indigenous fast-growing tree, Broussonetia papyrifera L. Vent. Source : (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four Annual Forages for Deer Pasture in North Central Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807
/fulltext.pdf.2009

o Adverbial phrase Often this is caused by too low discharge flow rates resulting in accumulation of inhibiting compounds (ammonium and/or nitrite) Source : (Air Treatment
Techniques for Abatement of Emissions from Intensive Livestock Production).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426 807/fulltext.pdf.2009

ALWAYS REMEMBER THAT:

A CLAUSE CONTAINS ONE SUBJECT + ONE


VERBAL

A PHRASE DOES NOT CONTAIN A SUBJECTVERBAL

A SENTENCE CONTAINS AT LEAST ONE


CLAUSE

CHAPTER TWO

CONTEXTUAL REFERENCE
7

CONTEXTUAL REFERENCE
In English, both general and academic, words like WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, ABOUT, WHOM, TO WHICH, WHERE, WHEN, OF WHOM, OF WHICH and many more are used to refer to something that have been said before, or to what is going to be said. EXAMPLES: The emission of greenhouse gases contributes to increasing global atmospheric concentrations of theses gases. Global average net effect leads to global warming. If the two clauses are joined together, we can have the following: a) The emission of greenhouse gases contributes to increasing global atmospheric concentrations of theses gases, which global average net effect leads to global warming. b) The emission of greenhouse gases contributes to increasing global atmospheric concentrations of theses gases, that global average net effect leads to global warming. c) The emission of greenhouse gases contributes to increasing global atmospheric concentrations of theses gases, where global average net effect leads to global warming. Source : (Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of Emissions from Intensive Livestock Production)

http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pdf.2 009

In a text consisting of one paragraph When paper mulberry lateral branches were pruned back, rice yields could be maintained if the paper mulberry stem density was\0.22 stems m-2, suggesting that if paper mulberry is managed properly, rice yields can be maintained at current levels. Source : (Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry): its growth, yield and potential as a fallow crop in slash-and-burn upland rice system of northe Laos).
http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pdf.2 009

CHAPTER THREE

DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION


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In Writing an article on agriculture, anyway in writing any article, the writer sometimes needs to define a term he is going to use throughout his article, and he might even feel it necessary to define a process by describing the course of action (s) it involves. In this chapter you are shown how to make a fine definition or description.

DEFINITION
Defining a part of a plant involves three things, namely: naming it stating the class it belongs to; and describing its function. Now assume that A = name, B = class, C = function. Notice how definitions using scientific English can be formulated A B C or as B C A.

is / are may be defined as

which

which

is / are called is / are known as

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EXAMPLE Name Class Function ammonia. Definition : The Nitrogen excreted in faeces is the mainly presents as protein, which less susceptible to decomposition into ammonia. The Nitrogen excreted in faeces may be defined as the mainly presents as protein, which less susceptible to decomposition into ammonia. The Mainly present as protein which less susceptible to decomposition into ammonia is called the Nitrogen excreted in faeces. The Mainly present as protein which less susceptible to decomposition into ammonia is known as the Nitrogen excreted in faeces. Source : (Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of Emissions from Intensive Livestock Production).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j854 5426807/fulltext.pdf.2009 :Nitrogen excreted in faeces :mainly present as protein :less susceptible to decomposition into

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Some examples are Nitrogen excreted in urine is predominant in the form of urea, which can easily be converted into ammonia and carbon dioxide by the enzyme urease, which is present in faeces, thus resulting in emission of ammonia. Nitrogen excreted in faeces is mainly present as protein, which is less susceptible to decomposition into ammonia. Source : (Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of Emissions from Intensive Livestock Production).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fullte
xt.pdf.2009

Example One
Name Class Function : Nitrogen excreted in urine : predominant in the form of urea : can easily be converted into ammonia and carbon dioxide by the enzyme urease, which is present in faeces, thus resulting in emission of ammonia. Definition : Nitrogen excreted in urine is predominants in the form of urea, which can easily be converted into ammonia and carbon dioxide by the enzyme urease, which is present in faeces, thus resulting in emission of ammonia.

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Example Two
Paper mulberry is easily established in upland fields using root suckers or root cuttings. (Forsen et al. 2001; Linquist et al. 2005, 2006; LSFP 2001). Source : (Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry): its growth, yield and potential as a fallow crop in slash-and-burn upland rice system of northe Laos).
http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pdf.2009

Name Class Function

: Paper mulberry : easily established : Upland fields using root suckers or root cuttings

Definition : Paper mulberry is easily established in upland fields using root suckers or root cuttings.

