Index:

Biodiversity management: Definition of biodiversity Meaning of biodiversity What is EMAS? How it works? Biodiversity check. A case on biodiversity management Tools and methods of biodiversity management Impact of mining industry on biodiversity.

Forest management:
Planning process of forest management. Types of plans in forest management. Why have a forest management planning? How do you do forest management planning? Components of forest management plans.

Water management:
Water resources. Types of resources. Factors affecting the water resources. Framework water management. Water in household? Water resources management.

Conclusion: References and bibliography.

1. BIODIVERSITY
1.1 Definition
"Biological diversity means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. Biodiversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth. It encompasses the differences within and among all living organisms at their different levels of biological organization genes, species, populations, communities, habitats and ecosystems as well as their interactions. Biodiversity and the ecological processes which it enables and maintains are the basis of innumerable ecosystem services essential for the survival of every individual, as well as for the functioning of society and its economic activities.

Biodiversity and ecosystem services: Biodiversity may be viewed as a description of the worlds biosphere. Its interaction with the physical part of our world soil, rocks, water, air and the energy from the sun are the ingredients of life on our planet. A well-balanced yet unimaginably complex cyclic system of energy, material and information flow among the physical and living parts of the planet has developed over 2-3 billion years. Biodiversity is, at the same time, both the result of these processes and the agent that sustains them.

Biodiversity encompasses more than the diversity of animal and plant species, habitats, ecosystems and landscapes by which we define and view our biosphere; it also provides the basis for all ecological processes that sustain life on earth and human livelihoods. The variation within species also provides the basis for evolution through the adaptation of species to new and changing habitats. These ecosystem services that all life and all human activities depend on are increasingly used as a key argument for urging closer attention to biodiversity, especially in the business sector which, like all parts of society, often makes free use of these services and takes their provision for granted. The economic values of ecosystem services are usually grouped into four categories: Use values 1. Direct values: Provision of raw materials and physical products (e.g. timber, minerals, food, water, fibre, energy). 2. Indirect values: Ecological functions that provide essential life support and maintain and protect natural and human systems (e.g. climate regulation, watershed protection, flood regulation, water and air purification, pest control). 3. Option values: A premium placed on maintaining ecosystems for future possible uses that may have economic value (e.g. new industrial, agricultural or pharmaceutical applications of wild species, future tourism or recreational developments). Non-use values 4. Existence values: Intrinsic values of ecosystem attributes or their component parts (e.g. sites of historic or cultural value, of aesthetic or spiritual appeal, national heritage or bequest for future generations). Putting economic values on the ecosystem services that are sustained and enabled by biodiversity amounts to a valuation of biodiversity itself. Because biodiversity, in its

widest sense, is both an enabler as well as the product of life, it provides an excellent measure for assessing the sustainability of human use of natural resources. The status of biodiversity reveals a great deal about the sustainability of human activities, including business. Conversely, economic activities can be rendered more sustainable by integrating biodiversity-related objectives into business processes.

Biodiversity Management
To help companies manage their environmental impacts, environmental management systems (EMS) have been developed. Most environmental managements systems (EMS) are structured in a similar way: 1. Identifying the significant environmental aspects of the company. 2. Measuring the environmental base line: where and how much is the organization influencing the environment. 3. Setting targets to reduce environmental impact. 4. Measuring progress in reaching the targets. 5. Adjusting targets or setting new targets with information acquired by measuring the progress in order to achieve continuous improvement The best known management systems are the official environmental management systems ISO 14.001 and EMAS. ISO 14.001 ISO 14.001 is an international environmental management system developed by ISO (International Organization for Standardization). The prefix 14 indicates it is an environmental management system, the number 001 that it is a general management system. There are other environmental management systems that are developed by

ISO (prefix 14.) that focus on other environmental issues. They carry other numbers than 001. ISO 14.001 only implicitly focuses on biodiversity. EMAS EMAS (Eco Management and Audit Scheme) is a European EMS that can only be used by organisations (public and private) in EU countries. For an organization to become EMAS certified, it has to satisfy more requirements than to receive the ISO 14.001 certification. Organizations that are EMAS certified have to determine significant environmental aspects. This means they have to review all their environmental impacts and priorities them. EMAS also lays greater value on public dialogue and involvement of employees. Finally, it requires an organization to publish an environmental statement. The certification scheme targets biodiversity, in the form of land use.

Key messages

Environmental Management Systems help organisations to reduce their environmental impact in a systematic way. The two most important environmental management systems are ISO 14.001 and EMAS. ISO 26.000 is only a CSR guidance document and cannot be used for certification

ISO 14.001 only implicitly mentions biodiversity, in EMAS land use is treated as a measure for biodiversity and in ISO 26.000 biodiversity and ecosystem services are explicitly mentioned.

What is EMAS?

The EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) is a management tool for companies and other organisations to evaluate report and improve their environmental performance. The scheme has been available for participation by companies since 1995 and was originally restricted to companies in industrial sectors. Since 2001 EMAS has been open to all economic sectors including public and private services. In 2009 the EMAS Regulation has been revised and modified for the second time. Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009 on the voluntary participation by organisations in a Community ecomanagement and audit scheme (EMAS) was published on 22 December 2009 and entered into force on 11 January 2010.

ISO 14000 family

The ISO 14000 family addresses "Environmental management". This means what the organization does to:

Minimize harmful effects on the environment caused by its activities. Achieve continual improvement of its environmental performance.

This section provides a concise overview of one ISO's best known management system standards and their impact on the world. ISO 14001: 2004 is implemented by some 200 000 organizations in 155 countries.

ISO 14000 essentials

This section concisely describes the essential features of the ISO 14000 family.
The ISO 14000 family addresses various aspects of environmental management. The very first two standards, ISO 14001:2004 and ISO 14004:2004 deal with environmental management systems (EMS). ISO 14001:2004 provides the requirements for an EMS and ISO 14004:2004 gives general EMS guidelines. The other standards and guidelines in the family address specific environmental aspects, including: labeling, performance evaluation, life cycle analysis, communication and auditing.

An ISO 14001:2004-based EMS

An EMS meeting the requirements of ISO 14001:2004 is a management tool enabling an organization of any size or type to:

Identify and control the environmental impact of its activities, products or services, and to Improve its environmental performance continually, and to Implement a systematic approach to setting environmental objectives and targets, to achieving these and to demonstrating that they have been achieved.

How it works
ISO 14001:2004 does not specify levels of environmental performance. If it specified levels of environmental performance, they would have to be specific to each business activity and this would require a specific EMS standard for each business. That is not the intention. ISO has many other standards dealing with specific environmental issues. The intention of ISO 14001:2004 is to provide a framework for a holistic, strategic approach to the organization's environmental policy, plans and actions.

ISO 14001:2004 gives the generic requirements for an environmental management system. The underlying philosophy is that whatever the organization's activity, the requirements of an effective EMS are the same. This has the effect of establishing a common reference for communicating about environmental management issues between organizations and their customers, regulators, the public and other stakeholders. Because ISO 14001:2004 does not lay down levels of environmental performance, the standard can to be implemented by a wide variety of organizations, whatever their current level of environmental maturity. However, a commitment to compliance with applicable environmental legislation and regulations is required, along with a commitment to continual improvement for which the EMS provides the framework.

The EMS standards

ISO 14004:2004 provides guidelines on the elements of an environmental management system and its implementation, and discusses principal issues involved. ISO 14001:2004 specifies the requirements for such an environmental management system. Fulfilling these requirements demands objective evidence which can be audited to demonstrate that the environmental management system is operating effectively in conformity to the standard.

What can be achieved

ISO 14001:2004 is a tool that can be used to meet internal objectives:

Provide assurance to management that it is in control of the organizational processes and activities having an impact on the environment Assure employees that they are working for an environmentally responsible organization.

ISO 14001:2004 can also be used to meet external objectives:

Provide assurance on environmental issues to external stakeholders such as customers, the community and regulatory agencies Comply with environmental regulations support the organization's claims and communication about its own environmental policies, plans and actions Provides a framework for demonstrating conformity via suppliers' declarations of conformity, assessment of conformity by an external stakeholder - such as a business client - and for certification of conformity by an independent certification body.

Biodiversity Check
The Biodiversity Check is one of the major activities in this campaign. The check provides a first overview on the companies relation to biodiversity regarding opportunities, impacts and risks. It is based on the philosophy and objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD):

the conservation of biological diversity the sustainable use of its components the fair and equitable sharing of its benefits arising from this use

The check does not substitute a biodiversity impact assessment, but it will provide arguments for decision making regarding the companys strategy on biodiversity. It assesses, according to the procedure of environmental management systems EMAS III and ISO 14001, potential negative impacts on biodiversity of individual business units, manufacturing facilities, products or processes, and identifies potential risks and opportunities. What is assessed? The Check examines the company's direct impacts on biodiversity, for which the company is clearly responsible and which can be influenced by the company. The

Check also takes into account indirect effects, which the company can influence through dialogue with its stakeholders. Areas: 1. Strategy and management 2. Stakeholder and public relations 3. Company premises, real estate 4. Procurement: raw materials, energy, water etc. 5. Product development and production 6. Logistics and transport 7. End products and services 8. Sales and marketing 9. Human resources

Results
Internal biodiversity check with statements on:

Relationship between business and biodiversity Proposals for goals and measures to reduce risks and negative impacts Proposals for goals and measures to protect biodiversity or compensate for negative impacts Themes for communication (e.g. as part of the sustainability report) Recommendations for further steps

Conditions to perform a biodiversity check Participation is open to all companies that (are interested to) deal with environmental issues, sustainability and CSR. Prior concrete activities to protect biodiversity are not required. Rather, after the completion of the Biodiversity Check, companies can assess the relevance of biodiversity for the company and evaluate whether and how

they

are

prepared

for

the

topic.

The results of the Biodiversity Check are confidential. There is no obligation for the company to undertake further steps. However, participants can communicate that they have performed the Biodiversity Check as part of the European Business and Biodiversity Campaign.