Example Three
Annual forages are commonly used in livestock production systems throughout the world and complement or provide valuable alternatives to perennial forages. Source : (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four Annual Forages for Deer Pasture in North Central Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pd
f.2009

Name Class

: Annual forages : commonly use

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Function

: livestock production systems through out the world

and complement or provide valuable alternatives to perennial forages. Definition : Annual forages are commonly used in livestock production systems through out the world and complement or provide valuable alternatives to perennial forages.

DESCRIPTION
Process can be explained by defining what happens during their course of action, or by using a general statement. Pay close attention to the following example. Some examples are: 1. Intensive livestock production is connected with a number of environmental

effects, which include emissions to the air, e.g . ammonia, odour, non-CO2 greenhouse gases (methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)) and particulate matter, and discharges to soils and surface waters (e.g . nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals)1.
Source : (Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of Emissions from Intensive Livestock Production).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/f
ulltext.pdf.2009

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NAME OF PROCESS

DESCRIPTION OF COURSE OF ACTION

Intensive livestock production

connected with a number of environmental effects, which include emissions to the air, e.g. ammonia, odour, non-CO2 greenhouse gases (methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)) and particulate matter, and discharges to soils and surface waters (e.g. nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals)1.

Definition a :

Intensive livestock production is the process whereby connected with a number of environmental effects, which include emissions to the air, e.g . ammonia, odour, non-CO2 greenhouse gases (methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)) and particulate matter, and discharges to soils and surface waters (e.g. nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals)1.
Definition b :

Intensive livestock production is the process by which connected with a number of environmental effects, which include emissions to the air, e.g. ammonia, odour, non-CO2 greenhouse gases (methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)) and particulate matter, and discharges to soils and surface waters (e.g. nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals)1.

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General statement : In the process of Intensive livestock production, connected with a

number of environmental effects, which include emissions to the air, e.g . ammonia, odour, non-CO2 greenhouse gases (methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)) and particulate matter, and discharges to soils and surface waters (e.g. nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals)1.
2. All living processes are highly dependent on energy exchange between cell and environment. Magnetic field (MF) became a part of the environment and source of energy, thereby effects normal metabolisms [1] and has impact on meristem cell division [2]. In addition MF affects water absorption, preservation and ionization [3]. Forces generated by MF may cause magnetophoresis in macromolecules [4]. Source:(Magnetic Fields Induce Changes in Photosynthetic Pigments Content in Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Seedlings)).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/18053h80u55612x
g/fulltext.pdf,2009

NAME PROCESS

OF DESCRIPTION ACTION

OF

COURSE

OF

All living processes

highly dependent on energy exchange between cell and environment.

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Definition a : All living processes are the process whereby highly dependent on energy exchange between cell and environment. Definition b : All living processes are the process by which highly dependent on energy exchange between cell and environment. General statement : In the process of the All living processes highly dependent on energy exchange between cell and environment.
IIn shorrtt:: n sho The parragrraphs usuallly sttarr wiitth a deffiiniittiion.. The pa ag aphs usua y s a w h a de n on The deffiiniittiion iis tthen expllaiined iin tthe ffolllowiing senttences off tthe parragrraph.. The de n on s hen exp a ned n he o ow ng sen ences o he pa ag aph

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CHAPTER FOUR

IMPERSONAL PASSIVES
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When the writer to bring into prominence the thing to which the thing is put at the beginning of the sentence. Examine the following active and passive sentences, and note that the passive sentence contain some form of the verb to be and a past participle.
ACTIVE PASSIVE

1.

We

improve

the

odour The

odour

removal

removal
2.

efficiency of air efficiency of air scrubber systems might be improved

scrubber systems might

on top of the packed bed Water is distributed on top which is sonsequently weet of the packed bed which is distributes a water consequently wetted. the Generally speaking, three gaseous different approaches can animal be distinguished in order to the emission to of the generally gaseous compounds from three different animal houses atmosphere livestock is connected of number Intensive production with a

3.

in

order

to of

reduce from

emission compounds distinguish speaking, approaches


4.

houses to the atmosphere can reduce

A number of environmental Intensive effects connect livestock production

environmental effects

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Note also that verbal of the passive sentences comprise to be +past participle: To be Sentence 1 Sentence 2 Sentence 3 Sentence 4 be is be is Past participle Improved distributed distinguished connected

Source : (Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of Emissions from Intensive Livestock Production).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/f
ulltext.pdf.2009