A case on biodiversity management:

The TEEB for Business report
The first Global Business of Biodiversity Symposium was convened in London on 13th of July 2010. The aim of the conference was to explore the business risks of biodiversity loss and to identify the opportunities when biodiversity is properly integrated into company operations. The conference featured high quality speakers and discussions with representatives of multinationals and international environmental NGOs. Many sessions had a practical approach. The topics that were touched upon ranged from integrating biodiversity considerations into international climate change reduction programmes, to novel ways to capture monetary benefits from ecosystem services, and biodiversity and sustainable forestry projects. Highlight of the conference was the presentation of the TEEB for Business report. TEEB (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity) is a series of reports that value nature. It provides shadow prices for different ecosystem services by using case studies. Different TEEB reports exist for different stakeholders and in London the report for business was presented. It outlines the risks biodiversity loss poses to firms and indicates where opportunities exist. In an assessment done for the United Nations backed Principles on Responsible Investing (UNPRI) by Trucost, it is estimated that

the size of the externalities of the 3.000 biggest listed companies is around US$ 2.2 trillion per year. These costs are mainly generated by greenhouse gas emissions, overexploitation and water and air pollution. Biodiversity and ecosystem services account for a part of these costs, for instance in the form of water related impacts (water is a provisioning service). The TEEB report provides a toolbox for action for companies to minimise these costs and to seize opportunities: 1. Identify the impacts and dependencies of your business on biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES) 2. Assess the business risks and opportunities associated with these impacts and dependencies 3. Develop BES information systems, set SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound) targets, measure and value performance, and report your results 4. Take action to avoid, minimise and mitigate BES risks, including in-kind compensation (offsets) where appropriate 5. Grasp emerging BES business opportunities, such as cost-efficiencies, new products and new markets 6. Integrate business strategy and action on BES with wider corporate social responsibility initiatives 7. Engage with business peers and stakeholders in government, NGOs and civil society to improve BES guidance and policy In commenting on the report, different speakers expressed the opinion that the report would sensitise companies and investors to integrate biodiversity considerations into their operations. TEEB (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity) is a series of reports that value nature. It provides shadow prices for different ecosystem services by using case

studies. It does not intend to calculate the total value of nature and its services. This would be impossible because without nature there would be no life meaning that the value of nature is infinite. Key messages

Biodiversity is the earth's most valuable resource The world is loosing its biological assets at an alarming rate Each disappearance weakens the ability of ecosystems to provide valuable services Loss of biodiversity has severe economic consequences The TEEB reports value nature and provide shadow prices of its values The TEEB for business report provides a toolbox for action for companies Greening Business is the new economic paradigm

Tools and methods for biodiversity management

I - Exploring your status-quo and biodiversity linkages In the start phase your company will need to understand its status quo with regard to sustainability. Part of this phase is an initial assessment of its dependence and impact(s) on biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Which methods can you use to measure your companies interdependence with biodiversity? Which methods do your corporate peers have in place to integrate biodiversity into management? Which policies do you have in place? How does your company depend on biodiversity directly and indirectly? Which direct or indirect impacts does your company have on biodiversity?

Assessing Dependence and Impacts The most important part of this step is the assessment of the dependence and impacts on biodiversity. It is important to recognize that companies depend on biodiversity and have at the same time an impact on biodiversity. Both impacts and the dependence can be direct or indirect. A mining company has for example a direct impact on natural habitats through its mining operations but a car producer has an indirect impact through its procurement of steel from the same mine. Fishing companies depend for their wild catch directly on maritime biodiversity but a supermarket only indirectly. A company's impacts can stem from a vast array of fields. It is thus necessary to perform an in-depth analysis of the current state of the company and the resulting effects on the environment and biodiversity. Such an assessment will encompass the entire company, from the production process to procurement, from marketing to human resources. The analysis can be done with the help of external consultants when no in-house expertise is present. The EBBC offers the Biodiversity Check that provides a first overview on the companies relation to biodiversity regarding opportunities, impacts and risks. The Business and Biodiversity Interdependence Indicator The Business and Biodiversity Interdependence Indicator (BBII) was developed by the Ore Institute for companies to perform a self assessment in order to determine direct and indirect interactions with biodiversity and ecosystems. It has mainly been performed by companies from various industry sectors and local governmental authorities in France. The method will later on be expanded to form a biodiversity accountability framework.

The European Business and Biodiversity Campaign offers to implement basic biodiversity assessment for companies of specific industry sectors. Currently this Biodiversity Check is developed for Tour operators and will be operational in the second half of 2010. Moreover a number of tools such as ARIES, inVEST or IBAT are being developed and tested that can help to facilitate a companies' biodiversity and ecosystem impact assessment

The Ecosystem Services Benchmark The Ecosystem Services Benchmarking tool was developed by the Natural Value Initiative in collaboration with investors from Europe, Brazil, the USA and Australia. Designed to evaluate investment risk and opportunity associated with biodiversity and ecosystem services impacts and dependence in the food, beverage and tobacco sector, it offers investors unprecedented access to information on corporate biodiversity and ecosystem services risk and opportunity management. The Ecosystem Services Benchmark (ESB) is aimed primarily at asset managers, but can also inform the banking and insurance sectors. Using it to assess companies within an investment portfolio will enable investors to identify companies that are proactively managing these risks and opportunities and those that have not yet responded. It has a secondary application for companies within the food, beverage and tobacco sectors for which it provides a strategic framework within which to consider the issue. By using it, companies will learn how to communicate more effectively with investors, gain greater reward for sustainable sourcing and facilitate effective management of an issue of increasing significance.