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CHAPTER FIVE

PARALLEL
STRUCTURE AND PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS
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PARALEL STRUCTURE
On use of a conjunction is to connect words or phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence. This use of conjunctions is called in PARALEL STRUCTURE. The single conjunctions used in this pattern are, among others, AND, BUT, OR and NOR. They are also referred to coordinating conjunctions.
Study the following four examples on the usage of single conjunctions. 1. -Odour emissions from animal housing is being increasingly

-Land application of manure is being increasingly The actor are different. The activities in the two clauses are the same. Odour emissions from animal housing and land application of manure are being increasingly. 2. - Air treatment offers the possibility to achieve removal of not just one compound - Air treatment of a combined removal of a variety of pollutants (ammonia, odour and particulate matter) at the same time The activities are different. The actors in the two clauses are the same. Air treatment offers the possibility to achieve removal of not just one compound but of a combined removal of a variety of

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pollutants (ammonia, odour and particulate matter) at the same time. Source : (Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of Emissions from Intensive Livestock Production).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/f
ulltext.pdf.2009

PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS
In section above you are shown how hingle conjunctions can be used to join two or more clauses into one new sentence. In English you can find paired conjunctions carrying the same function as single ones.
Some examples of paired conjunctions are: BOTHAND.. NOT ONLYBUTALSO

Study the following examples to see how paired conjunctions are used. 1. In order to reduce the environmental impacts of livestock production both national and international regulations went into effect that deal with these issues.

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2. The use of these strategies can reduce the ammonia emission both for pigs [9-13], poultry [14-16] and dairy cattle [17, 18]. 3. Different emission reduction measures, both source

measures and end-of-pipe measures, can be combined so higher emission reductions and/or an increase of the overall cost-efficiency might be achieved. Source : (Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of Emissions from Intensive Livestock Production).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/f
ulltext.pdf.2009

4. Paper mulberry is commonly found growing on moist alluvial soils, such as valley floors and stream banks, but it is also a common species in slash-andburn fields during the fallow period. 5. Forage type had a significant effect on where deer preferred to graze both within each trial period (early, mid, and late) (p<0.001) and during the entire trial (p<0.0001) (ANOVA results not shown). 6. Field pea and berseem clover were both high yielding and high quality; a finding that supports other research in western Canada [2, 9]. In contrast, preference for turnip increased to

25

29.9%, suggesting deer switched from field pea to turnips with time (Table 3). Source : (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four Annual Forages for Deer Pasture in North Central Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltex
t.pdf.2009

7. Seedlings placed in 9 cm petri dishes at age of 15 days, 7 seedlings per dish, were subjected to either static magnetic field (SMF) or alternating magnetic field (AMF). Source:(Magnetic Fields Induce Changes in Photosynthetic Pigments Content in Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Seedlings)).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/18053h80u55612x
g/fulltext.pdf,2009

8. In northern Laos, shortened fallows in the slash-and-burn upland rice system are not sustainable either from a production or economic standpoint. Source : (Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry): its growth, yield and potential as a fallow crop in slash-and-burn upland rice system of northe Laos).
http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pdf.2009

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9. Field pea and berseem clover were neither treated with fungicides and insecticides nor fertilized. Source : (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four Annual Forages for Deer Pasture in North Central Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltex
t.pdf.2009

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CHAPTER

SIX

RELATIONSHIP SHOWING TIME


28

In a procedure text, the description of processes makes use of words or words or phrases such as first (ly), then, the next step, the next stage, subsequently, finally to introduce each stage. Some examples are : The first prototypes of multi-pollutant scrubbers for pig and poultry farms, combining the concepts of acid scrubbing, bioscrubbing, water-curtains, and biofiltration, are in operation now on a limited number of farms; research and development in this field has started recently [63-66]. However, after ammonia has been removed from the air, biofiltration can be effectively used as a polishing step for effective odour removal. After discharge the water might be treated in a denitrification reactor and partly reused in the scrubber; this might drastically reduce the net discharge water flow rate from the combined bioscrubber-denitrification system. Source : (Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of Emissions from Intensive Livestock Production).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fullte
xt.pdf.2009

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Photosynthetic pigments were extracted according to Arnon method [14]. Date palm leaf samples (0.5 g) were ground using mortar and pestle in 5 ml of 80% acetone, then filtered through No. 2 Whatman filter paper. Date palm seeds (cv. Khalas) were sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 5 min. Soaked in water for 24 h, then germinated on moist filter paper at 37C. Seedlings placed in 9 cm petri dishes at age of 15 days, 7 seedlings per dish, were subjected to either static magnetic field (SMF) or alternating magnetic field (AMF). After treatment, each seedling was planted in 20-cm plastic pots containing potting mix (1 soil: 1 peat moss: 1 vermiculate) and maintained in greenhouse under natural light at temperature of 30 41C and relative humidity of 50%. Source:(Magnetic Fields Induce Changes in Photosynthetic Pigments Content in Date Palm
ulltext.pdf,2009

(Phoenix dactylifera

L.)

Seedlings)).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/18053h80u55612xg/f Eight to ten soil samples (015 cm) were taken and pooled from each field. Soil samples were airdried and sieved before analysis. Soil pH was determined in a 1:1 ratio of soil:water; extractable P using the Bray 2 method (Nanjo 1997); total carbon and N using a trace mass spectrometer (Tracer MAT, Thermo Quest Co. Ltd., Tokyo); available NH4N by the indophenol method (Hidaka 1997); and available NO3N by the GriessIlosvay method after reduction to NO2 (Hidaka 1997).Source : (Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry): its growth, yield and potential as a fallow crop in slash-and-burn upland rice system of northe Laos).
http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pdf.2009

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Annual forages are commonly used in livestock production systems throughout the world and complement or provide valuable alternatives to perennial forages. Incorporating annuals in a grazing system rapidly increases short-term pasture forage options during times when perennial forages are not available. Annual forages are used on the prairies of Western Canada for silage and pasture production [1, 2]. Studies in British Columbia [3], Montana [4] and Atlantic Canada [5] have demonstrated the potential of Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) and berseem clover (T.

alexandrinum L.) for high-quality forage. In Michigan, annual medics (Medicago spp.) and berseem clover provided an extra source of emergency forage when alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was winter killed [6]. Berseem clover, arrowhead clover (T. vesiculosum L.) and winter vetch (Vicia villosa subsp. varia L) have shown promise for high N accumulation and forage production in Alaska [7]. While research on annual forage production and quality has been conducted for the cattle industry in western Canada [2, 8, 9], little research has assessed the suitability of annual forages for deer pasture. Annual forages can be utilized to provide alternative forage during perennial pastured rejuvenation on deer pastures, a frequent requirement due to the highly selective foraging behavior of deer and removal of preferred forages from pasture swards.

Source : (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four Annual Forages for Deer Pasture in North Central Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pd
f.2009

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UNTIL
There is something very special in the usage of the word UNTIL. In a parallel structure, UNTIL is always used in a paired conjuction.

- Paper mulberry can be harvested for its bark 12 years after initial establishment and annually thereafter until the next rice crop. - However, the effect of this management may be that the paper mulberry bark yields are reduced in the first harvest after rice or there may be a longer period required until the first harvest (i.e., oneyear instead of 6 months). Source : (Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry): its growth, yield and potential as a fallow crop in slash-and-burn upland rice
09

system

of

northe

Laos).

http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pdf.20

- Field pea preference was equal to berseem clover until the last period of the trial, at which time preference for this forage type sharply declined coincident with reduced biomass as a result of high utilization. Source : (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four Annual Forages for Deer Pasture in North Central Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fullt
ext.pdf.2009

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DURING, THROUGHOUT, PRIOR TO,IF -However, feed management for ammonia abatement may negatively affect the emission of methane and nitrous oxide during storage and after land application of the manure. - For ammonia, the concentration in the liquid phase, NH3 (aq), is mainly determined by the ammonia concentration in the gas phase and the pH driven dissociation into ammonium (NH4+) and hydroxide (OH-) ions and, if applicable, by the transformation of ammonium into other compounds. Source : (Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of Emissions from Intensive Livestock Production).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/f
ulltext.pdf.2009

-Paper mulberry is commonly found growing on moist alluvial soils, such as valley floors and stream banks, but it is also a common species in slash-andburn fields during the fallow period -Prior to the experiments, paper mulberry had been growing for the previous 3 years in Somsanuck and 4 years in Pathung - On the other hand, if bark, stems and leaves are all removed without any other nutrient inputs to the system, this system

33

would not be considered sustainable from a nutrient management standpoint. Source : (Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry): its growth, yield and potential as a fallow crop in slash-and-burn upland rice
09

system

of

northe

Laos).

http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pdf.20

34

CHAPTER

SEVEN

RELATIONSHIP SHOWING CONSEQUENCE


35

The relationship showing cause and effect between two English clauses is generally shown by conjunctions like consequently, therefore, this, since, and so, as a results, precedes. Study the following table:
BEGINNING A CAUSE CLAUSE BEGINNING A RESULT CLAUSE

and

hence.