Impacts of the mining industry on biodiversity:

As is well-summarized in the comprehensive ICMM report on biodiversity, mining has the potential to affect biodiversity throughout the life cycle of a mining project, both directly and indirectly. However, while many biodiversity-related issues for smaller-scale mining for aggregates and cement production are similar, there are also significant differences that merit a special adaptation of biodiversity management for the cement industry, most importantly: In contrast to the metals sector where deposits are often rare and located in remote areas, limestone deposits are much more common and widespread, so that operations can be placed near human settlement. To minimize transportation costs for a relatively cheap bulk commodity, cement plants are usually located close to their markets (population and industrial centers), and are thus less likely to be in remote and undisturbed natural areas. Likewise, to keep transportation costs low, the quarries supplying cement plants with limestone, clay, shale, etc. are also usually not too distant from the cement plant (although in exceptional cases, they may be 200-300km away). Transportation can be by means of road, rail, conveyor belt or boat. A key biodiversity issue linked to limestone quarries, which provide 70% of the raw material for cement production, is the conservation of karst ecosystems, characterized by systems of underground streams and caves, enclosed depressions, dry valleys, gorges, prominent rock outcrops and large springs. These ecosystems harbour unique (often endemic) cave fauna and flora and generally are of high conservation priority.15 Also for reasons of economy, aggregate quarries are usually located close to their markets (although notable exceptions may occur here too, such as the Aggregate Industries Glensanda quarry in Western Scotland, supplying building material to Northern Europe by sea).

 Mining of sand and gravel is often located in alluvial areas of freshwater ecosystems which, in areas of high population density, are generally classified as areas of high biodiversity conservation concern. Quarries for aggregate and cement production are generally smaller in size than the ones operated by the mining industry. For the cement and aggregate industry, the key impacts (negative and positive) are: Direct impacts: Conversion/destruction of habitats through land clearance for the development of production and mining sites, as well as the construction of access roads and other auxiliary infrastructures Alteration of habitats through mining, management and rehabilitation of quarries Disturbance of wildlife by noise from blasting and quarry traffic, and increased human access Emission of pollutants to land (e.g. deposits of cement kiln dust), air (NOx, SO2 and dust emissions) and water (run-off from tailings) Sedimentation and altered hydrology (for karst systems). Indirect impacts:

 Contributions to climate change (which in turn has a major impact on biodiversity16) caused by the emissions of the cement plants, the use of energy in cement production and transportation Procurement processes within the companys supply chains and the products it purchases (e.g. fuel, additives, construction of new plants) Social and associated environmental changes that might be caused locally or regionally through company operations.

Forest management:
Forest management is providing a forest the proper care so that it remains healthy and vigorous and provides the products and the amenities the landowner desires. Forest management is not so much a subject or a science as it is a process. Think of it as the development and execution of a plan integrating all of the principles, practices, and techniques necessary to care properly for the forest. "Forest management is the application of appropriate technical forestry principles, practices, and business techniques (e.g., accounting, cost/benefit

analysis, etc.) to the management of a forest to achieve the owner's objectives." Stated more simply, forest management is providing a forest the proper care so that it remains healthy and vigorous and provides the products and the amenities the landowner desires. Forest management is not so much a subject or a science as it is a process. Think of it as the development and execution of a plan integrating all of the principles, practices, and techniques necessary to care properly for the forest. Forest management is the branch of forestry concerned with the overall administrative, economic, legal, and social aspects and with the essentially scientific and technical aspects, especially silvi culture, protection, and forest regulation. This includes management for aesthetics, fish, recreation, urban values, water, wilderness, wildlife, wood products, forest genetic resources and other forest resource values. Management can be based on conservation, economics, or a mixture of the two. Techniques in timber extraction, planting and replanting of various species, cutting roads and pathways through forests, and preventing fire.

The Planning Process:

This planning process includes careful identification of landowner objectives, inventory of resources, development and implementation of the management strategy to be used, and periodic re-evaluation of the implemented strategy.

Identify Landowner Objectives:

The first step in developing a management plan is to identify landowner objectives what products and amenities does the landowner wish to obtain from the land. It is imperative that these objectives be identified at the beginning because they determine what resources should be inventoried and define the goal of the management plan.

Some landowners may be interested in emphasizing only one management objective. They might, for example, be interested in maximizing the net financial return on investment through timber yield, or they might wish to develop the forest primarily as wildlife habitat. Management such as this, which emphasizes a single resource objective, is called dominant-use management. The forest can and will provide other products and amenities as it is managed (e.g., cuttings to enhance wildlife habitat will yield timber and/or income), but the management plan is developed to enhance or improve one (dominant) resource. Most forest landowners, however, are interested in obtaining more than one product or amenity from their forests. They might, for example, desire income from timber harvest, wildlife habitat enhancement, and the maintenance of aesthetic quality. Forest management designed to enhance or produce more than one product or amenity is called multiple-use management. It is important to note that multiple-use management does not require that every acre of the forest be managed for every desired product or amenity, but rather that the forest as a whole be managed in such a way that it yields the desired mix. In the example given previously, some areas might be managed primarily for timber with aesthetic considerations, while on other acres specific practices are undertaken to enhance wildlife habitat.

Examples of Forest Landowner Objectives:

Source of Income

Speculation Tax Shelter Inheritance Product Yield Security Soil Stabilization Wildlife Habitat Aesthetics Recreation Preservation

 Increase Species Diversity Pride & Self-Satisfaction Exercise/Hobby

Resource Inventory:
Once ownership objectives have been defined, resources can be inventoried. Obviously, the tree/forest resources will be inventoried and such forest characteristics as tree species, condition, numbers, age, volume, value, growth, and basal area will be measured. Soil/site quality will be evaluated to determine what the site can produce. Depending on ownership objectives, other resources may be inventoried such as boundaries, wildlife, wildlife habitat, streams, trails, roads, campsites, vistas, and easements. Inventory data are analyzed to determine what is present and what the forest site is capable of producing.

Develop and Implement the Management Strategy:

Based on the inventory analysis, one or more management plans are then developed to achieve the ownership objectives. These forest management plans are based on and limited by what is biologically/ecologically possible on the area, what is economically and organizationally feasible, and what is socially and politically desirable. The biological/ecological characteristics of the forest (e.g., tree species, soil type, topography, etc.) determine what is possible on the area, including such things as which tree species will grow, how fast they will grow, what wildlife will live on the area, etc. Based on the biological/ecological characteristics of the site, silvicultural practices can be prescribed to achieve ownership objectives. Silvicultural prescriptions are treatments designed to manipulate forested land such as various kinds of timber cuttings, tree plantings, prescribed burning, and the use of specific chemicals such as herbicides and fertilizers. Economic/financial considerations may determine which activities are feasible. If economic/financial objectives are important to the landowner, then silvicultural activities undertaken must not only be

biologically/ecologically possible, but also must contribute positively in the appropriate economic/financial analysis. As an example, fertilization of most hardwood woodlands in Ohio would result in an increase in total growth it is ecologically possible and produces positive results. However, if the cost of the fertilizer was invested in a certificate of deposit, it would increase in value more than the forest will as a result of the fertilization. Therefore, if economic/financial return is an important ownership objective, fertilization is not an attractive silvicultural alternative. On the other hand, there may be activities in which the landowner is willing to invest with little or no expected financial return because of the expected non-financial returns. These might include such things as the development of hiking trails, vistas, or wildlife habitat. Similarly, limited financial or organizational resources may restrict management activities in a woodland. Obviously, if a landowner does not have the financial resources or labor to accomplish desired activities, they wont be done. Finally, management activities are constrained by what is socially and politically desirable. Activities that violate the law are obviously unacceptable, and activities that upset neighbors are generally not prudent. The careful development of a forest management plan in consultation with a professional forester is essential if landowners are to achieve their desired ownership objectives. The forest management plan is the blueprint of activities for caring for the forest. It is important to remember, too, that the management plan is not cast in stone, but is an evolving plan that should be periodically reviewed and updated.

Review the Management Plan:

Changes in ownership objectives, forest inventory, technology, and/or the business climate can all result in the need for modification of a forest management plan. In Ohio, intervals between periodic reviews and updates should probably be no more than five to 10 years and more often if recommended by a forester.

Types of Written Plans:

Depending on your ownership goals, a written plan may be a management plan, a stewardship plan, or a practice/ activity plan. Management and Stewardship Plans Both management and stewardship plans cover long-term goals and objectives and encompass a time period of ten years or more. These plans include a discussion of your goals and objectives, a detailed property description and resource inventory, and a list of management recommendations with an activity schedule. A management plan sometimes focuses mainly on timber resources, while a stewardship plan encompasses other resource values as well, such as wildlife and recreation. Both types of plans may help you qualify for potential cost-share and tax benefits through the Stewardship Incentives Program and other programs. Practice/Activity Plan A practice/activity plan or timber sale plan is not a complete management plan, but instead addresses short-term goals associated with a specific activity, like a one-time timber harvest. This type of plan focuses on describing the details of the activity, such as which trees are to be cut; marking method; method of payment; harvesting system; location of roads, skid trails, and landings; treatment of slash; and erosion control, rehabilitation, or reforestation measures. Such a plan may stand alone as an activity plan or may be prepared as part of the management recommendations section of a more comprehensive management plan. In either case, the information detailed in such a plan is essential to a successful timber harvest and should be included as part of a timber sale contract.

Why Have a Forest Management Plan?