The on

conjunctions the type of

showing clause

a it

relationship

depending

Consequently As Since Because If Doe to the fact that Considering that Etc. Therefore This This And so Hence As a result As a consequence Etc. The relationship of consequence can be shown in many ways, among others are: 1

these parameters empha size grazing impacts the perspective of the grazing animal and plant community, respectively. Analysis: Cause clause grazing impacts Result clause : the perspective of the grazing animal and plant community, respectively.
Way one

: these parameters emphasize

these parameters empha size grazing impacts ,

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and so the perspective of the grazing animal and plant community, respectively. as these parameters empha size grazing impacts the perspective of the grazing animal and plant community, respectively. Way three these parameters empha size grazing impacts,
Way two

therefore, the perspective of the grazing animal and plant community, respectively
Way four

these parameters empha size grazing impacts. Therefore, the perspective of the grazing animal and plant community, respectively.

Way five

these parameters empha size grazing too impact for the perspective of the grazing animal and plant community, respectively.

Way six

these parameters empha size grazing not HUMID enough for the perspective of the grazing to animal and plant community, respectively.

Way seven

the perspective of the grazing animal and plant community, respectively because these

parameters empha size grazing impacts Source : (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four Annual Forages for Deer Pasture in North Central Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pd
f.2009

37

CHAPTER EIGHT

RELATIONSHIP SHOWING OPPOSITION


38

Usually multipollutant scrubbers are multi-stage systems where each stage aims for the removal of one type of compounds. The first prototypes of multi-pollutant scrubbers for pig and poultry farms, combining the concepts of acid scrubbing, bioscrubbing, water-curtains, and biofiltration, are in operation now on a limited number of farms; research and development in this field has started recently [63-66]. Multipollutant scrubbers may become of major importance for compliance with current and future emission standards. However, further research and development will be necessary to keep investment and operational costs at an acceptable level. Source : (Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of Emissions from Intensive Livestock Production).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fullte
xt.pdf.2009 1. Multipollutant scrubbers may become of major importance for

compliance with current and future emission standards,

but

further research and development will be necessary to keep investment and operational costs at an acceptable level.
2. Even though/Although/Though multipollutant scrubbers may

become of major importance for compliance with current and future emission standards, further research and development will be necessary to keep investment and operational costs at an acceptable level.

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3. Multipollutant scrubbers may become of major importance for

compliance with current and future emission standards, but further research and development will anyways necessary to keep investment and operational costs at an acceptable level.
4. Multipollutant scrubbers may become of major importance for

compliance with current and future emission standards, yet further still research and development will be necessary to keep investment and operational costs at an acceptable level.
5. Multipollutant scrubbers may become of major importance for

compliance with current and future emission standards, Nevertheless/ Nonetheless/ However/ On the other hand/ In contrast/ On the contrary, further research and development will be necessary to keep investment and operational costs at an acceptable level.
6. Multipollutant scrubbers may become of major importance for

compliance with current and future emission standards, nevertheless/ nonetheless/ however/ on the other hand/ in contrast/ on the contrary, further research and development will be necessary to keep investment and operational costs at an acceptable level.

40

CHAPTER

NINE

RELATIONSHIP SHOWING EXEMPLIFICATION


Total aboveground forage CP concentrations of the

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Seeded forages 17 DAP ranged from 176 to 305 g kg-1 DM (Fig. 2), and were highest in turnips and lowest in berseem clover. By 4 August (73 DAP) the total aboveground forage CP concentrations of the seeded forages had declined to a range of 150 to 200 g kg-1 DM, and were highest in field pea and lowest in berseem clover. In contrast, total aboveground forage CP concentrations were similar (p > 0.05) among forage types at 84 DAP, ranging from 140 to 147 g kg-1 DM. Thus, between 17 and 84 DAP CP concentrations significantly decreased (P<0.05) in all four seeded forages (Fig. 2). The CP concentrations obtained in the current study are comparable to other studies. For example, Ross et al. [9] found that between 35 and 88 DAP, CP concentration of berseem clover declined from 310 to 180 g kg-1 DM. The CP concentrations of berseem clover were also consistent with ranges of 180 to 270 g kg1 DM found by Duke et al. [16] and 180-300 g kg-1 DM found by Guessous et al. Source : (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four Annual Forages for Deer Pasture in North Central Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pd
f.2009

Study the two sentences below:


1. The CP concentrations obtained in the current study are

comparable to other studies..


2. Ross

et al. [9] found that between 35 and 88 DAP, CP

concentration of berseem clover declined from 310 to 180 g kg1 DM.

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The relationship between these two sentences is one of exemplification.