Forest management plans allow you to sort out what you really want from your forest and help you successfully and efficiently reach your goals. Management planning can mean the difference between liquidating your timber resource for a one-time cash return or earning repeated dollar returns from intermittent thinning harvests while at the same time increasing the value of your standing timber. It can mean the difference

between having to sell your property to meet property or inheritance tax obligations or insuring that your property stays under family ownership for generations to come by managing for sustainable timber harvests and income production. It can mean the difference between restricting cattle movement because of a tangle of untreated logging slash or potentially increasing livestock forage through careful opening of the forest canopy. Forest management planning can help protect you, as a landowner, from liabilities associated with the impacts of timber harvesting and other forest activities both on and off your land. Planning can help you make the most of your resources while protecting the resources that we all share, such as water quality and beautiful scenery. The more forethought that goes into how you manage your lands, the less chance you have of making costly forest management mistakes. Growing conditions in Utah are such that once mistakes in forest management have been made, it is difficult, if not impossible, for the forest resource to recover. Because many of Utahs forest types grow at high elevations with a short growing season and limited moisture, most forest species here have natural rotation cycles of 120 years or more (it takes the trees 120 years to mature). Harvesting trees at the wrong time, cutting the wrong trees, or neglecting a forest health problem like an insect infestation may mean that the income and productive potential of your property will be impacted well beyond your lifetime! These types of mistakes can be avoided by careful planning. Forest management planning can mean the difference between making the most of your resources or having to pick up the pieces after mistakes have been made.

How Do You Do Forest Management Planning?

The six basic steps for developing a forest management plan for your property are: 1. Seek the assistance of a professional. 2. Determine your goals and objectives. 3. Inventory and evaluate your resources.

4. Formulate an activity schedule. 5. Implement activities and monitor progress toward meeting your intended goals. 6. Review your plan every few years and update it when necessary. There are several sources of assistance for resource management planning. Most often, you will want to consult with a professional forester when planning the management of your forest land. A Division of Forestry, Fire, and State Lands (FF&SL) service forester can help you with resource inventories and management planning free of charge. A service forester can help you develop a management plan, a timber harvest plan, or a stewardship plan, and also can help you apply for costshare programs such as SIP or conservation easement programs such as the Forest Legacy program. A list of FF&SL offices and service foresters follows. Private consulting foresters also can help you develop a forest management plan, inventory your resources, and/or oversee timber harvesting on your property. Services of consulting foresters are not free, but if you hire a consulting forester, they are obligated to represent your best interests during the time that they work for you. A list of private consulting foresters can be obtained from FF&SL foresters or USU Forestry Extension at 435-797-0560. Depending on your goals and objectives, there may be times when the advice of other resource management professionals would be helpful for management decision-making. For example, if you are interested in managing your land for wildlife habitat, a wildlife biologist from the state Division of Wildlife Resources may be able to help you and your forester with the preparation of your management plan.

Components of a Forest Management Plan:

Should include: 1) Ownership goals and management objectives: this is the heart of the plan and describes what you want to gain from your property and resources.

2) Maps: help to describe the property and resources and may include topographic maps, soils maps, cover type or stand maps, and aerial photos, if available. 3) Property boundary description: a legal description of your property location and acreage. 4) Resource inventory data: descriptions of water bodies, wildlife, vegetation, soils, topography, and access. Timber inventory data should include information on the species, sizes, quality, and quantity of timber; stand structure and condition; and the presence and extent of forest pests (bark beetles, mistletoe, etc). 5) Management recommendations: detailed management options and how they relate to ownership goals and objectives. 6) Activity schedule for recommendations: specifies a timeline for management activities. Might include: 1) Discussion of current and future forest products markets and how that relates to the timing of timber management activities. 2) Examination of costs of different management options and their potential returns. 3) Detailed recordkeeping section describing all past, current, and projected expenditures and returns. Remember: A forest management plan is a guide and a tool to help you make decisions, look at your options, and plan for the future. The plan may need to be modified as your ownership goals and objectives, and site conditions, change over time.

Water management
Water management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources. In an ideal world. Water management planning has regard to all the competing demands for water and seeks to allocate water on an equitable basis to satisfy all uses and demands. This is rarely possible in practice. Water management is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the management of water resources. People in this field are concerned with ensuring that a supply of clean, potable water will be available to people who need it, while balancing the needs of industry and the environment. A number of different topics fall under the umbrella of water management, from sewage treatment to wetlands restoration. Many national governments have departments which are in charge of water management,

and regional governments often have smaller offices of their own to focus on this issue. One area of water management involves handling the water in the natural environment. This includes monitoring the amount of water in the environment, seasonal and annual changes in water levels and other characteristics, and keeping an eye on the cleanliness of water supplies. Water management can also include things like keeping waterways fully navigable, eradicating invasive species from protected environmental areas, and flood control measures which can range from building levies to expanding wetlands to create a trap for floodwaters. Other people in this field are more concerned with how humans use water. A large area of water management is concerned with the use of water in industry and agriculture. Since conservation is of growing importance in many regions of the world, many water management specialists see agriculture and industry as prime areas for water recycling and reclamation. Monitoring water use in these areas also allows governments to be proactive about industrial and agricultural pollution. Humans also need water for drinking, cleaning, cooking, and bathing. Water management includes delivery of water to residential customers, water sanitation, regulation of water usage in home gardens, and water conservation measures which are designed to help communities use less water. Water scarcity may not be an immediate issue in all areas of the world, but many communities accept that there are growing pressures on water supplies and thinking ahead about water security is advisable. People in the water management field include hydrologists, sanitation engineers, civil engineers, economists, environmentalists, ecologists, biologists, botanists, and administrators. People interested in water management careers can pursue them from a number of different perspectives, and may work in environments which vary from remote biological research stations to downtown high rises. Private companies which offer services in this area may travel all over the world to design and implement

systems which are designed to manage water, including systems used by the military while in overseas postings.

Water resources
Water is an essential resource for all life on the planet. Of the water resources on Earth only three per cent of it is not salty and two-thirds of the freshwater is locked up in ice caps and glaciers. Of the remaining one per cent, a fifth is in remote, inaccessible areas and much seasonal rainfall in monsoonal deluges and floods cannot easily be used. At present only about 0.08 per cent of the entire worlds fresh water. is exploited by mankind in ever increasing demand for sanitation, drinking, manufacturing, leisure and agriculture Much effort in water management is directed at optimizing the use of water and in minimizing the environmental impact of water use on the natural environment. Successful management of any resources requires accurate knowledge of the resource available, the uses to which it may be put, the competing demands for the resource, measures to and processes to evaluate the significance and worth of competing demands and mechanisms to translate policy decisions into actions on the ground. For water as a resource this is particularly difficult since sources of water can cross many national boundaries and the uses of water include many that are difficult to assign financial value to and may also be difficult to manage in conventional terms. Examples include rare species or ecosystems or the very long term value of ancient ground water reserves. Water resources are defined as the sources by which we can get the water for our different types of uses and also those sources that gives the huge benefit to the life of the humans is referred to as the water resources. The water that is used in the production of different types of useful products also included in the water resources.

Or we can also say that the availability of the water to get rid of the demand of the water is called as water resources. Basically the function of the water resources is that to overcome the desires or the requirement of the water for the agricultural or household purposes.

Types of Water Resources:

The water resources are divided into different categories on the because of their composition and also on the basis of their uses for the benefit of the humanity. Some important types of water resources that are used to provide the useful sources of water are as follows Saltwater Resources: Saltwater resources are the types of water resources tat can make the saltwater for the sake of the benefit of the mankind and also save the environment from harm. As we know that there is abundance of the saltwater in the whole World. But the saltwater resources when come contact with the regular supplies, it lost its useful properties. Saltwater resources are also useful ion generating the hydroelectric energy. But the tidal water is essential for the generation. Surface Water Resources: Another type of the water resources is the surface water resource. it is that type of water resources in which the water present in the rivers or in the streams plays an important role in maintaining different types of technologies and also used to upgrade the productivity. Basically this type of water is used in many useful purposes such as for the industrial use, for agricultural use and for the generation of different types of energy i.e. hydro electrical energy. Surface water is very important because its 98% is used in the industry for manufacturing of different products. Ground Water Resources:

It is that type of water resource that is comprised on the different types of water resources that are fresh in nature. Because of its high usefulness people use groundwater to increase the growth rate of the plants. The ground water that moves into the ground makes the soil fertile and increases its productivity. Ground water divided into two zones i.e. saturated and unsaturated and these zones are separated with the help of water table below the ground.

Factors Affecting the Water resources:

There are lots of factors that affect the properties of the water resources and some time enhance or decrease the property of them. Some important factors that play an important role in the water resources are given below Climate: Different types of factors related to the climate affect the water resources. For example the water distribution during the rainfall plays an important role and time period of falling also matters. Snow factor also affect the water resources because some times the water become ice. Some factors related to the plants are also affecting the water resources such as the process of evaporation and the property of the plant to transpire. Physiographic Factors: These are the other types of factors that affect the water resources; basically it is the combination of two factors i.e. physical and the geometric factors. in the physical factors we deals the type of land used for the cultivation, types of soil and many other related factors. But in the geometric factors we discussed about the shape and the area and also the drainage property etc.

Agriculture: water's biggest consumer Agriculture is the largest user of the world's freshwater resources, consuming 70 per cent. Industry uses a further 20 per cent and municipalities account for the remaining ten per cent. As the world's population rises and consumes more food (currently exceeding 6%, it is expected to reach 9% by 2050), industries and urban developments expand, and the emerging bio fuel crops trade also demands a share of freshwater resources, water scarcity is becoming an important issue. An assessment of water management in agriculture was conducted in 2007 by the International Water Management Institute in Sri Lanka to see if the world had sufficient water to provide food for its growing population.[2] It assessed the current availability of water for agriculture on a global scale and mapped out locations suffering from water scarcity. It found that a fifth of the world's people, more than 1.2 billion, live in areas of physical water scarcity, where there is not enough water to meet all demands. A further 1.6 billion people live in areas experiencing economic water scarcity, where the lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity makes it impossible for authorities to satisfy the demand for water. The report found that it would be possible to produce the food required in future, but that continuation of today's food production and environmental trends would lead to crises in many parts of the world. The authors of the book Out of Water: From abundance to Scarcity and How to Solve the World's Water Problems, published in 2011, laid down a six-point plan for solving the world's water problems. These are: 1) Improve data related to water; 2) Treasure the environment; 3) Reform water governance; 4) Revitalize agricultural water use; 5) Manage urban and industrial demand; and 6) Empower the poor and women in water management.