1. The CP concentrations obtained in the current study are

comparable to other studies. For example, Ross et al. [9] found that between 35 and 88 DAP, CP concentration of berseem clover declined from 310 to 180 g kg-1 DM. 2. The CP concentrations obtained in the current study are comparable to other studies. Ross et al. [9] found that between 35 and 88 DAP, for example CP concentration of berseem clover declined from 310 to 180 g kg-1 DM. 3. The CP concentrations obtained in the current study are comparable to other studies. For instance, Ross et al. [9] found that between 35 and 88 DAP, CP concentration of berseem clover declined from 310 to 180 g kg-1 DM. 4. The CP concentrations obtained in the current study are comparable to other studies. Ross et al. [9] found that between 35 and 88 DAP, for instance CP concentration of berseem clover declined from 310 to 180 g kg-1 DM

43

CHAPTER TEN

RELATIONSHIP SHOWING EXPLANATION


44

Look at the following statements, and see how the paired conjunctions, such as that is to say, in other words, this indicates that, and this means that are used o express a relationship of explanation.

For Example:
Nitrogen excreted in urine is predominant in the form of urea, which can easily be converted into ammonia and carbon dioxide by the enzyme urease, which is present in faeces, thus resulting in emission of ammonia. Nitrogen excreted in faeces is mainly present as protein, which is less susceptible to decomposition into ammonia. odour emission reduction of 80% after a drastic reduction of dietary crude protein feed levels. A packed tower air scrubber, or trickling filter, is a reactor that has been filled with an inert or inorganic packing material (Fig. 1). The packing material usually has a large porosity, or void volume, and a large specific area. The acid scrubbers and biotrickling filters that have been developed and are in operation for treatment of exhaust air from animal houses are successful in their attempt to achieve emission reductions for ammonia. A review on the performance of scrubbers shows that acid scrubbers have an average ammonia removal efficiency > 90% an biotrickling

45

filter have an ammonia removal efficiency between 50 and 90%[52].Source : (Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of Emissions
xt.pdf.2009

from

Intensive

Livestock

Production).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fullte -Nitrogen excreted in urine is predominant in the form of urea, which can easily be converted into ammonia and carbon dioxide by the enzyme urease, which is present in faeces, thus resulting in emission of ammonia -Nitrogen excreted in faeces is mainly present as protein, which is less susceptible to decomposition into ammonia. ANSWER: Nitrogen excreted in urine is predominant in the form of urea, which can easily be converted into ammonia and carbon dioxide by the enzyme urease, which is present in faeces, thus resulting in emission of ammonia. That is to say, in other words, /this indicates that/ this means that nitrogen excreted in faeces is mainly present as protein, which is less susceptible to decomposition into ammonia. -A packed tower air scrubber, or trickling filter, is a reactor that has been filled with an inert or inorganic packing material (Fig. 1). -The packing material usually has a large porosity, or void volume, and a large specific area.

46

ANSWER: A packed tower air scrubber, or trickling filter, is a reactor that has been filled with an inert or inorganic packing material (Fig. 1). That is to say, .In other words, / This indicates that/ This means that the packing material usually has a large porosity, or void volume, and a large specific area - The acid scrubbers and biotrickling filters that have been developed and are in operation for treatment of exhaust air from animal houses are successful in their attempt to achieve emission reductions for ammonia. - A review on the performance of scrubbers shows that acid scrubbers have an average ammonia removal

efficiency > 90% an biotrickling filter have an ammonia removal efficiency between 50 and 90%[52]. ANSWER: The acid scrubbers and biotrickling filters that have been developed and are in operation for treatment of exhaust air from animal houses are successful in their attempt to achieve emission reductions for ammonia. That is to say, .In other words, / This indicates that/ This means that a review on

47

the performance of scrubbers shows that acid scrubbers have an average ammonia removal efficiency > 90% an biotrickling filter have an ammonia removal efficiency between 50 and 90%[52].

48

CHAPTER

ELEVEN

RELATIONSHIP SHOWING ADDITION REINFORCEMENT AND SIMILARITY


49

The writer, in this case, tries to inform his readers that there is more to say about the subject. There are more characteristics he can provide of the subject. And to stress this, he reinforces the point he has made earlier about the subject by adding more attributes/ characteristics about the subject. In addition .. Moreover Furthermore Futher and also There are instances in which the writer of an article wants to tell his readers that some information needs to be added to the information he has stated earlier. In addinng the information, the writer may use: reinforcement, or similarity. You will have a clearer understanding about the differece between the two if you follow clesely the explanations below.

ADDITION SHOWING REINFORCEMENT:


Previous studies showed that photosynthetic pigments may increase or decrease under MF conditions. Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which means that magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are affected by MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12]. Moreover, MF has an effect over photochemical activity, for example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13].

50

The MF could increase an inner energy which is distributed among the atoms causing accelerated metabolism [12]. The humidity which allows ions to mobilize is one of the factors that make the absorbed MF energy to be effective [16]. Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under MF which leads to a better photo stimulation and growth [16]. Moreover, MF has the ability to change water properties, thus magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll content [17]. The condition of humidity was available in seedlings in the present study. Source:(Magnetic Fields Induce Changes in Photosynthetic Pigments Content in Date Palm
ulltext.pdf,2009
1.

(Phoenix dactylifera

L.)

Seedlings)).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/18053h80u55612xg/f -Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which means that magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are affected by MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12]. -MF has an effect over photochemical activity, for example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13].
In this chapter you will learn how you can show this reinforcemebt relathionship by means of In addition, Moreover, Futhermore, Futher, Also.

51

Answer

Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which means that magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are affected by MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12]. In addition, MF has an effect over photochemical activity, for example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13]. Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which means that magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are affected by MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12] in addition, MF has an effect over photochemical activity, for example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13]. Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which means that magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are affected by MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12]. Moreover, MF has an effect over photochemical activity, for example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13]. Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which means that magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are affected by MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12] moreover, MF has an effect over photochemical activity, for example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13]. Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which means that magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are affected by MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12].

52

Furthermore, MF has an effect over photochemical activity, for example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13]. Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which means that magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are affected by MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12] furthermore, MF has an effect over photochemical activity, for example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13]. Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which means that magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are affected by MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12]. Further, MF has an effect over photochemical activity, for example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13]. Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which means that magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are affected by MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12] further, MF has an effect over photochemical activity, for example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13]. Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which means that magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are affected by MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12]. MF also has an effect over photochemical activity, for example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13].

53

2. - Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under MF which leads to a better photo stimulation and growth [16]. -MF has the ability to change water properties, thus magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll content [17].
In this chapter you will learn how you can show this reinforcemebt relathionship by means of In addition, Moreover, Futhermore, Futher, Also.
Answer

Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under MF which leads to a better photo stimulation and growth [16]. In addition, MF has the ability to change water properties, thus magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll content [17] Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under MF which leads to a better photo stimulation and growth [16] in addition, MF has the ability to change water properties, thus magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll content [17] Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under MF which leads to a better photo stimulation and growth [16]. Moreover, MF has the ability to change water properties, thus magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll content [17]. Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under MF which leads to a better photo stimulation and growth [16] moreover, MF has the ability to change water properties, thus magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll content [17] Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under MF which leads to a better photo stimulation and growth [16].

54

Furthermore, MF has the ability to change water properties, thus magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll content [17] Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under MF which leads to a better photo stimulation and growth [16] furthermore, MF has the ability to change water properties, thus magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll content [17] Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under MF which leads to a better photo stimulation and growth [16]. Further, MF has the ability to change water properties, thus magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll content [17] Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under MF which leads to a better photo stimulation and growth [16] further, MF has the ability to change water properties, thus magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll content [17] Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under MF which leads to a better photo stimulation and growth [16]. MF also has the ability to change water properties, thus magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll content [17]

55

ADDITION SHOWING SIMILARITY


1. Aboveground forage quality was evaluated on 20 June 2004, 17

days after planting (DAP), 4 August 2004 (73 DAP) and on 15 August 2004 (84 DAP) to determine seasonal changes in annual forage crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations
2. Plant parts (leaf and stem) quality was evaluated on 4 August 2004

to emulate deer forage selectivity during late summer. Source : (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four Annual Forages for Deer Pasture in North Central Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pd
f.2009 In this chapter you will learn how you can show this simmilarity relathionship by means of Similarity, Likely, In the same away, and Also

Aboveground forage quality was evaluated on 20 June 2004, 17 days after planting (DAP), 4 August 2004 (73 DAP) and on 15 August 2004 (84 DAP) to determine seasonal changes in annual forage crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations. Simmilarity, plant parts (leaf and stem) quality was evaluated on 4 August 2004 to emulate deer forage selectivity during late summer. Aboveground forage quality was evaluated on 20 June 2004, 17 days after planting (DAP), 4 August 2004 (73 DAP) and on 15 August 2004 (84 DAP) to determine seasonal changes in annual