To avoid a global water crisis, farmers will have to strive to increase productivity to meet growing demands for food, while industry and cities find ways to use water more efficiently. A Framework for Conjunctive Water Management: A general process can be followed when taking a conjunctive water management approach regardless of the size and nature of catchments and the water issues that need to be addressed. A simple framework has been developed to provide a consistent approach to conjunctive water management in Australia in line with the principles of the National Water Initiative. The steps of the process as outlined below follow the philosophy of adaptive management where policies and practices are continually improved by learning from the outcomes of previous work. The intent is that the process is iterative and aspects of the management process are revisited and reviewed. These steps also follow the general guiding principles for conjunctive water management. Identify Management Setting - Identify the key features that define the management of land and water resources in the catchments. Investigate and Assess - Acquire the baseline information to describe the characteristics of surface water and groundwater systems of the catchments, and their interactions, both spatially and temporally. Understand and Predict - Summaries the current understanding of the processes, dependencies and impacts on the water resource in a conceptual model. This can be used as the foundation for a mathematical model that can be used as a predictive tool. Set Management Targets - Identify the goals and objectives to be achieved for water management in the catchments.

Develop and Implement Management Options - Evaluate and implement appropriate mix of policy and on-ground investment options for conjunctive water management. Monitor and Review Performance - Undertake monitoring of key indicators and use this as the basis to review catchments conditions and the performance of conjunctive water management. As part of the framework, resources have been collated to help water managers, water authorities, policy makers, catchments groups, industry groups and others implement a more integrated approach to water management. These resources include: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Information on data sources for the key catchments datasets required for conjunctive water management decisions; Tools for stakeholder engagement; A schema for categorizing connectivity; Assessment tools to investigate groundwater-surface water interactions; Conjunctive water management options in terms of policies or on-ground works that link groundwater and surface water resources; and An outline of the potential roles and responsibilities associated with conjunctive water management.

Water use in households

Most households in Australia are supplied with scheme water. The average break up of scheme water usage in the home is:

Garden 47% Bathroom 18% Laundry 14% Toilet 12% Kitchen 9%

Use this self-audit that will help you work out how you can minimize water use in the home. The form has been reproduced with the permission of the Department of Water, Western Australia.

Water Resources Management

KEC, having successfully executed construction projects across great rivers such as Ganga, Brahmaputra, Kosi and the Nile, understands the dynamics of water resources

very well. It is well equipped to take up any challenging task in the management of water resources with respect to the following; Irrigation Projects: Design, Engineering & Construction of command area for field channels and field drains. Land leveling and shaping. Construction of aqueducts and all inline concrete structures. Drip irrigation projects.

Hydro Projects: River Intakes. Barrages & Dams. Transmission mains and service reservoirs. Tunnel work. Port Development.

Embankment: Conventional embankment using optimally designed piling to ensure that sub soil takes the loading. Use of heavy site-cast concrete walling. Installations of stiff uni-axial geogrid within the granular fill along with multiple mini-piles. Where embankments are steep, facing them with steel mesh panels fastened into the geogrid reinforcement. Flood Control: Attenuation of water flow by terracing hill sides, construction of floodways, levees, dikes, reservoirs etc.

Installation of RCC porcupines, polymer gabions and geo-tubes to stop land erosion. Costal defense projects such as sea walls and beach replenishment

Conclusion:
Water management and forest management, and biodiversity management has great impact on human and human activities. Water is essential for a wide range of human activities. It is essential to human health. And biodiversity management is manage the environment impact and forest management provides the product and amenities the landowner objectives.

References:

Anon. 1997. Management by objectives: successful forest planning. Woodland Owner Notes, No. 32, North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University College of Agriculture & Life Sciences.

Fajvan, M. A. 1993. Developing a woodland management plan. Pennsylvania Woodlands, no. 9, Penn State College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension. University Park.

Gothard, T. L. 1997. The advantages of a written forest management plan. Alabama's Treasured Forests 16(1):26-27. Hubbard, W. (ed.) 1992. What's in a management plan? The Florida Forest Steward, vol. 1, no. 2, Forest Stewardship Publication, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, IFAS, University of Florida. Gainesville.

Angelsen, A. and Wunder, S, 2003, Exploring the forest-poverty link: key concepts, issues and research implications. CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 40. FAO and Department for International Development, UK, 2001, How forests can reduce poverty. FAO, Rome. FAO, 2003, State of the Worlds Forests 2003. FAO, Rome. Gilmour, D.; Y. Malla; and M. Nurse, 2004, Linkages between community forestry and poverty. Regional Community Forestry Training Center for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok.

Grosnow, J., 2003, Review of poverty alleviation through forestry activity. In: Proceedings of the FAO Advisory Committee on Paper and Wood Products, Oaxaca, Mexico, 8-9 May 2003.

World Bank, 2004, Sustaining Forests: A Development Strategy. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Bibliography:

 http://envfor.nic.in http://www.business-biodiversity.eu/Default.asp?Menue=95 http://www.business-biodiversity.eu/default.asp?Menue=16 http://www.business-biodiversity.eu/default.asp?Menue=14 http://www.yourforestmanaged.com/how/reforest.php http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/extension/florida_forestry_information/forest_manag ement/plan.html http://www.oree.org/en/presentation-of-the-guide-biodiversity.html