56

forage crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations. Likely, plant parts (leaf and stem) quality was evaluated on 4 August 2004 to emulate deer forage selectivity during late summer. Aboveground forage quality was evaluated on 20 June 2004, 17 days after planting (DAP), 4 August 2004 (73 DAP) and on 15 August 2004 (84 DAP) to determine seasonal changes in annual forage crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations. In the same away, plant parts (leaf and stem) quality was evaluated on 4 August 2004 to emulate deer forage selectivity during late summer. Aboveground forage quality was evaluated on 20 June 2004, 17 days after planting (DAP), 4 August 2004 (73 DAP) and on 15 August 2004 (84 DAP) to determine seasonal changes in annual forage crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations. Plant parts (leaf and stem) quality was also evaluated on 4 August 2004 to emulate deer forage selectivity during late summer.

57

CHAPTER

TWELVE

RELATIONSHIP SHOWING CONDITIONS


58

In

daily

life,

one

may

observe

symptoms

in

the

Environment, based on which he makes a diagnosis These are all made in his head. When he wants to communicate the symtoms he observed with other people he needs to formate the symptoms into a well- worded observations. Simmilary counts for the diagnosis made.
EXAMPLE: In The whole process of transpiration stop. Anyone of these factors (air, water ) the surronding nature, one may observe the following SYMPTOMS process of transpiration stop. air, water A. OBSERVATION: The whole process of transpiration stop. B. CONCLUTION: THIS SHOWS THAT anyone of these factors (air, water ) THIS INDICATES THAT anyone of these factors (air, water) THIS IS INDICATION THAT anyone of these factors (air, water) THIS IS A SIGN THAT anyone of these factors (air, water ) THIS MEANS THAT anyone of these factors(air, water( WE MAY CONCLUDE THAT anyone of these factors (air, water( SO, anyone of these factors (air, water) THEREFORE, anyone of these factors (air, water) C. GENERALIZINGN: If the whole process of transpiration stop, anyone of these factors (air, water ). If the whole process of transpiration stop, then anyone of these factors (air, water ). When the whole process of transpiration stop, anyone of these factors (air, water ).

59

D. RECOMMENDATION: The whole process of transpiration stop .This show that anyone of these factors (air, water ). If anyone of these factors (carbon dioxide, water or light) is limiting, the whole process of photosynthesis will be slows down or stop. In order to remedy this deficiency, the plant can be taked at outdoor side.

60

CHAPTER
THIRTEEN

COMPARATIVE SENTENCES
61

Comparative

sentences

used

to

compare

the

charahteristics of two or more subjects. The attribute of the subjects are compared in several ways, some of which are shown in the examples below.
Table 2. Comparison of Mean (SE in Parentheses) Forage Availability, Absolute White-Tailed Deer Offered 4 Seeded Annual Forages. Forage Type Forage DM Availability (kg ha-1) 3001 (220) bz 11196 (663) a 9208 (663) a 4368 (322) b Absolute DM Utilization (kg ha-1) 1873 (440)a 2435 (580) a 2270 (540) a 2935 (586) a

Pisum sativum Brassica napus Brassica rapa Trifolium alexandrinum

Source : (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four Annual Forages for Deer Pasture in North Central Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pd
f.2009 1. Brassica napus

a. The heavy of Brassica napus in a absolute DM is lower than that in a forage DM. b. The heavy of Brassica napus in a forageDM is higher than that in a absolute DM c. The Brassica napus content of a absolute DM is lower than that in a forage DM.

62

d. The Brassica napus content of a forage DM is higher than that in a absolute DM. e. A absolute DM has a lower Brassica napus content than a forage DM. f. A forage DM has a higher Brassica napus content than a absolute DM . g. The Brassica napus content of a absolute DM is 2435 (580) a whereas that of a forage DM is 11196 (663) a h. The Brassica napus content of a forage DM is 11196 (663) a whereas that of a absolute DM is 2435 (580) a 2. Pisum sativum a. The heavy of Pisum sativum in a forageDM is lower than that in a absolute DM b. The heavy of Pisum sativum in a absolute DM is higher than that in a forageDM c. The Pisum sativum content of a forage DM is lower than that in a absolute DM. d. The Pisum sativum content of a absolute DM is higher than that in a forage DM. e. A forage DM has a lower Pisum sativum content than a absolute DM. f. A absolute DM has a higher Pisum sativum content than a forage DM .

63

g. The Pisum sativum content of a forage DM is 3001 (220) bz whereas that of a absolute DM is 1873 (440)a h. The Pisum sativum content of a absolute DM is 1873 (440)a whereas that of a forage DM is 3001 (220) bz

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